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Guidi L, Balsamo M, Ferraguti M, Todaro MA. Reproductive organs and spermatogenesis of the peculiar spermatozoa of the genus
Kryptodasys
(Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida), with an appraisal of the occurrence and origin of the tail‐less spermatozoa in Gastrotricha. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Guidi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’ Urbino Italy
| | - Maria Balsamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari Università di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’ Urbino Italy
| | - Marco Ferraguti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
| | - M. Antonio Todaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Modena‐Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
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2
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Gąsiorowski L, Børve A, Cherneva IA, Orús-Alcalde A, Hejnol A. Molecular and morphological analysis of the developing nemertean brain indicates convergent evolution of complex brains in Spiralia. BMC Biol 2021; 19:175. [PMID: 34452633 PMCID: PMC8400761 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain anatomy in the clade Spiralia can vary from simple, commissural brains (e.g., gastrotrichs, rotifers) to rather complex, partitioned structures (e.g., in cephalopods and annelids). How often and in which lineages complex brains evolved still remains unclear. Nemerteans are a clade of worm-like spiralians, which possess a complex central nervous system (CNS) with a prominent brain, and elaborated chemosensory and neuroglandular cerebral organs, which have been previously suggested as homologs to the annelid mushroom bodies. To understand the developmental and evolutionary origins of the complex brain in nemerteans and spiralians in general, we investigated details of the neuroanatomy and gene expression in the brain and cerebral organs of the juveniles of nemertean Lineus ruber. RESULTS In the juveniles, the CNS is already composed of all major elements present in the adults, including the brain, paired longitudinal lateral nerve cords, and an unpaired dorsal nerve cord, which suggests that further neural development is mostly related with increase in the size but not in complexity. The ultrastructure of the juvenile cerebral organ revealed that it is composed of several distinct cell types present also in the adults. The 12 transcription factors commonly used as brain cell type markers in bilaterians show region-specific expression in the nemertean brain and divide the entire organ into several molecularly distinct areas, partially overlapping with the morphological compartments. Additionally, several of the mushroom body-specific genes are expressed in the developing cerebral organs. CONCLUSIONS The dissimilar expression of molecular brain markers between L. ruber and the annelid Platynereis dumerilii indicates that the complex brains present in those two species evolved convergently by independent expansions of non-homologous regions of a simpler brain present in their last common ancestor. Although the same genes are expressed in mushroom bodies and cerebral organs, their spatial expression within organs shows apparent differences between annelids and nemerteans, indicating convergent recruitment of the same genes into patterning of non-homologous organs or hint toward a more complicated evolutionary process, in which conserved and novel cell types contribute to the non-homologous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aina Børve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irina A Cherneva
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andreas Hejnol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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3
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Minowa A, Senna Garraffoni AR. Seek and you shall find: new species of the rare genus Ornamentula (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and first record outside of type-locality. ZOOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e56781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ornamentula
Kisielewski, 1991 is a monospecific genus in Order Chaetonotida. The sole species, O. paraensis Kisielewsk, 1991, is a semiplanktonic gastrotrich found in a single pond in the Amazon region of Brazil. Herein we describe a new species of the genus Ornamentula, collected in a small urban lagoon in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil. Ornamentula miyazakiisp. nov. resembles O. paraensis, but it shows differences in the ornamented trunk scales and spinal spines distribution, sufficient to proposte it as it’s a new species.
