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Farhangnia P, Ghods R, Falak R, Zarnani AH, Delbandi AA. Identification of placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) expression on human PC-3 cell line-derived prostate cancer stem cells compared to the tumor parental cells. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:251. [PMID: 38943028 PMCID: PMC11213845 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) is a gene primarily expressed in the placenta and the testis. Interestingly, it is also found to be expressed in many solid tumors, and it is involved in malignant cell features. However, no evidence has been reported regarding the relationship between PLAC-1 and cancer stem cells (CSCs). In the current research, we explored the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) derived from the human PC-3 cell line. The enrichment of PCSCs was achieved using a three-dimensional cell culture technique known as the sphere-formation assay. To confirm the identity of PCSCs, we examined the expression of genes associated with stemness and pluripotency, such as SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, C-Myc, and KLF-4, as well as stem cell differentiation molecules like CD44 and CD133. These evaluations were conducted in both the PCSCs and the original tumor cells (parental cells) using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we assessed the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in both enriched cells and parental tumor cells at the gene and protein levels using the same techniques. The tumor cells from the PC-3 cell line formed spheroids with CSC characteristics in a non-adherent medium. The expression of SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, and C-Myc genes (p < 0.01), and the molecules CD44 and CD133 (p < 0.05) were significantly elevated in PCSCs compared to the parental cells. The expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in PCSCs showed a significant increase compared to the parental cells at both gene (p < 0.01) and protein (p < 0.001) levels. In conclusion, it was indicated for the first time that PLAC-1 is up-regulated in PCSCs derived from human PC-3 cell line. This study may propose PLAC-1 as a potential target in targeted therapies, which should be confirmed through further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Heo D, Lokeshwar BL, Barrett JT, Mostafaei F, Kwon SH, Huh C. Quantitative analysis of radiosensitizing effect for magnetic hyperthermia-radiation combined therapy on prostate cancer cells. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38923579 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in the field of radiation oncology due to its superior precision in controlling temperature and managing the heating area compared to conventional hyperthermia. Recent studies have proposed solutions to address clinical safety concerns associated with MHT, which arise from the use of highly concentrated magnetic nanoparticles and the strong magnetic field needed to induce hyperthermic effects. Despite these efforts, challenges remain in quantifying therapeutic outcomes and developing treatment plan systems for combining MHT with radiation therapy (RT). PURPOSE This study aims to quantitatively measure the therapeutic effect, including radiation dose enhancement (RDE) in the magnetic hyperthermia-radiation combined therapy (MHRT), using the equivalent radiation dose (EQD) estimation method. METHODS To conduct EQD estimation for MHRT, we compared the therapeutic effects between the conventional hyperthermia-radiation combined therapy (HTRT) and MHRT in human prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and LNCaP. We adopted a clonogenic assay to validate RDE and the radiosensitizing effect induced by MHT. The data on survival fractions were analyzed using both the linear-quadradic model and Arrhenius model to estimate the biological parameters describing RDE and radiosensitizing effect of MHRT for both cell lines through maximum likelihood estimation. Based on these parameters, a new survival fraction model was suggested for EQD estimation of MHRT. RESULTS The newly designed model describing the MHRT effect, effectively captures the variations in thermal and radiation dose for both cell lines (R2 > 0.95), and its suitability was confirmed through the normality test of residuals. This model appropriately describes the survival fractions up to 10 Gy for PC3 cells and 8 Gy for LNCaP cells under RT-only conditions. Furthermore, using the newly defined parameter r, the RDE effect was calculated as 29% in PC3 cells and 23% in LNCaP cells. EQDMHRT calculated through this model was 9.47 Gy for PC3 and 4.71 Gy for LNCaP when given 2 Gy and MHT for 30 min. Compared to EQDHTRT, EQDMHRT showed a 26% increase for PC3 and a 20% increase for LNCaP. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model effectively describes the changes of the survival fraction induced by MHRT in both cell lines and adequately represents actual data values through residual analysis. Newly suggested parameter r for RDE effect shows potential for quantitative comparisons between HTRT and MHRT, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes in MHRT for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Heo
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - John T Barrett
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Farshad Mostafaei
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chulhaeng Huh
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Xu Y, Yang X, Xiong Q, Han J, Zhu Q. The dual role of p63 in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116061. [PMID: 37182132 PMCID: PMC10174455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family is made up of three transcription factors: p53, p63, and p73. These proteins are well-known regulators of cell function and play a crucial role in controlling various processes related to cancer progression, including cell division, proliferation, genomic stability, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. In response to extra- or intracellular stress or oncogenic stimulation, all members of the p53 family are mutated in structure or altered in expression levels to affect the signaling network, coordinating many other pivotal cellular processes. P63 exists as two main isoforms (TAp63 and ΔNp63) that have been contrastingly discovered; the TA and ΔN isoforms exhibit distinguished properties by promoting or inhibiting cancer progression. As such, p63 isoforms comprise a fully mysterious and challenging regulatory pathway. Recent studies have revealed the intricate role of p63 in regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) and its impact on diverse cellular processes. In this review, we will highlight the significance of how p63 isoforms respond to DNA damage and cancer stem cells, as well as the dual role of TAp63 and ΔNp63 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Xu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qunli Xiong
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
| | - Qing Zhu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Zhu, ; Junhong Han,
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4
