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Resiliac J, Rohlfing M, Santoro J, Hussain SRA, Grayson MH. Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Protects from Lethal Paramyxovirus Infection in a Macrophage- and TLR4-Dependent Process. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:348-355. [PMID: 36480273 PMCID: PMC9851983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a major public health burden and a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Understanding antiviral immune responses is crucial to alleviate morbidity and mortality associated with these respiratory viral infections. Previous data from human and animal studies suggested that pre-existing atopy may provide some protection against severe disease from a respiratory viral infection. However, the mechanism(s) of protection is not understood. Low-dose LPS has been shown to drive an atopic phenotype in mice. In addition, LPS has been shown in vitro to have an antiviral effect. We examined the effect of LPS treatment on mortality to the murine parainfluenza virus Sendai virus. Low-dose LPS treatment 24 h before inoculation with a normally lethal dose of Sendai virus greatly reduced death. This protection was associated with a reduced viral titer and reduced inflammatory cytokine production in the airways. The administration of LPS was associated with a marked increase in lung neutrophils and macrophages. Depletion of neutrophils failed to reverse the protective effect of LPS; however, depletion of macrophages reversed the protective effect of LPS. Further, we demonstrate that the protective effect of LPS depends on type I IFN and TLR4-MyD88 signaling. Together, these studies demonstrate pretreatment with low-dose LPS provides a survival advantage against a severe respiratory viral infection through a macrophage-, TLR4-, and MyD88-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Resiliac
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, Ohio
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michelle Rohlfing
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Santoro
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Syed-Rehan A. Hussain
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mitchell H. Grayson
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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2
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Zhu S, Lalani AI, Jin J, Sant’Angelo D, Covey LR, Liu K, Young HA, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Xie P. The adaptor protein TRAF3 is an immune checkpoint that inhibits myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167924. [PMID: 37207205 PMCID: PMC10189059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are aberrantly expanded in cancer patients and under other pathological conditions. These cells orchestrate the immunosuppressive and inflammatory network to facilitate cancer metastasis and mediate patient resistance to therapies, and thus are recognized as a prime therapeutic target of human cancers. Here we report the identification of the adaptor protein TRAF3 as a novel immune checkpoint that critically restrains MDSC expansion. We found that myeloid cell-specific Traf3-deficient (M-Traf3 -/-) mice exhibited MDSC hyperexpansion during chronic inflammation. Interestingly, MDSC hyperexpansion in M-Traf3 -/- mice led to accelerated growth and metastasis of transplanted tumors associated with an altered phenotype of T cells and NK cells. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrated that TRAF3 inhibited MDSC expansion via both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Furthermore, we elucidated a GM-CSF-STAT3-TRAF3-PTP1B signaling axis in MDSCs and a novel TLR4-TRAF3-CCL22-CCR4-G-CSF axis acting in inflammatory macrophages and monocytes that coordinately control MDSC expansion during chronic inflammation. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms of MDSC expansion and open up unique perspectives for the design of new therapeutic strategies that aim to target MDSCs in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Almin I. Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Derek Sant’Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Lori R. Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Ping Xie,
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3
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Inoue E, Minatozaki S, Katsuta Y, Nonaka S, Nakanishi H. Human β-Defensin 3 Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses of Microglia by Suppression of Cathepsins B and L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315099. [PMID: 36499428 PMCID: PMC9738813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the effects of antibacterial peptides are suggested to have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, systemic treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathological changes in middle-aged mice. Then, we examined whether human β-defensins (hBDs), antimicrobial peptides produced by the oral mucosa and salivary glands, can suppress Pg LPS-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses by microglia. hBD3 (1 μM) significantly suppressed Pg LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by MG6 cells, a mouse microglial cell line. hBD3 (1 μM) also significantly inhibited Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 by HMC3 cells, a human microglial cell line. In contrast, neither hBD1, hBD2 nor hBD4 failed to inhibit their productions. Furthermore, hBD3 suppressed Pg LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation through the IκBα degradation. Pg LPS-induced expression of IL-6 was significantly suppressed by E64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, and CA-074Me, a known specific inhibitor for cathepsin B, but not by pepstatin A, an aspartic protease inhibitor. Interestingly, hBD3 significantly inhibited enzymatic activities of recombinant human cathepsins B and L, lysosomal cysteine proteases, and their intracellular activities in MG6 