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4
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Kieneke A, Todaro MA. Discovery of two ‘chimeric’ Gastrotricha and their systematic placement based on an integrative approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sublittoral sand from the islands of Sardinia (Italy) and Flores (Azores) – separated by more than 3700 km linear distance and 8 years between two independent sampling campaigns – yielded conspicuous specimens of two bizarre, yet undescribed, species of the marine gastrotrich clade Macrodasyida. These gastrotrichs combine several character traits that were already known from two, non-related genera. Morphological data were carefully analysed and digitally documented, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences were used for phylogenetic inference. The results of these analyses claim for the erection of a new genus. Specimens of the new taxon have a body length of less than 400 µm and are characterized by a wide, funnel-shaped mouth opening shielded dorsally by an oral hood and possess a posterior peduncle that ends with a Y-shaped pair of appendages that carry the posterior adhesive tubes. Further tubes occur as anterior, ventrolateral and lateral series; the gonads are unpaired and there is a set of two accessory reproductive organs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the results of former studies and clearly place the new taxon in Thaumastodermatidae. We hereby propose the establishment of Chimaeradasys gen. nov. and describe C. oligotubulatus sp. nov. from the Azores and C. polytubulatus sp. nov. from Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kieneke
- Senckenberg am Meer Wilhelmshaven, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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5
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Balsamo M, Artois T, Smith JPS, Todaro MA, Guidi L, Leander BS, Van Steenkiste NWL. The curious and neglected soft-bodied meiofauna: Rouphozoa (Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes). HYDROBIOLOGIA 2020; 847:2613-2644. [PMID: 33551466 PMCID: PMC7864459 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-020-04287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes form a clade called Rouphozoa. Representatives of both taxa are main components of meiofaunal communities, but their role in the trophic ecology of marine and freshwater communities is not sufficiently studied. Traditional collection methods for meiofauna are optimized for Ecdysozoa, and include the use of fixatives or flotation techniques that are unsuitable for the preservation and identification of soft-bodied meiofauna. As a result, rouphozoans are usually underestimated in conventional biodiversity surveys and ecological studies. Here, we give an updated outline of their diversity and taxonomy, with some phylogenetic considerations. We describe successfully tested techniques for their recovery and study, and emphasize current knowledge on the ecology, distribution and dispersal of freshwater gastrotrichs and microturbellarians. We also discuss the opportunities and pitfalls of (meta)barcoding studies as a means of overcoming the taxonomic impediment. Finally, we discuss the importance of rouphozoans in aquatic ecosystems and provide future research directions to fill in crucial gaps in the biology of these organisms needed for understanding their basic role in the ecology of benthos and their place in the trophic networks linking micro-, meio- and macrofauna of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balsamo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena-Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Loretta Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Brian S Leander
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Bosco I, Lourenço AP, Guidi L, Balsamo M, Hochberg R, Garraffoni AR. Integrative description of a new species of Acanthodasys Remane, 1927 (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida, Thaumastodermatidae) based on four distinct morphological techniques and molecular data. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Campos A, Garraffoni ARS. A synopsis of knowledge, zoogeography and an online interactive map of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7898. [PMID: 31637137 PMCID: PMC6802584 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the records of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs is presented. We systematized and organized the existing information associated with approximately 23 species (belonging to the genera Aspidiophorus, Chaetonotus, Crasiella, Dactylopodola, Dendrodasys, Draculiciteria, Halichaetonotus, Heteroxenotrichula, Kryptodasys, Macrodasys, Pseudostomella, Ptychostomella, Urodasys and Xenotrichula) from the Brazilian coast (eight endemic) and their 1,581 records from 36 marine ecoregions of the world. A link is provided to an on-line interactive map where all occurrences for each species are shown, accompanied by geographic coordinates, oceans, countries, cities, granulometric characteristics and ecoregions. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the geographical distribution of Brazilian marine gastrotrichs, an estimate of the number of undescribed species, a summary of the existence and status of taxonomical collections are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Campos
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Meiofauna, Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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An Introduction to the Study of Gastrotricha, with a Taxonomic Key to Families and Genera of the Group. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11070117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrotricha is a group of meiofaunal-sized, free-living invertebrates present in all aquatic ecosystems. The phylum includes over 860 species globally, of which 505 nominal species have been recorded in marine sandy sediments; another 355 taxa inhabit the freshwater environments, where they are recurrent members of the periphyton and epibenthos, and, to a lesser degree, of the plankton and interstitial fauna. Gastrotrichs are part of the permanent meiofauna and, in general, they rank among the top five groups for abundance within meiobenthic assemblages. The diversity, abundance, and ubiquity of Gastrotricha allow us to suppose an important role for these animals in aquatic ecosystems; however, ecological studies to prove this idea have been comparatively very few. This is mainly because the small size and transparency of their bodies make gastrotrichs difficult to discover in benthic samples; moreover, their contractility and fragility make their handling and morphological survey of the specimens rather difficult. Here we offer an overview, describe the basic techniques used to study these animals, and provide a key to known genera in an attempt to promote easy identification and to increase the number of researchers who may be interested in conducting studies on this understudied ecological group of microscopic organisms.