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Hu WY, Liu LF, Afradiasbagharani P, Lu RL, Chen ZL, Hu DP, Birch LA, Prins GS. Stem cells from a malignant rat prostate cell line generate prostate cancers in vivo: a model for prostate cancer stem cell propagated tumor growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:377-389. [PMID: 36636689 PMCID: PMC9831920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to conventional cancer therapies, permitting the repopulation of new tumor growth and driving disease progression. Models for testing prostate CSC-propagated tumor growth are presently limited yet necessary for therapeutic advancement. Utilizing the congenic nontumorigenic NRP152 and tumorigenic NRP154 rat prostate epithelial cell lines, the present study investigated the self-renewal, differentiation, and regenerative abilities of prostate stem/progenitor cells and developed a CSC-based PCa model. NRP154 cells expressed reduced levels of tumor suppressor caveolin-1 and increased p-Src as compared to NRP152 cells. Gene knockdown of caveolin-1 in NRP152 cells upregulated p-Src, implicating their role as potential oncogenic mediators in NRP154 cells. A FACS-based Hoechst exclusion assay revealed a side population of stem-like cells (0.1%) in both NRP152 and NRP154 cell lines. Using a 3D Matrigel culture system, stem cells from both cell lines established prostaspheres at a 0.1% efficiency through asymmetric self-renewal and rapid proliferation of daughter progenitor cells. Spheres derived from both cell lines contained CD117+ and CD133+ stem cell subpopulations and basal progenitor cell subpopulations (p63+ and CK5+) but were negative for luminal cell CK8 markers at day 7. While some NRP152 sphere cells were androgen receptor (AR) positive at this timepoint, NRP154 cells were AR- up to 30 days of 3D culture. The regenerative capacity of the stem/progenitor cells was demonstrated by in vivo tissue recombination with urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) and renal grafting in nude mice. While stem/progenitor cells from NRP152 spheroids generated normal prostate structures, CSCs and progeny cells from NRP154 tumoroids generated tumor tissues that were characterized by immunohistochemistry. Atypical hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions progressed to adenocarcinoma with kidney invasion over 4 months. This provides clear evidence that prostate CSCs can repopulate new tumor growth outside the prostate gland that rapidly progresses to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with invasive capabilities. The dual in vitro/in vivo CSC model system presented herein provides a novel platform for screening therapeutic agents that target prostate CSCs for effective combined treatment protocols for local and advanced disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Li-Feng Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Ran-Li Lu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhen-Long Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lynn A Birch
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL 60612, USA
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5
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Wang X, Xuetao X, Wu M, Wu P, Sheng Z, Liu W, Ma YY, Zhao DG, Zhang K, Li D, Zheng X, Goodin S. Inhibitory effect of roburic acid in combination with docetaxel on human prostate cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:542-553. [PMID: 34986722 PMCID: PMC8741252 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2018684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Roburic acid (ROB) is a naturally occurred tetracyclic triterpenoid, and the anticancer activity of this compound has not been reported. Docetaxel (DOC) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced stage prostate cancer but toxic side effects and drug resistance limit its clinical success. In this study, the potential synergistic anticancer effect and the underlying mechanisms of ROB in combination with DOC on prostate cancer were investigated. The results showed that ROB and DOC in combination synergistically inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells. The combination also strongly induced apoptosis, and suppressed cell migration, invasion and sphere formation. Mechanistic study showed that the combined effects of ROB and DOC on prostate cancer cells were associated with inhibition of NF-κB activation, down regulation of Bcl-2 and up regulation of Bax. Knockdown of NF-κB by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly decreased the combined effect of ROB and DOC. Moreover, we found that esomeprazole (ESOM), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), strongly enhanced the effectiveness of ROB and DOC on prostate cancer cells in acidic culture medium. Since acidic micro environment is known to impair the efficacy of current anticancer therapies, ESOM combined with ROB and DOC may be an effective approach for improving the treatment of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
| | - Xu Xuetao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengshuo Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaojun Sheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Den-Gao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen City, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Susan Goodin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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6
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Radioresistance Mechanisms in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Surviving Ultra-Hypo-Fractionated EBRT: Implications and Possible Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225504. [PMID: 36428597 PMCID: PMC9688510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a higher dose per fraction to overcome the high radioresistance of prostate cancer cells has been unsuccessfully proposed. Herein, we present PC3 and DU-145, castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines that survived a clinically used ultra-higher dose per fraction, namely, radioresistant PC3 and DU-145 cells (PC3RR and DU-145RR). Compared to PC3, PC3RR showed a higher level of aggressive behaviour, with enhanced clonogenic potential, DNA damage repair, migration ability and cancer stem cell features. Furthermore, compared to PC3, PC3RR more efficiently survived further radiation by increasing proliferation and down-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins. No significant changes of the above parameters were described in DU-145RR, suggesting that different prostate cancer cell lines that survive ultra-higher dose per fraction do not display the same grade of aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, both PC3RR and DU-145RR increased antioxidant enzymes and mesenchymal markers. Our data suggest that different molecular mechanisms could be potential targets for future treatments plans based on sequential strategies and synergistic effects of different modalities, possibly in a patient-tailored fashion. Moreover, PC3RR cells displayed an increase in specific markers involved in bone remodeling, indicating that radiotherapy selects a PC3 population capable of migrating to secondary metastatic sites. Finally, PC3RR cells showed a better sensitivity to Docetaxel as compared to native PC3 cells. This suggests that a subset of patients with castration-resistant metastatic disease could benefit from upfront Docetaxel treatment after the failure of radiotherapy.
