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Connaughton M, Dabagh M. Modeling Physical Forces Experienced by Cancer and Stromal Cells Within Different Organ-Specific Tumor Tissue. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2024; 12:413-434. [PMID: 38765886 PMCID: PMC11100865 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2024.3388561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical force exerted on cancer cells by their microenvironment have been reported to drive cells toward invasive phenotypes by altering cells' motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. These mechanical forces include compressive, tensile, hydrostatic, and shear forces. The importance of forces is then hypothesized to be an alteration of cancer cells' and their microenvironment's biophysical properties as the indicator of a tumor's malignancy state. Our objective is to investigate and quantify the correlation between a tumor's malignancy state and forces experienced by the cancer cells and components of the microenvironment. In this study, we have developed a multicomponent, three-dimensional model of tumor tissue consisting of a cancer cell surrounded by fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM). Our results on three different organs including breast, kidney, and pancreas show that: A) the stresses within tumor tissue are impacted by the organ specific ECM's biophysical properties, B) more invasive cancer cells experience higher stresses, C) in pancreas which has a softer ECM (Young modulus of 1.0 kPa) and stiffer cancer cells (Young modulus of 2.4 kPa and 1.7 kPa) than breast and kidney, cancer cells experienced significantly higher stresses, D) cancer cells in contact with ECM experienced higher stresses compared to cells surrounded by fibroblasts but the area of tumor stroma experiencing high stresses has a maximum length of 40 μm when the cancer cell is surrounded by fibroblasts and 12 μm for when the cancer cell is in vicinity of ECM. This study serves as an important first step in understanding of how the stresses experienced by cancer cells, fibroblasts, and ECM are associated with malignancy states of cancer cells in different organs. The quantification of forces exerted on cancer cells by different organ-specific ECM and at different stages of malignancy will help, first to develop theranostic strategies, second to predict accurately which tumors will become highly malignant, and third to establish accurate criteria controlling the progression of cancer cells malignancy. Furthermore, our in silico model of tumor tissue can yield critical, useful information for guiding ex vivo or in vitro experiments, narrowing down variables to be investigated, understanding what factors could be impacting cancer treatments or even biomarkers to be looking for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Connaughton
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
| | - Mahsa Dabagh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA
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Oner E, Kotmakci M, Baird AM, Gray SG, Debelec Butuner B, Bozkurt E, Kantarci AG, Finn SP. Development of EphA2 siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and combination with a small-molecule histone demethylase inhibitor in prostate cancer cells and tumor spheroids. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33685469 PMCID: PMC7938557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND siRNAs hold a great potential for cancer therapy, however, poor stability in body fluids and low cellular uptake limit their use in the clinic. To enhance the bioavailability of siRNAs in tumors, novel, safe, and effective carriers are needed. RESULTS Here, we developed cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs) to carry siRNAs targeting EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase (siEphA2), which is overexpressed in many solid tumors including prostate cancer. Using DDAB cationic lipid instead of DOTMA reduced nanoparticle size and enhanced both cellular uptake and gene silencing in prostate cancer cells. DDAB-cSLN showed better cellular uptake efficiency with similar silencing compared to commercial transfection reagent (Dharmafect 2). After verifying the efficacy of siEphA2-loaded nanoparticles, we further evaluated a potential combination with a histone lysine demethylase inhibitor, JIB-04. Silencing EphA2 by siEphA2-loaded DDAB-cSLN did not affect the viability (2D or 3D culture), migration, nor clonogenicity of PC-3 cells alone. However, upon co-administration with JIB-04, there was a decrease in cellular responses. Furthermore, JIB-04 decreased EphA2 expression, and thus, silencing by siEphA2-loaded nanoparticles was further increased with co-treatment. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed a novel siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticle for targeting EphA2. Moreover, preliminary results of the effects of JIB-04, alone and in combination with siEphA2, on prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer tumor spheroids were presented for the first time. Our delivery system provides high transfection efficiency and shows great promise for targeting other genes and cancer types in further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Oner
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Lab, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Balatcik, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kotmakci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Lab, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bilge Debelec Butuner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emir Bozkurt
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gulten Kantarci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Sir Patrick Dun Translational Research Lab, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Histopathology, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Owari T, Sasaki T, Fujii K, Fujiwara-Tani R, Kishi S, Mori S, Mori T, Goto K, Kawahara I, Nakai Y, Miyake M, Luo Y, Tanaka N, Kondoh M, Fujimoto K, Kuniyasu H. Role of Nuclear Claudin-4 in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218340. [PMID: 33172177 PMCID: PMC7664319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-4 (CLDN4) is a tight junction protein to maintain the cancer microenvironment. We recently reported the role of the CLDN4 not forming tight junction in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we investigated the role of CLDN4 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), focusing on CLDN4. CLDN4 expression in 202 RCCs was examined by immunostaining. CLDN4 phosphorylation and subcellular localization were examined using high metastatic human RCC SN12L1 and low metastatic SN12C cell lines. In 202 RCC cases, the CLDN4 expression decreased in the cell membrane and had no correlation with clinicopathological factors. However, CLDN4 was localized in the nucleus in 5 cases (2%), all of which were pT3. Contrastingly, only 6 of 198 nuclear CLDN4-negative cases were pT3. CLDN4 was found in the nuclear fraction of a highly metastatic human RCC cell line, SN12L1, but not in the low metastatic SN12C cells. In SN12L1 cells, phosphorylation of tyrosine and serine residues was observed in cytoplasmic CLDN4, but not in membranous CLDN4. In contrast, phosphorylation of serine residues was observed in nuclear CLDN4. In SN12L1 cells, CLDN4 tyrosine phosphorylation by EphA2/Ephrin A1 resulted in the release of CLDN4 from tight junction and cytoplasmic translocation. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC)-ε phosphorylated the CLDN4 serine residue, resulting in nuclear import. Contrarily, in SN12C cells that showed decreased expression of EphA2/Ephrin A1 and PKCε, the activation of EphA2/EphrinA1 and PKCε induced cytoplasmic and nuclear translocation of CLDN4, respectively. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of CLDN4 promoted the nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) bound to CLDN4, which induced the EMT phenotype. These findings suggest that the release of CLDN4 by impaired tight junction might be a mechanism underlying the malignant properties of RCC. These findings suggest that the release of CLDN4 by impaired tight junction might be one of the mechanisms of malignant properties of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Owari
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.M.); (N.T.)