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9
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Todaro MA, Dal Zotto M, Kånneby T, Hochberg R. Integrated data analysis allows the establishment of a new, cosmopolitan genus of marine Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha). Sci Rep 2019; 9:7989. [PMID: 31142811 PMCID: PMC6541715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrodasyida (phylum Gastrotricha) comprises 365 species distributed across 34 genera and 10 families. However, current classification is under revision due to the contradictory results of molecular and morphological cladistic analyses. Studies aimed at bridging the gaps took advantage of supplementary assessments of poorly known species and particularly from observations of new taxa showing original traits that could help to identify plesiomorphic character states in these anatomically diverse micrometazoa. We follow this path by describing three new interesting macrodasyidan species respectively from Italy, Brazil and Sweden. In many respects, the new species resemble most closely species of the genus Macrodasys; however, details of the external morphology, in combination with the different lay-out of the reproductive system and the tiny spermatozoa lacking a visible flagellum, suggest they belong to a new genus, possibly in the family Macrodasyidae. These hypotheses are supported by the phylogenetic relationships of 47 taxa inferred from analyses of the 18S rRNA gene, which found the new species clustering with Thaidasys tongiorgii in a subset of a larger clade containing Macrodasys. Accordingly, the establishment of the following taxa is proposed: Kryptodasys gen. nov., K. marcocurinii sp. nov., K. carlosrochai sp. nov. and K. ulfjondeliusi sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Antonio Todaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 213/D, I-41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Matteo Dal Zotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 213/D, I-41125, Modena, Italy.,Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata 'G Bacci', v.le Nazario Sauro 4, I-57128, Livorno, Italy
| | | | - Rick Hochberg
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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10
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Fromm B, Tosar JP, Aguilera F, Friedländer MR, Bachmann L, Hejnol A. Evolutionary Implications of the microRNA- and piRNA Complement of Lepidodermella squamata (Gastrotricha). Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:E19. [PMID: 30813358 PMCID: PMC6468455 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrotrichs-'hairy bellies'-are microscopic free-living animals inhabiting marine and freshwater habitats. Based on morphological and early molecular analyses, gastrotrichs were placed close to nematodes, but recent phylogenomic analyses have suggested their close relationship to flatworms (Platyhelminthes) within Spiralia. Small non-coding RNA data on e.g., microRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNA) may help to resolve this long-standing question. MiRNAs are short post-transcriptional gene regulators that together with piRNAs play key roles in development. In a 'multi-omics' approach we here used small-RNA sequencing, available transcriptome and genomic data to unravel the miRNA- and piRNA complements along with the RNAi (RNA interference) protein machinery of Lepidodermella squamata (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida). We identified 52 miRNA genes representing 35 highly conserved miRNA families specific to Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Protostomia, and Spiralia, respectively, with overall high similarities to platyhelminth miRNA complements. In addition, we found four large piRNA clusters that also resemble flatworm piRNAs but not those earlier described for nematodes. Congruently, transcriptomic annotation revealed that the Lepidodermella protein machinery is highly similar to flatworms, too. Taken together, miRNA, piRNA, and protein data support a close relationship of gastrotrichs and flatworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fromm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
- Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160_C, Concepción 3349001, Chile.