cells. Therefore, hBD3 suppressed oxidative and inflammatory responses of microglia through the inhibition of cathepsins B and L, which enzymatic activities are necessary for the NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Shiyo Minatozaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yui Katsuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Ala M, Hejazi SM, Tavangar SM, Mahdavi SR, Dehpour AR. Sildenafil improves radiation-induced oral mucositis by attenuating oxidative stress, NF-κB, ERK and JNK signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4556-4565. [PMID: 35810384 PMCID: PMC9357636 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced oral mucositis is a common and dose-limiting complication of head and neck radiotherapy with no effective treatment. Previous studies revealed that sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of sildenafil on radiation-induced mucositis in rats. Two doses of radiation (8 and 26 Gy X-ray) were used to induce low-grade and high-grade oral mucositis, separately. A control group and three groups of sildenafil citrate-treated rats (5, 10, and 40 mg/kg/day) were used for each dose of radiation. Radiation increased MDA and activated NF-κB, ERK and JNK signalling pathways. Sildenafil significantly decreased MDA level, nitric oxide (NO) level, IL1β, IL6 and TNF-α. The most effective dose of sildenafil was 40 mg/kg/day in this study. Sildenafil also significantly inhibited NF-κB, ERK and JNK signalling pathways and increased bcl2/bax ratio. In addition, high-dose radiation severely destructed the mucosal layer in histopathology and led to mucosal cell apoptosis in the TUNEL assay. Sildenafil significantly improved mucosal structure and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration after exposure to high-dose radiation and reduced apoptosis in the TUNEL assay. These findings show that sildenafil can improve radiation-induced oral mucositis and decrease the apoptosis of mucosal cells via attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Ala
- Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Marjaneh Hejazi
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute Research Center for Molecular and Cellular in Imaging, Bio-optical Imaging Group, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Science Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seied Rabi Mahdavi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Physics, School of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Neto E, Monteiro AC, Leite Pereira C, Simões M, Conde JP, Chu V, Sarmento B, Lamghari M. Micropathological Chip Modeling the Neurovascular Unit Response to Inflammatory Bone Condition. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102305. [PMID: 35158409 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip in vitro platforms accurately mimic complex microenvironments offering the ability to recapitulate and dissect mechanisms of physiological and pathological settings, revealing their major importance to develop new therapeutic targets. Bone diseases, such as osteoarthritis, are extremely complex, comprising of the action of inflammatory mediators leading to unbalanced bone homeostasis and de-regulation of sensory innervation and angiogenesis. Although there are models to mimic bone vascularization or innervation, in vitro platforms merging the complexity of bone, vasculature, innervation, and inflammation are missing. Therefore, in this study a microfluidic-based neuro-vascularized bone chip (NVB chip) is proposed to 1) model the mechanistic interactions between innervation and angiogenesis in the inflammatory bone niche, and 2) explore, as a screening tool, novel strategies targeting inflammatory diseases, using a nano-based drug delivery system. It is possible to set the design of the platform and achieve the optimized conditions to address the neurovascular network under inflammation. Moreover, this system is validated by delivering anti-inflammatory drug-loaded nanoparticles to counteract the neuronal growth associated with pain perception. This reliable in vitro tool will allow understanding the bone neurovascular system, enlightening novel mechanisms behind the inflammatory bone diseases, bone destruction, and pain opening new avenues for new therapies discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrela Neto
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Monteiro
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
| | - Catarina Leite Pereira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
| | - Miguel Simões
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
| | - João Pedro Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC) Microsystems and Nanotechnologies Rua Alves Redol, 9 1000‐029 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores (INESC) Microsystems and Nanotechnologies Rua Alves Redol, 9 1000‐029 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- CESPU Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde Rua Central da Gandra, 137 Gandra 4585‐116 Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica Universidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 Porto 4200‐135 Portugal
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6
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Han NR, Kim KC, Kim JS, Park HJ, Ko SG, Moon PD. SBT (Composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020199. [PMID: 35204082 PMCID: PMC8868359 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and induced the activation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-α in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kyeoung-Cheol Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (K.-C.K.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (K.-C.K.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0897
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7
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Desai TD, Wen Y, Daddam JR, Cheng F, Chen C, Pan C, Lin K, Tsai R. Long term therapeutic effects of icariin‐loaded
PLGA
