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Finding New Ways How to Control BACE1. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:293-318. [PMID: 35305135 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, all applications of BACE1 inhibitors failed as therapeutical targets for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) due to severe side effects. Therefore, alternative ways for treatment development are a hot research topic. The present analysis investigates BACE1 protein-protein interaction networks and attempts to solve the absence of complete knowledge about pathways involving BACE1. A bioinformatics analysis matched the functions of the non-substrate interaction network with Voltage-gated potassium channels, which also appear as top priority protein nodes. Targeting BACE1 interactions with PS1 and GGA-s, blocking of BACE1 access to APP by BRI3 and RTN-s, activation of Wnt signaling and upregulation of β-catenin, and brain delivery of the extracellular domain of p75NTR, are the main alternatives to the use of BACE 1 inhibitors highlighted by the analysis. The pathway enrichment analysis also emphasized substrates and substrate candidates with essential biological functions, which cleavage must remain controlled. They include ephrin receptors, ROBO1, ROBO2, CNTN-s, CASPR-s, CD147, CypB, TTR, APLP1/APLP2, NRXN-s, and PTPR-s. The analysis of the interaction subnetwork of BACE1 functionally related to inflammation identified a connection to three cardiomyopathies, which supports the hypothesis of the common molecular mechanisms with AD. A lot of potential shows the regulation of BACE1 activity through post-translational modifications. The interaction network of BACE1 and its phosphorylation enzyme CSNK1D functionally match the Circadian clock, p53, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. The regulation of BACE1 glycosylation could be achieved through N-acetylglucosamine transferases, α-(1→6)-fucosyltransferase, β-galactoside α-(2→6)-sialyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, and mannosidases suggested by the interaction network analysis of BACE1-MGAT3. The present analysis proposes possibilities for the alternative control of AD pathology.
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Vergouw LJM, Geut H, Breedveld G, Kuipers DJS, Quadri M, Rozemuller AJM, van Swieten JC, de Jong FJ, van de Berg WDJ, Bonifati V. Clinical and Pathological Phenotypes of LRP10 Variant Carriers with Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1161-1170. [PMID: 32597809 PMCID: PMC7505004 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rare variants in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 10 gene (LRP10) have recently been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Objective: We searched for LRP10 variants in a new series of brain donors with dementia and Lewy pathology (LP) at autopsy, or dementia and parkinsonism without LP but with various other neurodegenerative pathologies. Methods: Sanger sequencing of LRP10 was performed in 233 donors collected by the Netherlands Brain Bank. Results: Rare, possibly pathogenic heterozygous LRP10 variants were present in three patients: p.Gly453Ser in a patient with mixed Alzheimer’s disease (AD)/Lewy body disease (LBD), p.Arg151Cys in a DLB patient, and p.Gly326Asp in an AD patient without LP. All three patients had a positive family history for dementia or PD. Conclusion: Rare LRP10 variants are present in some patients with dementia and different brain pathologies including DLB, mixed AD/LBD, and AD. These findings suggest a role for LRP10 across a broad neurodegenerative spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J M Vergouw
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Geut
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Breedveld
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demy J S Kuipers
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Jan de Jong
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Small GTPases of the Rab and Arf Families: Key Regulators of Intracellular Trafficking in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094425. [PMID: 33922618 PMCID: PMC8122874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rab and Arf families are key regulators of vesicle formation and membrane trafficking. Membrane transport plays an important role in the central nervous system. In this regard, neurons require a constant flow of membranes for the correct distribution of receptors, for the precise composition of proteins and organelles in dendrites and axons, for the continuous exocytosis/endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and for the elimination of dysfunctional proteins. Thus, it is not surprising that Rab and Arf GTPases have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Both pathologies share characteristics such as the presence of protein aggregates and/or the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, hallmarks that have been related to both Rab and Arf GTPases functions. Despite their relationship with neurodegenerative disorders, very few studies have focused on the role of these GTPases in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize their importance in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as their emergence as potential therapeutical targets for neurodegeneration.