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marc R Friedländer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Bachmann
- Research group Frontiers in Evolutionary Zoology, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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11
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Garraffoni ARS, Araújo TQ, Lourenço AP, Guidi L, Balsamo M. Integrative taxonomy of a new Redudasys species (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) sheds light on the invasion of fresh water habitats by macrodasyids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2067. [PMID: 30765851 PMCID: PMC6376054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha) includes over 350 marine species, and only 3 freshwater species (Marinellina flagellata, Redudasys fornerise, R. neotemperatus). Herein we describe a new freshwater species of Macrodasyida, Redudasys brasiliensis sp. nov., from Brazil through an integrative taxonomic approach. The external morphology and internal anatomy were investigated using differential interference contrast microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The systematization of the new taxon was inferred by nuclear (18S and 28S) and mitochondrial (COI) genes, and its intra-order relationships were assessed using data from most of available macrodasyids. Phylogenetic analyses yielded congruent trees, in which the new taxon is nested within the family Redudasyidae, but it was genetically distinct from the other species of the genus Redudasys. The new species shares the gross morphology and reproductive traits with other Redudasyidae and the presence of only 1 anterior adhesive tube per side with Redudasys neotemperatus, but it has a specific pattern of ventral ciliation and muscle organization. Results support the hypothesis that dispersion into fresh water habitats by Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida taxa occurred independently and that within Macrodasyida a single lineage invaded the freshwater environment only once. Furthermore, the Neotropical region seems to be peculiar for the evolution of the freshwater macrodasyid clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R S Garraffoni
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Q Araújo
- Departament of Zoology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anete P Lourenço
- Departament of Biological Science, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rod. BR-367, 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Loretta Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico, Via Ca' le Suore, 2, 61049, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Maria Balsamo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico, Via Ca' le Suore, 2, 61049, Urbino, PU, Italy
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12
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Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1358-1376. [PMID: 30135501 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely held that the bilaterian tubular gut with mouth and anus evolved from a simple gut with one major gastric opening. However, there is no consensus on how this happened. Did the single gastric opening evolve into a mouth, with the anus forming elsewhere in the body (protostomy), or did it evolve into an anus, with the mouth forming elsewhere (deuterostomy), or did it evolve into both mouth and anus (amphistomy)? These questions are addressed by the comparison of developmental fates of the blastopore, the opening of the embryonic gut, in diverse animals that live today. Here we review comparative data on the identity and fate of blastoporal tissue, investigate how the formation of the through-gut relates to the major body axes, and discuss to what extent evolutionary scenarios are consistent with these data. Available evidence indicates that stem bilaterians had a slit-like gastric opening that was partially closed in subsequent evolution, leaving open the anus and most likely also the mouth, which would favour amphistomy. We discuss remaining difficulties, and outline directions for future research.