microspheres in an experimental model of optic nerve ischemia via modulation of
CEBP
‐β/
G‐CSF
/noncanonical
NF‐
κ
B
axis. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10289. [PMID: 35600664 PMCID: PMC9115698 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An ischemic insult at optic nerve (ON) is followed by detrimental neuroinflammation that results in progressive and long‐lasting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and vision loss. Icariin was reported to be a safe and effective natural anti‐inflammatory drug. Herein, we evaluated the long‐term therapeutic effects of a single intravitreal injection of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) PLGA–icariin in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Treatment with PLGA microspheres of icariin preserved the visual function and RGC density for 1 month in the rAION model. In addition, ON edema and macrophage infiltration were inhibited by treating PLGA microspheres of icariin. We found that the binding complex of icariin and CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (CEBP‐β) significantly induced endogenous granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) expression to activate noncanonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway by promoting an alternative phosphorylation reaction of IKK‐β. Activation of noncanonical NF‐κB signaling pathway promoted the M2 microglia/macrophage polarization and AKT1 activation, which prevented neuroinflammation and RGC apoptosis after ON infarct. This study concluded that protective mechanism of icariin is a CEBP‐β/G‐CSF axis‐induced noncanonical NF‐κB activation, which provides the long‐term neuroprotective effects via anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic actions after ON ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dnyaneshwar Desai
- Institute of Eye Research Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien Taiwan
| | - Yao‐Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien Taiwan
| | - Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam
- Department of Animal Science Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center Rishon LeTsiyon Israel
| | - Felice Cheng
- Drug Delivery Technology Department Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ching Chen
- Drug Delivery Technology Department Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Lin Pan
- Drug Delivery Technology Department Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Keh‐Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medicine Mackay Medical College Taiwan
| | - Rong‐Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences Tzu Chi University Hualien Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Translational Medicine Tzu Chi University and Academia Sinica Hualien Taiwan
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8
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Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai X, Diao L, Yang C, Yang J. Crosstalk Between Trophoblast and Macrophage at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758281. [PMID: 34745133 PMCID: PMC8566971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tolerance microenvironment is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. The maternal-fetal interface is a complex system containing various cells, including lymphocytes, decidual stromal cells, and trophoblasts. Macrophages are the second-largest leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface, which has been demonstrated to play essential roles in remodeling spiral arteries, maintaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance, and regulating trophoblast's biological behaviors. Many researchers, including us, have conducted a series of studies on the crosstalk between macrophages and trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface: on the one hand, macrophages can affect the invasion and migration of trophoblasts; on the other hand, trophoblasts can regulate macrophage polarization and influence the state of the maternal-fetal immune microenvironment. In this review, we systemically introduce the functions of macrophages and trophoblasts and the cell-cell interaction between them for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Advances in this area will further accelerate the basic research and clinical translation of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Periimplantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
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9
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Karagiannidis I, Salataj E, Said Abu Egal E, Beswick EJ. G-CSF in tumors: Aggressiveness, tumor microenvironment and immune cell regulation. Cytokine 2021; 142:155479. [PMID: 33677228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine most well-known for maturation and mobilization of bone marrow neutrophils. Although it is used therapeutically to treat chemotherapy induced neutropenia, it is also highly expressed in some tumors. Case reports suggest that tumors expressing high levels of G-CSF are aggressive, more difficult to treat, and present with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Research on this topic suggests that G-CSF has tumor-promoting effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. G-CSF has a direct effect on tumor cells to promote tumor stem cell longevity and overall tumor cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, it may promote pro-tumorigenic immune cell phenotypes such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells. Overall, the literature suggests a plethora of pro-tumorigenic activity that should be balanced with the therapeutic use. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple complex roles of G-CSF and G-CSFR in tumors and their microenvironment and discuss how clinical advances and strategies may open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karagiannidis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Eralda Salataj
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.