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Van AAN, Kunkel MT, Baffi TR, Lordén G, Antal CE, Banerjee S, Newton AC. Protein kinase C fusion proteins are paradoxically loss of function in cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100445. [PMID: 33617877 PMCID: PMC8008189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the AGC kinase superfamily, gene fusions resulting from chromosomal rearrangements have been most frequently described for protein kinase C (PKC), with gene fragments encoding either the C-terminal catalytic domain or the N-terminal regulatory moiety fused to other genes. Kinase fusions that eliminate regulatory domains are typically gain of function and often oncogenic. However, several quality control pathways prevent accumulation of aberrant PKC, suggesting that PKC fusions may paradoxically be loss of function. To explore this topic, we used biochemical, cellular, and genome editing approaches to investigate the function of fusions that retain the portion of the gene encoding either the catalytic domain or regulatory domain of PKC. Overexpression studies revealed that PKC catalytic domain fusions were constitutively active but vulnerable to degradation. Genome editing of endogenous genes to generate a cancer-associated PKC fusion resulted in cells with detectable levels of fusion transcript but no detectable protein. Hence, PKC catalytic domain fusions are paradoxically loss of function as a result of their instability, preventing appreciable accumulation of protein in cells. Overexpression of a PKC regulatory domain fusion suppressed both basal and agonist-induced endogenous PKC activity, acting in a dominant-negative manner by competing for diacylglycerol. For both catalytic and regulatory domain fusions, the PKC component of the fusion proteins mediated the effects of the full-length fusions on the parameters examined, suggesting that the partner protein is dispensable in these contexts. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKC gene fusions are distinct from oncogenic fusions and present a mechanism by which loss of PKC function occurs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Kucera T, Jun D, Schmidt M, Soukup O. Is It the Twilight of BACE1 Inhibitors? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:61-77. [PMID: 32359337 PMCID: PMC7903497 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503023323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-secretase (BACE1) has been regarded as a prime target for the development of amyloid beta (Aβ) lowering drugs in the therapy of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Although the enzyme was discovered in 1991 and helped to formulate the Aβ hypothesis as one of the very important features of AD etiopathogenesis, progress in AD treatment utilizing BACE1 inhibitors has remained limited. Moreover, in the last years, major pharmaceutical companies have discontinued clinical trials of five BACE1 inhibitors that had been strongly perceived as prospective. In our review, the Aβ hypothesis, the enzyme, its functions, and selected substrates are described. BACE1 inhibitors are classified into four generations. Those that underwent clinical trials displayed adverse effects, including weight loss, skin rashes, worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms, etc. Some inhibitors could not establish a statistically significant risk-benefit ratio, or even scored worse than placebo. We still believe that drugs targeting BACE1 may still hide some potential, but a different approach to BACE1 inhibition or a shift of focus to modulation of its trafficking and/or post-translational modification should now be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;E-mail:
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Vergouw LJM, Melhem S, Donker Kaat L, Chiu WZ, Kuipers DJS, Breedveld G, Boon AJW, Wang LS, Naj AC, Mlynarksi E, Cantwell L, Quadri M, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Schellenberg GD, van Swieten JC, Bonifati V, de Jong FJ. LRP10 variants in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 94:311.e5-311.e10. [PMID: 32527607 PMCID: PMC8281359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether variants in LRP10, recently associated with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are observed in 2 large cohorts (discovery and validation cohort) of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). A total of 950 patients with PSP were enrolled: 246 patients with PSP (n = 85 possible (35%), n = 128 probable (52%), n = 33 definite (13%)) in the discovery cohort and 704 patients with definite PSP in the validation cohort. Sanger sequencing of all LRP10 exons and exon-intron boundaries was performed in the discovery cohort, and whole-exome sequencing was performed in the validation cohort. Two patients from the discovery cohort and 8 patients from the validation cohort carried a rare, heterozygous, and possibly pathogenic LRP10 variant (p.Gly326Asp, p.Asp389Asn, and p.Arg158His, p.Cys220Tyr, p.Thr278Ala, p.Gly306Asp, p.Glu486Asp, p.Arg554∗, p.Arg661Cys). In conclusion, possibly pathogenic LRP10 variants occur in a small fraction of patients with PSP and may be overrepresented in these patients compared with controls. This suggests that possibly pathogenic LRP10 variants may play a role in the development of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J M Vergouw
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shamiram Melhem
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wang Z Chiu
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Demy J S Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Agnita J W Boon
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Li-San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mlynarksi
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Cantwell
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Jan de Jong
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Uemura T, Waguri S. Emerging roles of Golgi/endosome-localizing monomeric clathrin adaptors GGAs. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:12-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tamošaitis L, Smales CM. Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Transcriptomic Datasets for Identifying Engineering Targets to Enhance Recombinant Protein Yields. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800066. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linas Tamošaitis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Christopher Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