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7
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Yang J, Aljitawi O, Van Veldhuizen P. Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of CD133. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5448. [PMID: 36358865 PMCID: PMC9656005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), possessing self-renewal properties and resistance to anticancer treatment, are possibly the leading cause of distant metastasis and treatment failure in prostate cancer (PC). CD133 is one of the most well-known and valuable cell surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many cancers, including PC. In this article, we focus on reviewing the role of CD133 in PCSC. Any other main stem cell biomarkers in PCSC reported from key publications, as well as about vital research progress of CD133 in CSCs of different cancers, will be selectively reviewed to help us inform the main topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Aljitawi
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter Van Veldhuizen
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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8
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Fu C, Wang J, Pallikkuth S, Ding Y, Chen J, Wren JD, Yang Y, Wong KK, Kameyama H, Jayaraman M, Munshi A, Tanaka T, Lidke KA, Zhang XA. EWI2 prevents EGFR from clustering and endocytosis to reduce tumor cell movement and proliferation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:389. [PMID: 35773608 PMCID: PMC10428948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
EWI2 is a transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) protein that physically associates with tetraspanins and integrins. It inhibits cancer cells by influencing the interactions among membrane molecules including the tetraspanins and integrins. The present study revealed that, upon EWI2 silencing or ablation, the elevated movement and proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and increased cancer metastatic potential and malignancy in vivo are associated with (i) increases in clustering, endocytosis, and then activation of EGFR and (ii) enhancement of Erk MAP kinase signaling. These changes in signaling make cancer cells (i) undergo partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) for more tumor progression and (ii) proliferate faster for better tumor formation. Inhibition of EGFR or Erk kinase can abrogate the cancer cell phenotypes resulting from EWI2 removal. Thus, to inhibit cancer cells, EWI2 prevents EGFR from clustering and endocytosis to restrain its activation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Fu
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | - Yingjun Ding
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Junxiong Chen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | - Yuchao Yang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anupama Munshi
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | - Xin A Zhang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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9
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Thomas E, Thankan RS, Purushottamachar P, Huang W, Kane MA, Zhang Y, Ambulos N, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Transcriptome profiling reveals that VNPP433-3β, the lead next-generation galeterone analog inhibits prostate cancer stem cells by downregulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:643-654. [PMID: 35512605 PMCID: PMC9322274 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) virtually present in all tumors albeit in small numbers are primarily responsible for driving cancer progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer in men worldwide, and castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a major challenge despite the tremendous advancements in medicine. Currently, none of the available treatment options are effective in treating CRPC. We earlier reported that VNPP433-3β, the lead next-generation galeterone analog is effective in treating preclinical in vivo models of CRPC. In this study using RNA-seq, cytological, and biochemical methods, we report that VNPP433-3β inhibits prostate CSCs by targeting key pathways critical to stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. VNPP433-3β inhibits CSCs in PCa, presumably by degrading the androgen receptor (AR) thereby decreasing the AR-mediated transcription of several stem cell markers including BMI1 and KLF4. Transcriptome analyses by RNA-seq, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis demonstrate that VNPP433-3β inhibits transcription of several genes and functional pathways critical to the prostate CSCs thereby inhibiting CSCs in PCa besides targeting the bulk of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Isoprene Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Flavocure Biotech, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Ambulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Gallegos-Martínez S, Lara-Mayorga IM, Samandari M, Mendoza-Buenrostro C, Flores-Garza BG, Reyes-Cortés L, Segoviano-Ramírez JC, Zhang YS, Trujillo de Santiago G, Alvarez MM. Culture of cancer spheroids and evaluation of anti-cancer drugs in 3D-printed miniaturized continuous stirred tank reactors (mCSTR). Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35344936 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac61a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of mortality in modern societies; therefore, improved and more reliable in vitro cancer models are needed to expedite fundamental research and anti-cancer drug development. Here, we describe the use of a miniaturized continuous stirred tank reactor (mCSTR) to first fabricate and mature cancer spheroids (i.e, derived from MCF7 cells, DU145 cells, and a mix of MCF7 cells and fibroblasts), and then to conduct anti-cancer drug assays under continuous perfusion. This 3 mL mCSTR features an off-center agitation system that enables homogeneous chaotic laminar mixing at low speeds to support cell aggregation. We incubated cell suspensions for 3 days in ultra-low-adherence (ULA) plates to allow formation of discoid cell aggregates (~600 µm in diameter). These cell aggregates were then transferred into mCSTRs and continuously fed with culture medium. We characterized the spheroid morphology and the expression of relevant tumor biomarkers at different maturation times for up to 4 weeks. The spheroids progressively increased in size during the first 5 to 6 days of culture to reach a steady diameter between 600 and 800 µm. In proof-of-principle experiments, we demonstrated the use of this mCSTR in anti-cancer drug testing. Three drugs commonly used in breast cancer treatment (doxorubicin, docetaxel, and paclitaxel) were probed at different concentrations in MCF7 derived spheroids. In these experiments, we evaluated cell viability, glucose consumption, spheroid morphology, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and the expression of genes associated with drug resistance (ABCB1 and ABCC1) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl2). We envision the use of this agitated system as a tumor-on-a-chip platform to expedite efficacy and safety testing of novel anti-cancer drugs and possibly in personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Gallegos-Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Itzel Montserrat Lara-Mayorga
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut, 06032-1941, UNITED STATES
| | - Christian Mendoza-Buenrostro
- Centro de Innovación en Diseño y Tecnología, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Brenda Giselle Flores-Garza
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Luisa Reyes-Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Juan Carlos Segoviano-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Dr. José Eleuterio González (Gonzalitos), Mitras Centro, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 64460, MEXICO
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, UNITED STATES
| | - Grissel Trujillo de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
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11
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Peña-Hernández R, Aprigliano R, Carina Frommel S, Pietrzak K, Steiger S, Roganowicz M, Lerra L, Bizzarro J, Santoro R. BAZ2A-mediated repression via H3K14ac-marked enhancers promotes prostate cancer stem cells. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53014. [PMID: 34403195 PMCID: PMC8567280 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Cancer stem cells are thought to be associated with PCa relapse. Here, we show that BAZ2A is required for PCa cells with a cancer stem‐like state. BAZ2A genomic occupancy in PCa cells coincides with H3K14ac‐enriched chromatin regions. This association is mediated by BAZ2A‐bromodomain (BAZ2A‐BRD) that specifically binds H3K14ac. BAZ2A associates with inactive enhancers marked by H3K14ac and repressing transcription of genes frequently silenced in aggressive and poorly differentiated PCa. BAZ2A‐mediated repression is also linked to EP300 that acetylates H3K14ac. BAZ2A‐BRD mutations or treatment with inhibitors abrogating BAZ2A‐BRD/H3K14ac interaction impair PCa stem cells. Furthermore, pharmacological inactivation of BAZ2A‐BRD impairs Pten‐loss oncogenic transformation of prostate organoids. Our findings indicate a role of BAZ2A‐BRD in PCa stem cell features and suggest potential epigenetic‐reader therapeutic strategies to target BAZ2A in aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Peña-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossana Aprigliano