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10
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Bleuzé M, Auger JP, Lavagna A, Gisch N, Gottschalk M, Segura M. In vitro characterization of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) production by dendritic cells and macrophages during Streptococcus suis infection. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151979. [PMID: 32747024 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. Infections induce an exacerbated inflammation that can result in sudden death (septic shock) and meningitis. Though neutrophilic leukocytosis characterizes S. suis infection, the mediators involved are poorly understood. Among them, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, triggers proliferation of neutrophil progenitors and neutrophil mobilization. However, the systemic production of G-CSF induced during S. suis infection, the cell types involved, and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In a S. suis serotype 2 mouse model of systemic infection, plasma levels of G-CSF rapidly increased after infection. S. suis activation of DCs and macrophages resulted in high (> 1000 pg/mL) and comparable production levels of G-CSF, as measured by ELISA. By using mutant strains deficient in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or lipoprotein maturation in combination with purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from the latter mutant strain, it was showed that G-CSF production is mainly mediated by S. suis lipoproteins. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) is required for G-CSF production by DCs and macrophages following S. suis activation, with a partial involvement of TLR2. On the other hand, TLR2-independant G-CSF production induced by S. suis requires internalization and bacterial DNA might play a role in this pathway. Finally, these signals activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways leading to G-CSF production. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that S. suis induces G-CSF production in vivo and DCs and macrophages are key cellular sources of this cytokine mediator, mainly via the binding of lipoproteins to TLR2. The CPS significantly reduced this activation, confirming the powerful role of this component in S. suis virulence. As such, this study contributes to better understand how DCs and macrophages produce G-CSF in response to S. suis, and potentially to other streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marêva Bleuzé
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Agustina Lavagna
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada.
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Mutations That Confer Drug-Resistance, Oncogenicity and Intrinsic Activity on the ERK MAP Kinases-Current State of the Art. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010129. [PMID: 31935908 PMCID: PMC7016714 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique characteristics distinguish extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erks) from other eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs). Unlike most ePKs, Erks do not autoactivate and they manifest no basal activity; they become catalysts only when dually phosphorylated on neighboring Thr and Tyr residues and they possess unique structural motifs. Erks function as the sole targets of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-Ras-Raf-MEK signaling cascade, which controls numerous physiological processes and is mutated in most cancers. Erks are therefore the executers of the pathway’s biology and pathology. As oncogenic mutations have not been identified in Erks themselves, combined with the tight regulation of their activity, Erks have been considered immune against mutations that would render them intrinsically active. Nevertheless, several such mutations have been generated on the basis of structure-function analysis, understanding of ePK evolution and, mostly, via genetic screens in lower eukaryotes. One of the mutations conferred oncogenic properties on Erk1. The number of interesting mutations in Erks has dramatically increased following the development of Erk-specific pharmacological inhibitors and identification of mutations that cause resistance to these compounds. Several mutations have been recently identified in cancer patients. Here we summarize the mutations identified in Erks so far, describe their properties and discuss their possible mechanism of action.