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Mañucat-Tan NB, Saadipour K, Wang YJ, Bobrovskaya L, Zhou XF. Cellular Trafficking of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Amyloidogenesis Physiological and Pathological Significance. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:812-830. [PMID: 29797184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of excess intracellular or extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the key pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta secretase-1 (BACE1) and gamma secretase (γ-secretase) within the cells. The endocytic trafficking of APP facilitates amyloidogenesis while at the cell surface, APP is predominantly processed in a non-amyloidogenic manner. Several adaptor proteins bind to both APP and BACE1, regulating their trafficking and recycling along the secretory and endocytic pathways. The phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 and BACE1 at Ser498, also influence their trafficking. Neurotrophins and proneurotrophins also influence APP trafficking through their receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular trafficking pathways of APP and BACE1 that lead to Aβ generation, the involvement of different signaling molecules or adaptor proteins regulating APP and BACE1 subcellular localization. We have also discussed how neurotrophins could modulate amyloidogenesis through their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noralyn Basco Mañucat-Tan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Khalil Saadipour
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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von Einem B, Eschbach J, Kiechle M, Wahler A, Thal DR, McLean PJ, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, von Arnim CAF, Danzer KM. The Golgi-localized, gamma ear-containing, ARF-binding (GGA) protein family alters alpha synuclein (α-syn) oligomerization and secretion. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1677-1697. [PMID: 28722658 PMCID: PMC5559169 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation of toxic peptides. α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation and the resulting cytotoxicity is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. Rising evidence points to oligomeric and pre-fibrillar forms as the pathogenic species, and oligomer secretion seems to be crucial for the spreading and progression of PD pathology. Recent studies implicate that dysfunctions in endolysosomal/autophagosomal pathways increase α-syn secretion. Mutation in the retromer-complex protein VPS35, which is involved in endosome to Golgi transport, was suggested to cause familial PD. GGA proteins regulate vesicular traffic between Golgi and endosomes and might work as antagonists for retromer complex mediated transport. To investigate the role of the GGAs in the α-syn oligomerization and/or secretion process we utilized protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA). We here demonstrate that GGAs alter α-syn oligomer secretion and α-syn oligomer-mediated toxicity. Specifically, we determined that GGA3 modifies extracellular α-syn species in an exosome-independent manner. Our data suggest that GGA3 drives α-syn oligomerization in endosomal compartments and thus facilitates α-syn oligomer secretion. Preventing the early events in α-syn oligomer release may be a novel approach to halt disease spreading in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Kiechle
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Anke Wahler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology - Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karin M Danzer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Chen YC, Farzadfard F, Gharaei N, Chen WCW, Cao J, Lu TK. Randomized CRISPR-Cas Transcriptional Perturbation Screening Reveals Protective Genes against Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity. Mol Cell 2017; 68:247-257.e5. [PMID: 28985507 PMCID: PMC5702536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome-wide perturbation of transcriptional networks with CRISPR-Cas technology has primarily involved systematic and targeted gene modulation. Here, we developed PRISM (Perturbing Regulatory Interactions by Synthetic Modulators), a screening platform that uses randomized CRISPR-Cas transcription factors (crisprTFs) to globally perturb transcriptional networks. By applying PRISM to a yeast model of Parkinson's disease (PD), we identified guide RNAs (gRNAs) that modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from alpha-synuclein (αSyn) toxicity. One gRNA identified in this screen outperformed the most protective suppressors of αSyn toxicity reported previously, highlighting PRISM's ability to identify modulators of important phenotypes. Gene expression profiling revealed genes differentially modulated by this strong protective gRNA that rescued yeast from αSyn toxicity when overexpressed. Human homologs of top-ranked hits protected against αSyn-induced cell death in a human neuronal PD model. Thus, high-throughput and unbiased perturbation of transcriptional networks via randomized crisprTFs can reveal complex biological phenotypes and effective disease modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chou Chen
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fahim Farzadfard
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nava Gharaei
- MCO Graduate Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - William C W Chen
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jicong Cao
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Yan R. Physiological Functions of the β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 and 2. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:97. [PMID: 28469554 PMCID: PMC5395628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACE1 was discovered as the β-secretase for initiating the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-secretase site, while its close homology BACE2 cleaves APP within the β-amyloid (Aβ) domain region and shows distinct cleavage preferences in vivo. Inhibition of BACE1 proteolytic activity has been confirmed to decrease Aβ generation and amyloid deposition, and thus specific inhibition of BACE1 by small molecules is a current focus for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. While BACE1 inhibitors are being tested in advanced clinical trials, knowledge regarding the properties and physiological functions of BACE is highly important and this review summarizes advancements in BACE1 research over the past several years. We and others have shown that BACE1 is not only a critical enzyme for testing the “Amyloid Hypothesis” associated with Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, but also important for various functions such as axon growth and pathfinding, astrogenesis, neurogenesis, hyperexcitation, and synaptic plasticity. BACE2 appears to play different roles such as glucose homeostasis and pigmentation. This knowledge regarding BACE1 functions is critical for monitoring the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, ClevelandOH, USA