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13
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Zotto MD, Leasi F, Todaro MA. A new species of Turbanellidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from Jamaica, with a key to species of Paraturbanella. Zookeys 2018:105-119. [PMID: 29674856 PMCID: PMC5904343 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.734.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study falls within the framework of a wider research programme aimed at investigating the gastrotrich diversity of the Tropical North-Western Atlantic (TNWA). A new macrodasyidan gastrotrich is described from fine-medium sand collected at Duncans Bay, Jamaica. The description is based on observations carried out on living specimens using differential interference contrast microscopy. Paraturbanellaxaymacanasp. n., the third gastrotrich taxon reported from Jamaica, is a mid-sized species, up to 564 μm long, with a feeble peribuccal swelling. The most obvious autapomorphic traits pertain to the testes and the male pore, both of which are located approximately at mid body, rather than at- or near the pharyngo-intestinal junction as occur in the other species of the genus. Additional differences with congeners are discussed and a key to the Paraturbanella species is provided, in the hope it will be useful to both gastrotrich experts and marine ecologists who discover these microscopic metazoans during their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dal Zotto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/d, I-41125 Modena, Italy.,Consortium for the Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology, viale N. Sauro 4, I-57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Francesca Leasi
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, United States
| | - M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/d, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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14
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Kieneke A, Nikoukar H. Integrative morphological and molecular investigation of Turbanella hyalina Schultze, 1853 (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida), including a redescription of the species. ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Todaro MA, Dal Zotto M, Bownes SJ, Perissinotto R. Two new interesting species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Dal Zotto
- (MAT), (MD) Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio, Emilia, via G. Campi 213/d, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- (MD) Consortium for the Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology, viale N. Sauro, 4, I-57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Sarah J. Bownes
- (SJB) School of Biological & Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Renzo Perissinotto
- (RP) DST/NRF South African Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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17
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Garraffoni ARS, Balsamo M. Is the ubiquitous distribution real for marine gastrotrichs? Detection of areas of endemism using Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André R. S. Garraffoni
- (ARSG) Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil,
| | - Maria Balsamo
- (MB) Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Campus Scientifico, Via Ca' le Suore, 2, Urbino, Italy
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Garraffoni ARS, Araújo TQ. Phylogeny ofPseudostomellaSwedmark, 1956 (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) base on morphological data and first insights on the historical biogeography of Thaumastodermatidae. P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rinaldo Senna Garraffoni
- (ARSG) Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil,
| | - Thiago Quintão Araújo
- (TQA) Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Guidi L, Todaro MA, Cesaroni L, Balsamo M. The unusual spermatozoa ofDolichodasyssp. (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida). P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Antonio Todaro
- (MAT) Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena-Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Cesaroni
- (LG, LC, MB) Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo', Italy,
| | - Maria Balsamo
- (LG, LC, MB) Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo', Italy,
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Bekkouche N, Worsaae K. Neuromuscular study of early branching Diuronotus aspetos (Paucitubulatina) yields insights into the evolution of organs systems in Gastrotricha. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:21. [PMID: 27688902 PMCID: PMC5034412 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diuronotus is one of the most recently described genera of Paucitubulatina, one of the three major clades in Gastrotricha. Its morphology suggests that Diuronotus is an early branch of Paucitubulatina, making it a key taxon for understanding the evolution of this morphologically understudied group. Here we test its phylogenetic position employing molecular data, and provide detailed descriptions of the muscular, nervous, and ciliary systems of Diuronotus aspetos, using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS We confirm the proposed position of D. aspetos within Muselliferidae, and find this family to be the sister group to Xenotrichulidae. The muscular system, revealed by F-actin staining, shows a simple, but unique organization of the trunk musculature with a reduction to three pairs of longitudinal muscles and addition of up to five pairs of dorso-ventral muscles, versus the six longitudinal and two dorso-ventral pairs found in most Paucitubulatina. Using acetylated α-tubulin immunoreactivity, we describe the pharynx in detail, including new nervous structures, two pairs of sensory cilia, and a unique canal system. The central nervous system, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, shows the general pattern of Gastrotricha having a bilobed brain and a pair of ventro-longitudinal nerve cords. However, in addition are found an anterior nerve ring, several anterior longitudinal nerves, and four ventral commissures (pharyngeal, trunk, pre-anal, and terminal). Two pairs of protonephridia are documented, while other Paucitubulatina have one. Moreover, the precise arrangement of multiciliated cells is unraveled, yielding a pattern of possibly systematic importance. CONCLUSION Several neural structures of Diuronotus resemble those found in Xenotrichula (Xenotrichulidae) and may constitute new apomorphies of Paucitubulatina, or even Gastrotricha. In order to test these new evolutionary hypotheses, comparable morphological data from other understudied gastrotrich branches and a better resolution of the basal nodes of the gastrotrich phylogeny are warranted. Nonetheless, the present study offers new insights into the evolution of organ systems and systematic importance of so-far neglected characters in Gastrotricha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bekkouche
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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