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Carina Frommel
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Pietrzak
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seraina Steiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Roganowicz
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,RNA Biology Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Lerra
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,RNA Biology Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Bizzarro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Uwada J, Mukai S, Terada N, Nakazawa H, Islam MS, Nagai T, Fujii M, Yamasaki K, Taniguchi T, Kamoto T, Yazawa T. Pleiotropic effects of probenecid on three-dimensional cultures of prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2021; 278:119554. [PMID: 33932444 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chemoresistance remains a persistent challenge in advanced prostate cancer therapy. Probenecid reportedly inhibits multiple drug-efflux transporters; hence, it can be employed as a potential sensitizer for chemotherapy. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of probenecid on three-dimensional (3D)-cultures of prostate cancer cells. MAIN METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines, 22Rv1 and PC-3 were cultured as multicellular tumor spheroids. The effects of probenecid were evaluated using the MTT assay for viability, microscopy for spheroid size, and soft agar colony formation assay for anchorage-independent growth. KEY FINDINGS The 3D-cultured 22Rv1 cells were less sensitive to cisplatin and doxorubicin than two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Co-administration of probenecid at a low (100 or 300 μM), but not high (500 μM), concentration increased the sensitivity to cisplatin or doxorubicin in 22Rv1 spheroids. Probenecid increased the expression of ABCG2, a multidrug resistance transporter, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with probenecid alone reduced the growth of 22Rv1 spheroids. Conversely, probenecid inhibited spheroid compaction rather than growth inhibition in 3D-cultured PC-3 cells. Moreover, probenecid inhibited colony formation of 22Rv1 and PC-3 cells in soft agar, as well as downregulated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a crucial factor in anchorage-independent growth. SIGNIFICANCE In 3D-cultured prostate cancer cells, probenecid demonstrated pleiotropic effects such as chemosensitization, growth suppression, inhibition of spheroid compaction, and suppression of anchorage-independent growth. Elucidating the detailed mechanism underlying these probenecid actions could result in the identification of novel therapeutic targets toward the advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakazawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Nagai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Koji Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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13
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Ko J, Meyer AN, Haas M, Donoghue DJ. Characterization of FGFR signaling in prostate cancer stem cells and inhibition via TKI treatment. Oncotarget 2021; 12:22-36. [PMID: 33456711 PMCID: PMC7800776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains uncurable and novel therapies are needed to better treat patients. Aberrant Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling has been implicated in advanced prostate cancer (PCa), and FGFR1 is suggested to be a promising therapeutic target along with current androgen deprivation therapy. We established a novel in vitro 3D culture system to study endogenous FGFR signaling in a rare subpopulation of prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the cell lines PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and the induced pluripotent iPS87 cell line. 3D-propagation of PCa cells generated spheroids with increased stemness markers ALDH7A1 and OCT4, while inhibition of FGFR signaling by BGJ398 or Dovitinib decreased cell survival and proliferation of 3D spheroids. The 3D spheroids exhibited altered expression of EMT markers associated with metastasis such as E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail, compared to 2D monolayer cells. TKI treatment did not result in significant changes of EMT markers, however, specific inhibition of FGFR signaling by BGJ398 showed more favorable molecular-level changes than treatment with the multi-RTK inhibitor Dovitinib. This study provides evidence for the first time that FGFR1 plays an essential role in the proliferation of PCa CSCs at a molecular and cellular level, and suggests that TKI targeting of FGFR signaling may be a promising strategy for AR-independent CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Haas
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Sauer H, Kampmann H, Khosravi F, Sharifpanah F, Wartenberg M. The nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase antagonist FK866 inhibits growth of prostate tumour spheroids and increases doxorubicin retention without changes in drug transporter and cancer stem cell protein expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:422-434. [PMID: 33349973 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis and is involved in cancer cell proliferation through regulation of energy production pathways. Therefore, NAMPT inhibitors are promising drugs for cancer therapy by limiting energy supply of tumours. Herein, we demonstrated that the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 ((E)-N-(4-(1-Benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide) dose-dependently inhibited growth and cell motility of DU-145 prostate tumour spheroids and decreased the intracellular ATP concentration. The apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 remained unchanged, but the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) was upregulated. Growth inhibition was reversed upon co-administration of NAD to the cell culture medium. FK866 decreased calcein as well as pheophorbide A efflux from tumour spheroids and increased doxorubicin toxicity, indicating interference with function of drug efflux transporters. DU-145 multicellular tumour spheroids expressed the stem cell associated markers CD133, CD44, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 which are associated with stem cell properties in cancer cells. The ABCB1 inhibitor zosuquidar, the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143, and the ABCC1 inhibitor MK571 increased calcein retention. Neither protein expression of stem cell markers, nor drug transporters was significantly changed upon FK866 treatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that FK866 inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation by interference with the energy metabolism, and function of drug efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Henning Kampmann
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Farhad Khosravi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maria Wartenberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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15
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TAp63 and ΔNp63 (p40) in prostate adenocarcinomas: ΔNp63 associates with a basal-like cancer stem cell population but not with metastasis. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:627-636. [PMID: 33037932 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Like other malignancies, prostate tumors are thought to contain cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) that are responsible for growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. ΔNp63 (also called p40) is a regulator of normal prostate stem/progenitor cell activities and a marker of normal basal epithelial cells. The levels of ΔNp63 are reduced in prostate adenocarcinomas, although there is also evidence that ΔNp63 is involved in CSC regulation and drives metastasis to the bone. We studied metastatic deposits of prostate cancers with isoform-specific ΔNp63 and TAp63 antibodies. We identified p63-positive cells in only 3 of 42 metastatic prostate tumors (7%), including 2/38 (5.3%) "usual-type" adenocarcinomas. ΔNp63 and TAp63 isoforms were present in the nuclei of a small subpopulation (< 1%) of tumor cells in these metastases. ΔNp63-positive cells showed a basal-like cell phenotype (cytokeratin 8- and androgen receptor-negative, high molecular weight cytokeratin- and cytokeratin 19-positive), distinct from the tumor bulk. TAp63-positive cells were similar but were sometimes cytokeratin 8-positive. A subset of ΔNp63-positive tumor cells were CD44-positive, a marker of "basal" CSCs but were not positive for the "epithelial" CSC marker ALDH1. TAp63 was not associated with either of these CSC markers. None of the tumors containing p63-positive cells showed evidence of bone metastasis, compared with 28% of the p63-negative tumors. These data show that both ΔNp63 and TAp63 are present in only a small proportion of prostate adenocarcinomas and do not associate with metastasis. The data suggest heterogeneity of CSCs in prostate cancer, similar to other cancer types.