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Schaefer PM, von Einem B, Walther P, Calzia E, von Arnim CAF. Metabolic Characterization of Intact Cells Reveals Intracellular Amyloid Beta but Not Its Precursor Protein to Reduce Mitochondrial Respiration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168157. [PMID: 28005987 PMCID: PMC5178995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of Alzheimer´s disease are senile plaques consisting of amyloid beta (Aβ), which derives from the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer´s disease and both Aβ and APP have been reported to affect mitochondrial function in isolated systems. However, in intact cells, considering a physiological localization of APP and Aβ, it is pending what triggers the mitochondrial defect. Thus, the aim of this study was to dissect the impact of APP versus Aβ in inducing mitochondrial alterations with respect to their subcellular localization. We performed an overexpression of APP or beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), increasing APP and Aβ levels or Aβ alone, respectively. Conducting a comprehensive metabolic characterization we demonstrate that only APP overexpression reduced mitochondrial respiration, despite lower extracellular Aβ levels compared to BACE overexpression. Surprisingly, this could be rescued by a gamma secretase inhibitor, oppositionally indicating an Aβ-mediated mitochondrial toxicity. Analyzing Aβ localization revealed that intracellular levels of Aβ and an increased spatial association of APP/Aβ with mitochondria are associated with reduced mitochondrial respiration. Thus, our data provide marked evidence for a prominent role of intracellular Aβ accumulation in Alzheimer´s disease associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Thereby it highlights the importance of the localization of APP processing and intracellular transport as a decisive factor for mitochondrial function, linking two prominent hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Enrico Calzia
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. Alterations of Golgi organization in Alzheimer's disease: A cause or a consequence? Tissue Cell 2016; 49:133-140. [PMID: 27894594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway involved in the post-translational modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is composed of stacks of cisternae organized in polarized manner, which are interconnected by membrane tubules to constitute the Golgi ribbon, located in the proximity of the centrosome. Besides the processing and transport of cargo, the Golgi complex is actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry, cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis, representing a signalling platform for the control of several cellular functions, including signalling initiated by receptors located at the plasma membrane. Alterations of the conventional Golgi organization are associated to many disorders, such as cancer or different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the functional implications of modifications of Golgi structure in neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on the role of Golgi fragmentation in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The comprehension of the mechanism that induces Golgi fragmentation and of its downstream effects on neuronal function have the potential to contribute to the development of more effective therapies to treat or prevent some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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15
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Yan R, Fan Q, Zhou J, Vassar R. Inhibiting BACE1 to reverse synaptic dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:326-40. [PMID: 27044452 PMCID: PMC4856578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many studies have identified significant contributions of toxic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. AD is also recognized as a disease of synaptic failure. Aβ, generated by sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, is one of major culprits that cause this failure. In this review, we summarize current findings on how BACE1-cleaved APP products impact learning and memory through proteins localized on glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses. Considering the broad effects of Aβ on all three types of synapses, BACE1 inhibition emerges as a practical approach for ameliorating Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Since BACE1 inhibitory drugs are currently in clinical trials, this review also discusses potential complications arising from BACE1 inhibition. We emphasize that the benefits of BACE1 inhibitory drugs will outweigh the concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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16
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Lian H, Zheng H. Signaling pathways regulating neuron-glia interaction and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 136:475-91. [PMID: 26546579 PMCID: PMC4720533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in neuronal homeostasis through their physical properties and neuron-glia signaling pathways. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuronal injury and this process, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, is a common feature accompanying neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrogliosis represents a continuum of pathobiological processes and is associated with morphological, functional, and gene expression changes of varying degrees. There has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the signaling pathways regulating glial biology and pathophysiology in recent years. Here, we attempt to provide an unbiased review of some of the well-known players, namely calcium, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor β, NFκB, and complement, in mediating neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions as well as in Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of astrocytic NFκB and calcium as well as astroglial secreted factors, including proteoglycans, TGFβ, and complement in mediating neuronal function and AD pathogenesis through direct interaction with neurons and through cooperation with microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University College of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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