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Takuya Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.M.); (N.T.)
| | - Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.M.); (N.T.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nobumichi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.M.); (N.T.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 6-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (Y.N.); (M.M.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan; (T.O.); (T.S.); (K.F.); (R.F.-T.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (K.G.); (I.K.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.); (H.K.)
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Tsaur I, Hüsch T, Jüngel E, Schneider F, Schneider M, Haferkamp A, Thomas C, Lieb V, Wach S, Taubert H, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. sE-cadherin is upregulated in serum of patients with renal cell carcinoma and promotes tumor cell dissemination in vitro. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:355.e1-355.e9. [PMID: 31005422 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadherin family proteins are involved in the tumorigenesis of several malignancies. However, their significance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been extensively investigated. The current study investigates the potential of several cadherins to perform as biomarkers for tumor detection and exert functional RCC activity. METHODS Pre- and postoperative concentrations of sE-cadherin, cadherin-6, N-cadherin, cadherin-11, cadherin-17, and cadherin-5 were measured in serum of patients undergoing surgery for RCC and correlated to clinical and histopathological parameters. Control serum was obtained from healthy volunteers. A498 and Caki-1 cells were incubated with sE-cadherin and assessed for cell growth, adhesion, and chemotaxis. RESULTS sE-cadherin was significantly upregulated in RCC patients, as compared to controls, and discriminated them with striking accuracy (area under the curve value 0.83). Serum levels remained stable several days after surgery. Treating A498 and Caki-1 cancer cells with various concentrations of sE-cadherin attenuated cell growth and adhesion, while chemotaxis was augmented. CONCLUSIONS sE-cadherin is overexpressed in serum of RCC patients and provides a functional cellular switch from sessility to aggressive dissemination. While sE-cadherin is not tumor-specific and thus inappropriate for population-based screening, further studies are warranted to investigate its role in monitoring RCC and employing it as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tsaur
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany; University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tanja Hüsch
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany; University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Eva Jüngel
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Meike Schneider
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena Lieb
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Frankfurt, Germany
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Zhang L, Yu C, Gao R, Niu Y, Li Y, Chen J, He J. An impedimetric biosensor for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma based on the interaction between 3-aminophenyl boronic acid and sialic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:434-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xie X, Yang Y, Lin W, Liu H, Liu H, Yang Y, Chen Y, Fu X, Deng J. Cell-penetrating peptide-siRNA conjugate loaded YSA-modified nanobubbles for ultrasound triggered siRNA delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:641-50. [PMID: 26492155 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the absence of effective in vivo delivery systems, the employment of small interference RNA (siRNA) in the clinic has been hindered. In this paper, a new siRNA targeting system for EphA2-positive tumors was developed, based on ultrasound-sensitive nanobubbles (NBs) and cell-permeable peptides (CPPs). Here, a CPP-siRNA conjugate (CPP-siRNA) was entrapped in an ephrin mimetic peptide (YSA peptide)-modified NB (CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB) and the penetration of the CPP-siRNA was temporally masked; local ultrasound stimulation triggered the release of CPP-siRNA from the NBs and activated its penetration. Subsequent research demonstrated that the CPP-siRNA/YSA-NBs had particle sizes of approximately 200 nm and a siRNA entrapment efficiency of more than 85%. The in vitro release results showed that over 90% of the encapsulated CPP-siRNA released from the NBs in the presence of ultrasound, while less than 1.5% of that (30 min) released without ultrasound. Cell experiments showed a the higher CPP-siRNA cellular uptake of CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB among the various formulations in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7, EphA2 positive cells). Additionally, after systemic administration in mice, CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB accumulated in the tumor, augmented c-Myc silencing and delayed tumor progression. In conclusion, the application of CPP-siRNA/YSA-NB with ultrasound may provide a strategy for the selective and efficient delivery of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wen Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Love & Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Huangshi 435000, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xudong Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jianping Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Love & Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Huangshi 435000, PR China.
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