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16
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Iannelli F, Roca MS, Lombardi R, Ciardiello C, Grumetti L, De Rienzo S, Moccia T, Vitagliano C, Sorice A, Costantini S, Milone MR, Pucci B, Leone A, Di Gennaro E, Mancini R, Ciliberto G, Bruzzese F, Budillon A. Synergistic antitumor interaction of valproic acid and simvastatin sensitizes prostate cancer to docetaxel by targeting CSCs compartment via YAP inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:213. [PMID: 33032653 PMCID: PMC7545949 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the introduction of several novel therapeutic approaches that improved survival, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains an incurable disease. Herein we report the synergistic antitumor interaction between two well-known drugs used for years in clinical practice, the antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitory activity valproic acid and the cholesterol lowering agent simvastatin, in mCRPC models. METHODS Synergistic anti-tumor effect was assessed on PC3, 22Rv1, DU145, DU145R80, LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines and EPN normal prostate epithelial cells, by calculating combination index (CI), caspase 3/7 activation and colony formation assays as well as on tumor spheroids and microtissues scored with luminescence 3D-cell viability assay. Cancer stem cells (CSC) compartment was studied evaluating specific markers by RT-PCR, western blotting and flow cytometry as well as by limiting dilution assay. Cholesterol content was evaluated by 1H-NMR. Overexpression of wild-type YAP and constitutively active YAP5SA were obtained by lipofectamine-based transfection and evaluated by immunofluorescence, western blotting and RT-PCR. 22Rv1 R_39 docetaxel resistant cells were selected by stepwise exposure to increasing drug concentrations. In vivo experiments were performed on xenograft models of DU145R80, 22Rv1 parental and docetaxel resistant cells, in athymic mice. RESULTS We demonstrated the capacity of the combined approach to target CSC compartment by a novel molecular mechanism based on the inhibition of YAP oncogene via concurrent modulation of mevalonate pathway and AMPK. Because both CSCs and YAP activation have been associated with chemo-resistance, we tested if the combined approach can potentiate docetaxel, a standard of care in mCRCP treatment. Indeed, we demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo models, the ability of valproic acid/simvastatin combination to sensitize mCRPC cells to docetaxel and to revert docetaxel-resistance, by mevalonate pathway/YAP axis modulation. CONCLUSION Overall, mCRPC progression and therapeutic resistance driven by CSCs via YAP, can be tackled by the combined repurposing of two generic and safe drugs, an approach that warrants further clinical development in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Iannelli
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Roca
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Lombardi
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciardiello
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Grumetti
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona De Rienzo
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Tania Moccia
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Vitagliano
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sorice
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Susan Costantini
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Milone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pucci
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bruzzese
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via Ammiraglio Bianco, 83013, Mercogliano, AV, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit-Laboratory of Naples and Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Saga K, Park J, Nimura K, Kawamura N, Ishibashi A, Nonomura N, Kaneda Y. NANOG helps cancer cells escape NK cell attack by downregulating ICAM1 during tumorigenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:416. [PMID: 31619256 PMCID: PMC6796413 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background At the beginning of tumorigenesis, newly born cancer cells must successfully avoid attack by the immune system. Although most abnormal cells are efficiently identified and destroyed by the immune system, particularly by NK cells, the molecular mechanisms by which newly born cancer cells evade NK cell surveillance are not fully understood. Methods NK cell resistance of highly tumorigenic population of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells were confirmed by xenograft in SCID mice with or without NK cell neutralization. The mechanisms by which the tumorigenic PCa cells evaded NK cell attack were investigated by RNAseq, ChIPseq, generation of several transformants and xenograft in SCID mice. Results Here, we show that PCa cells have a strengthened ability to escape NK cell attack due to NANOG, a pluripotent-related transcription factor, mediating the repression of ICAM1, a cell adhesion molecule, during tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, NANOG directly binds to the region upstream of ICAM1. As the binding between NANOG and the upstream ICAM1 region increases, p300 binding to this region is diminished, resulting in decreased ICAM1 expression. High NANOG expression confers PCa cells the ability to resist NK cell attack via the repression of ICAM1. Consistent with these results, low ICAM1 expression is significantly correlated with a high recurrence rate in patients with PCa. Conclusions Our findings indicate that repression of ICAM1 is a critical mechanism by which cancer cells evade attack from NK cells during tumorigenesis. These results suggest a pivotal role of NANOG in establishing a gene expression profile for escaping the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Saga
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jinhee Park
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nimura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kawamura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Airi Ishibashi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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Trujillo-de Santiago G, Flores-Garza BG, Tavares-Negrete JA, Lara-Mayorga IM, González-Gamboa I, Zhang YS, Rojas-Martínez A, Ortiz-López R, Álvarez MM. The Tumor-on-Chip: Recent Advances in the Development of Microfluidic Systems to Recapitulate the Physiology of Solid Tumors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2945. [PMID: 31514390 PMCID: PMC6766252 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ideal in vitro recreation of the micro-tumor niche-although much needed for a better understanding of cancer etiology and development of better anticancer therapies-is highly challenging. Tumors are complex three-dimensional (3D) tissues that establish a dynamic cross-talk with the surrounding tissues through complex chemical signaling. An extensive body of experimental evidence has established that 3D culture systems more closely recapitulate the architecture and the physiology of human solid tumors when compared with traditional 2D systems. Moreover, conventional 3D culture systems fail to recreate the dynamics of the tumor niche. Tumor-on-chip systems, which are microfluidic devices that aim to recreate relevant features of the tumor physiology, have recently emerged as powerful tools in cancer research. In tumor-on-chip systems, the use of microfluidics adds another dimension of physiological mimicry by allowing a continuous feed of nutrients (and pharmaceutical compounds). Here, we discuss recently published literature related to the culture of solid tumor-like tissues in microfluidic systems (tumor-on-chip devices). Our aim is to provide the readers with an overview of the state of the art on this particular theme and to illustrate the toolbox available today for engineering tumor-like structures (and their environments) in microfluidic devices. The suitability of tumor-on-chip devices is increasing in many areas of cancer research, including the study of the physiology of solid tumors, the screening of novel anticancer pharmaceutical compounds before resourcing to animal models, and the development of personalized treatments. In the years to come, additive manufacturing (3D bioprinting and 3D printing), computational fluid dynamics, and medium- to high-throughput omics will become powerful enablers of a new wave of more sophisticated and effective tumor-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico.