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Signaling mechanisms inducing hyporesponsiveness of phagocytes during systemic inflammation. Blood 2019; 134:134-146. [PMID: 31076441 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory responsiveness of phagocytes to exogenous and endogenous stimuli is tightly regulated. This regulation plays an important role in systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRSs). In SIRSs, phagocytes initially develop a hyperinflammatory response, followed by a secondary state of hyporesponsiveness, a so-called "tolerance." This hyporesponsiveness can be induced by endotoxin stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), resulting in an ameliorated response after subsequent restimulation. This modification of inflammatory response patterns has been described as innate immune memory. Interestingly, tolerance can also be triggered by endogenous TLR4 ligands, such as the alarmins myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8) and MRP14 (S100A9), under sterile conditions. However, signaling pathways that trigger hyporesponsiveness of phagocytes in clinically relevant diseases are only barely understood. Through our work, we have now identified 2 main signaling cascades that are activated during MRP-induced tolerance of phagocytes. We demonstrate that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/GSK-3β pathway interferes with NF-κB-driven gene expression and that inhibition of GSK-3β mimics tolerance in vivo. Moreover, we identified interleukin-10-triggered activation of transcription factors STAT3 and BCL-3 as master regulators of MRP-induced tolerance. Accordingly, patients with dominant-negative STAT3 mutations show no tolerance development. In a clinically relevant condition of systemic sterile stress, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, we confirmed the initial induction of MRP expression and the tolerance induction of monocytes associated with nuclear translocation of STAT3 and BCL-3 as relevant mechanisms. Our data indicate that the use of pharmacological JAK-STAT inhibitors may be promising targets for future therapeutic approaches to prevent complications associated with secondary hyporesponsiveness during SIRS.
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Araújo AAD, Araújo LDS, Medeiros CACXD, Leitão RFDC, Brito GADC, Costa DVDS, Guerra GCB, Garcia VB, Lima MLDS, Araújo Junior RFD. Protective effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker against oxidative stress and inflammation in an oral mucositis experimental model. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:972-984. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Postgraduate Programs in Public Health and Pharmaceutical Science Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology Federal University of Rio Grande Norte Natal Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Addison Carvalho Xavier de Medeiros
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology UFRN Natal Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science and Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia/Renorbio Federal University of Rio Grande Norte Natal Brazil
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Postgraduate Programs in Pharmacology and Morphology Department of Morphology/Pharmacology Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
| | | | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Postgraduate Programs in Postgraduate Program in Biological Science/Pharmaceutical Science Department of Biophysical and Pharmacology UFRN Natal Brazil
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Yang TC, Chang PY, Kuo TL, Lu SC. Electronegative L5-LDL induces the production of G-CSF and GM-CSF in human macrophages through LOX-1 involving NF-κB and ERK2 activation. Atherosclerosis 2017; 267:1-9. [PMID: 29078142 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Circulating levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are associated with the severity of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, what causes increases in G-CSF and GM-CSF is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether L5-low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a mildly oxidized LDL from AMI, can induce G-CSF and GM-CSF production in human macrophages. METHODS L1-LDL and L5-LDL were isolated through anion-exchange chromatography from AMI plasma. Human macrophages derived from THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with L1-LDL, L5-LDL, or copper-oxidized LDL (Cu-oxLDL) and G-CSF and GM-CSF protein levels in the medium were determined. In addition, the effects of L5-LDL on G-CSF and GM-CSF production were tested in lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), CD36, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1, and ERK2 knockdown THP-1 macrophages. RESULTS L5-LDL but not L1-LDL or Cu-oxLDL significantly induced production of G-CSF and GM-CSF in macrophages. In vitro oxidation of L1-LDL and L5-LDL altered their ability to induce G-CSF and GM-CSF, suggesting that the degree of oxidation is critical for the effects. Knockdown and antibody neutralization experiments suggested that the effects were caused by LOX-1. In addition, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and ERK1/2 inhibition resulted in marked reductions of L5-LDL-induced G-CSF and GM-CSF production. Moreover, knockdown of ERK2, but not ERK1, hindered L5-LDL-induced G-CSF and GM-CSF production. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that L5-LDL, a naturally occurring mild oxidized LDL, induced G-CSF and GM-CSF production in human macrophages through LOX-1, ERK2, and NF-κB dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ling Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Brown G, Marchwicka A, Cunningham A, Toellner KM, Marcinkowska E. Antagonizing Retinoic Acid Receptors Increases Myeloid Cell Production by Cultured Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:69-81. [PMID: 27412076 PMCID: PMC5274652 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activities of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α and RARγ are important to hematopoiesis. Here, we have investigated the effects of receptor selective agonists and antagonists on the primitive human hematopoietic cell lines KG1 and NB-4 and purified normal human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Agonizing RARα (by AGN195183) was effective in driving neutrophil differentiation of NB-4 cells and this agonist synergized with a low amount (10 nM) of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to drive monocyte differentiation of NB-4 and KG1 cells. Treatment of cultures of human HSCs (supplemented with stem cell factor ± interleukin 3) with an antagonist of all RARs (AGN194310) or of RARα (AGN196996) prolonged the lifespan of cultures, up to 55 days, and increased the production of neutrophils and monocytes. Slowing down of cell differentiation was not observed, and instead, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells had expanded in number. Antagonism of RARγ (by AGN205728) did not affect cultures of HSCs. Studies of CV-1 and LNCaP cells transfected with RAR expression vectors and a reporter vector revealed that RARγ and RARβ are activated by sub-nM all-trans retinoic acid (EC50-0.3 nM): ~50-fold more is required for activation of RARα (EC50-16 nM). These findings further support the notion that the balance of expression and activity of RARα and RARγ are important to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alan Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Yang TC, Chang PY, Lu SC. L5-LDL from ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients induces IL-1β production via LOX-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H265-H274. [PMID: 27864235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00509.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
L5-LDL, the most electronegative LDL associated with major cardiovascular risks, significantly rises in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The inflammatory nature of atherosclerotic vascular diseases has prompted us to investigate whether L5-LDL induces the production of inflammatory cytokines, especially vascular ischemia-related interleukin (IL)-1β, in the pathogenesis of STEMI. Clinical data showed that plasma levels of L5-LDL and IL-1β were higher in the STEMI patients than in the controls (P < 0.05). In THP-1-derived human macrophages, L5-LDL significantly increased the levels of both IL-1β and cleaved caspase-1, indicating the activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes by L5-LDL. Knockdown of NLRP3 and its adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) resulted in decreased L5-LDL-induced IL-1β. Furthermore, knock down of the lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) in THP-1 cells attenuated L5-LDL-induced activation of NF-κB and caspase-1, leading to subsequent inhibition of IL-1β in macrophages. Furthermore, blockade LOX-1 with neutralizing antibody also inhibited L5-LDL-induced IL-1β in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages. In conclusion, L5-LDL induces IL-1β production in macrophages by activation of NF-κB and caspase-1 through the LOX-1-dependent pathway. This study represents the evidence linking L5-LDL and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in STEMI, and identifies L5-LDL as a novel therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study represents the evidence linking L5-LDL and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying L5-LDL-induced production of IL-1β in macrophages. The results showed that L5-LDL induced activation of caspase-1 and NF-κB through the lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1)-dependent pathway, leading to the production of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- Cardiovasccular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; and
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Buscà R, Pouysségur J, Lenormand P. ERK1 and ERK2 Map Kinases: Specific Roles or Functional Redundancy? Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:53. [PMID: 27376062 PMCID: PMC4897767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large variety of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many pathological situations have been associated to this pathway. More than one isoform has been described at each level of the cascade. In this review we devoted our attention to ERK1 and ERK2, which are the effector kinases of the pathway. Whether ERK1 and ERK2 specify functional differences or are in contrast functionally redundant, constitutes an ongoing debate despite the huge amount of studies performed to date. In this review we compiled data on ERK1 vs. ERK2 gene structures, protein sequences, expression levels, structural and molecular mechanisms of activation and substrate recognition. We have also attempted to perform a rigorous analysis of studies regarding the individual roles of ERK1 and ERK2 by the means of morpholinos, siRNA, and shRNA silencing as well as gene disruption or gene replacement in mice. Finally, we comment on a recent study of gene and protein evolution of ERK isoforms as a distinct approach to address the same question. Our review permits the evaluation of the relevance of published studies in the field especially when measurements of global ERK activation are taken into account. Our analysis favors the hypothesis of ERK1 and ERK2 exhibiting functional redundancy and points to the concept of the global ERK quantity, and not isoform specificity, as being the essential determinant to achieve ERK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Buscà
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France; Centre Scientifique de MonacoMonaco, Monaco
| | - Philippe Lenormand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
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Acute exposure to cadmium induces prolonged neutrophilia along with delayed induction of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the livers of mice. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:3005-3015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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