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecátrónica y Eléctrica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Itzel Montserrat Lara-Mayorga
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecátrónica y Eléctrica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Ivonne González-Gamboa
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Salud, Hospital San José, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Salud, Hospital San José, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Mario Moisés Álvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León CP 64849, Mexico.
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19
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McCray T, Moline D, Baumann B, Vander Griend DJ, Nonn L. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis identifies a putative epithelial stem cell population in human primary prostate cells in monolayer and organoid culture conditions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:123-138. [PMID: 31317052 PMCID: PMC6627543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human primary prostate epithelial (PrE) cells represent patient-derived in vitro models and are traditionally grown as a monolayer in two-dimensional culture. It has been recently demonstrated that expansion of primary cells into three-dimensional prostatic organoids better mimics prostate epithelial glands by recapitulating epithelial differentiation and cell polarity. Here, we sought to identify cell populations present in monolayer PrE cells and organoid culture, grown from the same patient, using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a powerful tool to analyze transcriptome profiles of thousands of individual cells simultaneously, creating an in-depth atlas of cell populations within a sample. Organoids consisted of six distinct cell clusters (populations) of intermediate differentiation compared to only three clusters in the monolayer prostate epithelial cells. Integrated analysis of the datasets allowed for direct comparison of the monolayer and organoid samples and identified 10 clusters, including a distinct putative prostate stem cell population that was high in Keratin 13 (KRT13), Lymphocyte Antigen 6D (LY6D), and Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA). Many of the genes within the clusters were validated through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence in PrE samples from 5 additional patients. KRT13+ cells were observed in discrete areas of the parent tissue and organoids. Pathway analyses and lack of EdU incorporation corroborated a stem-like phenotype based on the gene expression and quiescent state of the KRT13+ cluster. Other clusters within the samples were similar to epithelial populations reported within patient prostate tissues. In summary, these data show that the epithelial stem population is preserved in PrE cultures, with organoids uniquely expanding intermediate cell types not present in monolayer culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara McCray
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Moline
- Committee on Development, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology (DRSB), University of ChicagoChicago 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Bethany Baumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer CenterChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer CenterChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
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20
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Wei H. Interleukin 6 signaling maintains the stem-like properties of bladder cancer stem cells. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:557-566. [PMID: 35116788 PMCID: PMC8799198 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The relapse and metastasis of bladder cancer are due to its strong resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs after surgery as a result of the expansion and self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of bladder CSCs are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of interleukin 6 (IL6)/IL6 receptor (IL6R) in the stem-like characteristics of bladder CSCs. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect IL6 expression in the supernatant and cells of bladder CSCs, respectively. Following that, self-renewal, stem cell-associated gene expression, invasion, metastasis, and tumorigenicity were assessed by sphere-forming assay, qRT-PCR, invasion and transwell assays, and tumor-forming experiment in NOD/SCID mice, respectively. Finally, Western blot and qRT-PCR were employed to examine the IL6 signaling pathway in regulating the stem-like properties of bladder CSCs. Results The spheres, originating from the bladder cancer cell lines RT4 and J82, possessed a higher expression of stem-associated genes. The expression levels of IL6 were elevated in the supernatant and cells of the bladder CSCs. IL6R was also up-regulated in the bladder CSCs. Recombinant IL6 promoted the stem-like properties of the bladder CSCs, including self-renewal, expression of stem-associated genes, invasion, migration, and tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, IL6 exerted its biological effects by binding to IL6R, which enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and triggered its activation. Furthermore, these effects were alleviated by the FDA-approved drug tocilizumab. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that IL6/IL6R/STAT3 maintains the stem-like properties of bladder CSCs. Furthermore, IL6R may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CSCs in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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21
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Herheliuk T, Perepelytsina O, Ostapchenko L, Sydorenko M. Effect of Interferon α-2b on Multicellular Tumor Spheroids of MCF-7 Cell Line Enriched with Cancer Stem Cells. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.1.157388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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22
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Benabou E, Salamé Z, Wendum D, Lequoy M, Tahraoui S, Merabtene F, Chrétien Y, Scatton O, Rosmorduc O, Fouassier L, Fartoux L, Praz F, Desbois-Mouthon C. Insulin receptor isoform A favors tumor progression in human hepatocellular carcinoma by increasing stem/progenitor cell features. Cancer Lett 2019; 450:155-168. [PMID: 30849481 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly neoplasms. Insulin receptor (IR) exists in two isoforms, IR-A and IR-B, the latter being predominantly expressed in normal adult hepatocytes while IR-A is overexpressed in HCC to the detriment of IR-B. This study evaluated the biological functions associated with IR-A overexpression in HCC in relation to expression of its ligand IGF-II. The value of INSRA:INSRB ratio which was increased in ˜70% of 85 HCC was associated with stem/progenitor cell features such as cytokeratin-19 and α-fetoprotein and correlated with shorter patient survival. IGF2 mRNA upregulation was observed in 9.4% of HCC and was not associated with higher INSRA:INSRB ratios. Ectopic overexpression of IR-A in two HCC cell lines presenting a strong autocrine IGF-II secretion loop or not stimulated cell migration and invasion. In cells cultured as spheroids, IR-A overexpression promoted gene programs related to stemness, inflammation and cell movement. IR-A also increased cell line tumorigenicity in vivo after injection to immunosuppressed mice and the sphere-forming cells made a significant contribution to this effect. Altogether, these results demonstrate that IR-A is a novel player in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Benabou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Zeina Salamé
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France; AP-HP, Saint-Antoine HCospital, Department of Pathology, F-75012, Paris, France; Histomorphology Platform, UMS 30 Lumic, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lequoy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France; AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Department of Hepatology, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sylvana Tahraoui
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Chrétien
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rosmorduc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Department of Hepatology, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fartoux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France; AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Department of Hepatology, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
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23
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Shokraii F, Moharrami M, Motamed N, Shahhoseini M, Totonchi M, Ezzatizadeh V, Firouzi J, Khosravani P, Ebrahimi M. Histone Modification Marks Strongly Regulate CDH1 Promoter in Prostospheres as A Model of Prostate Cancer Stem Like Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:124-134. [PMID: 30825285 PMCID: PMC6397603 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cadherin-1 (CDH1) plays an important role in the metastasis, while expression of this protein is under control of
epigenetic changes on its gene promoter. Therefore we evaluated both DNA methylation (DNAmet) and histone modification
marks of CDH1 in prostate cancer stem like cells (PCSLCs).
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we isolated PCSLCs using cell surface marker and prostaspheroid
formation, respectively. The cells isolated from both methods were characterized and then the levels of H3K4me2, H3K27me3,
H3K9me2/3 and H3K9ac as well as DNAmet were assessed in CDH1 promoter of the isolated cells.
Results The CD44+ CD49hi cells were not validated as PCSLCs. However, prostaspheres overexpressed stemness
related genes and had higher ability of invasion potential, associated with reduction in CDH1 expression. Epigenetic
status analysis showed that CDH1 promoter was hypo-methylated. Histone modifications of H3K9ac and H3K4me3
were significantly reduced, in parallel with an increased level of H3K27me3.
Conclusion Our results suggest that slight decrease of DNAmet of the CpG island in CDH1 promoter does not significantly
contribute to the change of CDH1 expression. Therefore, histone modifications are responsible in repressing CDH1 in PCSLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shokraii
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moharrami
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motamed
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Adress:
| | - Maryam Shahhoseini
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Royesh Medical Laboratory Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Firouzi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Khosravani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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24
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Zhao H, Yan C, Hu Y, Mu L, Huang K, Li Q, Li X, Tao D, Qin J. Sphere‑forming assay vs. organoid culture: Determining long‑term stemness and the chemoresistant capacity of primary colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:893-904. [PMID: 30664193 PMCID: PMC6365025 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are indispensable for capturing tumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro. Although 3D cultures (such as sphere-forming assay and organoid culture) can partially preserve the morphological and molecular characteristics of primary CRC, whether these 3D cultures maintain the long-term stemness of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains largely unknown. In the present study, spheres and organoids were generated side by side using individual primary CRC specimens, then respectively processed as serial passages. The results revealed that during serial passages, the percentage of CSCs (such as cluster of differentiation-133+ and Wnt+ cells) in organoids and the tumor-initiating capacity of organoid-derived cells were constant, while they gradually increased in the sphere-derived cells. Furthermore, during serial passages, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents (including 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) in sphere- and organoid-derived cells was evaluated. The results indicated that the percentage of chemoresistant cells was constant in serial organoid cultures; however, it gradually increased in the serial sphere-forming assays. Taken together, the results of the present study comprehensively demonstrate that, with regard to long-term culture in vitro, organoid culture may be useful in maintaining tumor heterogeneity and the levels of chemoresistant cells, while the sphere formation assay enriches for CSCs and chemoresistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Chang Yan
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Hu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lei Mu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qiling Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Deding Tao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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25
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RNA sequencing reveals upregulation of a transcriptomic program associated with stemness in metastatic prostate cancer cells selected for taxane resistance. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30363-30384. [PMID: 30100995 PMCID: PMC6084384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) develop resistance to conventional therapies including docetaxel (DTX). Identifying molecular pathways underlying DTX resistance is critical for developing novel combinatorial therapies to prevent or reverse this resistance. To identify transcriptomic signatures associated with acquisition of chemoresistance we profiled gene expression in DTX-sensitive and -resistant mCRPC cells using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). PC3 and DU145 cells were selected for DTX resistance and this phenotype was validated by immunoblotting using DTX resistance markers (e.g. clusterin, ABCB1/P-gp, and LEDGF/p75). Overlapping genes differentially regulated in the DTX-sensitive and -resistant cells were ranked by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and validated to correlate transcript with protein expression. GSEA revealed that genes associated with cancer stem cells (CSC) (e.g., NES, TSPAN8, DPPP, DNAJC12, and MYC) were highly ranked and comprised 70% of the top 25 genes differentially upregulated in the DTX-resistant cells. Established markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSCs were used to evaluate the stemness of adherent DTX-resistant cells (2D cultures) and tumorspheres (3D cultures). Increased formation and frequency of cells expressing CSC markers were detected in DTX-resistant cells. DU145-DR cells showed a 2-fold increase in tumorsphere formation and increased DTX resistance compared to DU145-DR 2D cultures. These results demonstrate the induction of a transcriptomic program associated with stemness in mCRPC cells selected for DTX resistance, and strengthen the emerging body of evidence implicating CSCs in this process. In addition, they provide additional candidate genes and molecular pathways for potential therapeutic targeting to overcome DTX resistance.
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26
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Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kwon GY, Kim JH. DBC1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by positively regulating DNA binding and stability of AR-V7. Oncogene 2017; 37:1326-1339. [PMID: 29249800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active AR-V7, one of the major androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and anti-androgen resistance. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of AR-V7-driven transcription is limited. Here we report DBC1 as a key regulator of AR-V7 transcriptional activity and stability in CRPC cells. DBC1 functions as a coactivator for AR-V7 and is required for the expression of AR-V7 target genes including CDH2, a mesenchymal marker linked to CRPC progression. DBC1 is required for recruitment of AR-V7 to its target enhancers and for long-range chromatin looping between the CDH2 enhancer and promoter. Mechanistically, DBC1 enhances DNA-binding activity of AR-V7 by direct interaction and inhibits CHIP E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AR-V7 by competing with CHIP for AR-V7 binding, thereby stabilizing and activating AR-V7. Importantly, DBC1 depletion suppresses the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of CRPC cells. Our results firmly establish DBC1 as a critical AR-V7 coactivator that plays a key role in the regulation of DNA binding and stability of AR-V7 and has an important physiological role in CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jin Moon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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27
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Cancer stem cell niche models and contribution by mesenchymal stroma/stem cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:28. [PMID: 28148265 PMCID: PMC5286787 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The initiation and progression of malignant tumors is driven by distinct subsets of tumor-initiating or cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) which develop therapy/apoptosis resistance and self-renewal capacity. In order to be able to eradicate these CSCs with novel classes of anti-cancer therapeutics, a better understanding of their biology and clinically-relevant traits is mandatory. Main body Several requirements and functions of a CSC niche physiology are combined with current concepts for CSC generation such as development in a hierarchical tumor model, by stochastic processes, or via a retrodifferentiation program. Moreover, progressive adaptation of endothelial cells and recruited immune and stromal cells to the tumor site substantially contribute to generate a tumor growth-permissive environment resembling a CSC niche. Particular emphasis is put on the pivotal role of multipotent mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) in supporting CSC development by various kinds of interaction and cell fusion to form hybrid tumor cells. Conclusion A better knowledge of CSC niche physiology may increase the chances that cancer stemness-depleting interventions ultimately result in arrest of tumor growth and metastasis.
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28
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Day KC, Lorenzatti Hiles G, Kozminsky M, Dawsey SJ, Paul A, Broses LJ, Shah R, Kunja LP, Hall C, Palanisamy N, Daignault-Newton S, El-Sawy L, Wilson SJ, Chou A, Ignatoski KW, Keller E, Thomas D, Nagrath S, Morgan T, Day ML. HER2 and EGFR Overexpression Support Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer to Bone. Cancer Res 2016; 77:74-85. [PMID: 27793843 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the EGF receptors EGFR (ErbB1) and HER2 (ErbB2) drives the progression of multiple cancer types through complex mechanisms that are still not fully understood. In this study, we report that HER2 expression is elevated in bone metastases of prostate cancer independently of gene amplification. An examination of HER2 and NF-κB receptor (RANK) coexpression revealed increased levels of both proteins in aggressive prostate tumors and metastatic deposits. Inhibiting HER2 expression in bone tumor xenografts reduced proliferation and RANK expression while maintaining EGFR expression. In examining the role of EGFR in tumor-initiating cells (TIC), we found that EGFR expression was required for primary and secondary sphere formation of prostate cancer cells. EGFR expression was also observed in circulating tumor cells (CTC) during prostate cancer metastasis. Dual inhibition of HER2 and EGFR resulted in significant inhibition of tumor xenograft growth, further supporting the significance of these receptors in prostate cancer progression. Overall, our results indicate that EGFR promotes survival of prostate TIC and CTC that metastasize to bone, whereas HER2 supports the growth of prostate cancer cells once they are established at metastatic sites. Cancer Res; 77(1); 74-85. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Molly Kozminsky
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott J Dawsey
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alyssa Paul
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luke J Broses
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rajal Shah
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunja
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher Hall
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Layla El-Sawy
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,European Egyptian Pharmaceutical Industries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Steven James Wilson
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew Chou
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathleen Woods Ignatoski
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Evan Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dafydd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Todd Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark L Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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29
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Portillo-Lara R, Annabi N. Microengineered cancer-on-a-chip platforms to study the metastatic microenvironment. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4063-4081. [PMID: 27605305 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to the occurrence of metastatic diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the multicellular, biochemical and biophysical stimuli from the tumor microenvironment during carcinogenesis, treatment failure, and metastasis. Therefore, there is a need for experimental platforms that are able to recapitulate the complex pathophysiological features of the metastatic microenvironment. Recent advancements in biomaterials, microfluidics, and tissue engineering have led to the development of living multicellular microculture systems, which are maintained in controllable microenvironments and function with organ level complexity. The applications of these "on-chip" technologies for detection, separation, characterization and three dimensional (3D) propagation of cancer cells have been extensively reviewed in previous works. In this contribution, we focus on integrative microengineered platforms that allow the study of multiple aspects of the metastatic microenvironment, including the physicochemical cues from the tumor associated stroma, the heterocellular interactions that drive trans-endothelial migration and angiogenesis, the environmental stresses that metastatic cancer cells encounter during migration, and the physicochemical gradients that direct cell motility and invasion. We discuss the application of these systems as in vitro assays to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of cancer metastasis, as well as their use as human relevant platforms for drug screening in biomimetic microenvironments. We then conclude with our commentaries on current progress and future perspectives of microengineered systems for fundamental and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Portillo-Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 451 Snell Engineering Building, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - N Annabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 451 Snell Engineering Building, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. and Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Afrimzon E, Botchkina G, Zurgil N, Shafran Y, Sobolev M, Moshkov S, Ravid-Hermesh O, Ojima I, Deutsch M. Hydrogel microstructure live-cell array for multiplexed analyses of cancer stem cells, tumor heterogeneity and differential drug response at single-element resolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1047-1062. [PMID: 26907542 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific phenotypic subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor development, production of heterogeneous differentiated tumor mass, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. The development of therapeutic approaches based on targeting rare CSCs has been limited partially due to the lack of appropriate experimental models and measurement approaches. The current study presents new tools and methodologies based on a hydrogel microstructure array (HMA) for identification and multiplex analyses of CSCs. Low-melt agarose integrated with type I collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), was used to form a solid hydrogel array with natural non-adhesive characteristics and high optical quality. The array contained thousands of individual pyramidal shaped, nanoliter-volume micro-chambers (MCs), allowing concomitant generation and measurement of large populations of free-floating CSC spheroids from single cells, each in an individual micro-chamber (MC). The optical live cell platform, based on an imaging plate patterned with HMA, was validated using CSC-enriched prostate and colon cancer cell lines. The HMA methodology and quantitative image analysis at single-element resolution clearly demonstrates several levels of tumor cell heterogeneity, including morphological and phenotypic variability, differences in proliferation capacity and in drug response. Moreover, the system facilitates real-time examination of single stem cell (SC) fate, as well as drug-induced alteration in expression of stemness markers. The technology may be applicable in personalized cancer treatment, including multiplex ex vivo analysis of heterogeneous patient-derived tumor specimens, precise detection and characterization of potentially dangerous cell phenotypes, and for representative evaluation of drug sensitivity of CSCs and other types of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Afrimzon
- Physics Department, The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Schottenstein Center for the Research and Technology of the Cellome, Bar Ilan University, Bldg 214, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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