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Zhang R, Xu K, Shao Y, Sun Y, Saredy J, Cutler E, Yao T, Liu M, Liu L, Drummer Iv C, Lu Y, Saaoud F, Ni D, Wang J, Li Y, Li R, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Tissue Treg Secretomes and Transcription Factors Shared With Stem Cells Contribute to a Treg Niche to Maintain Treg-Ness With 80% Innate Immune Pathways, and Functions of Immunosuppression and Tissue Repair. Front Immunol 2021; 11:632239. [PMID: 33613572 PMCID: PMC7892453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.632239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used functional -omics angles and examined transcriptomic heterogeneity in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) from spleen (s-Treg), lymph nodes (LN-Treg), intestine (int-Treg), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Treg), and made significant findings: 1) Five new shared Treg genes including NIBAN, TNFRSF1b, DUSP4,VAV2, and KLRG1, and 68 new signatures are identified. Among 27 signaling pathways shared in four tissue Treg, 22 pathways are innate immune pathways (81.5%); 2) s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg have zero, 49, 45, and 116 upregulated pathways, respectively; 3) 12, 7, and 15 out of 373 CD markers are identified as specific for LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg, respectively, which may initiate innate immune signaling; 4) 7, 49, 44, and 79 increased cytokines out of 1176 cytokines are identified for four Treg, respectively, suggesting that Treg have much more secretory proteins/cytokines than IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35; 5) LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg have 13 additional secretory functions more than s-Treg, found by analyzing 1,706 secretomic genes; 6) 2, 20, 25, and 43 increased transcription factors (TFs) out of 1,496 TFs are identified four Treg, respectively; 7) LN-Treg and int-Treg have increased pyroptosis regulators but VAT-Treg have increased apoptosis regulators; 8) 1, 15, 19, and 31 increased kinases out of 661 kinome are identified for s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg, respectively; 9) comparing with that of s-Treg, LN-Treg, int-Treg, and VAT-Treg increase activated cluster (clusters 1–3) markers; and decrease resting cluster (clusters 4–6) markers; and 10) Treg promote tissue repair by sharing secretomes and TFs AHR, ETV5, EGR1, and KLF4 with stem cells, which partially promote upregulation of all the groups of Treg genes. These results suggest that stem cell-shared master genes make tissue Treg as the first T cell type using a Treg niche to maintain their Treg-ness with 80% innate immune pathways, and triple functions of immunosuppression, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. Our results have provided novel insights on the roles of innate immune pathways on Treg heterogeneity and new therapeutic targets for immunosuppression, tissue repair, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Zhang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.,Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Cutler
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tian Yao
- Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dong Ni
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jirong Wang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research & Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Wang F, Liang S, Hu J, Xu Y. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor connects dysregulated immune cells to atherosclerosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:55-63. [PMID: 33053378 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a chronic inflammatory disease with autoimmune components, atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have revealed that the development of atherosclerosis is strongly linked to the functional activities of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a chemical sensor that is also important for the development, maintenance, and function of a variety of immune cells. In this review, we focus on the impact of AHR signaling on the different cell types that are closely related to the atherogenesis, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, foam cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in the arterial walls, and summarize the latest development on the interplay between this environmental sensor and immune cells in the context of atherosclerosis. Hopefully, elucidation of the role of AHR in atherosclerosis will facilitate the understanding of case variation in disease prevalence and may aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shuangchao Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jiqiong Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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3
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Kynurenine signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Implications for aging and healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110797. [PMID: 31786316 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan metabolite kynurenine increases with aging and inflammation, and appears to contribute directly to the development and progression of several age-related conditions. Kynurenine is now known to signal through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) to modulate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Ahr promoter region contains several sites for NF-kB binding, indicating that inflammation is a key factor modulating Ahr expression. Furthermore, kynurenine activation of Ahr is observed to stimulate expression of the enzyme IDO1, which generates kynurenine by degrading tryptophan, representing a positive feedback loop that may link inflammation with ROS production. On the other hand, the antioxidant system-inducing transcription factor Nrf2 can be stimulated by Ahr, and Nrf2 can itself activate Ahr expression. The balance between pro- and antioxidant functions of Ahr mediated by kynurenine may therefore regulate healthy versus unhealthy aging in different tissues and organ systems. Potential therapeutic approaches to target this pathway include exercise to alter kynurenine production or molecules such as metformin or resveratrol that may suppress Ahr activity.
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4
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Yeo IJ, Park MH, Son DJ, Kim JY, Nam KT, Hyun BK, Kim SY, Jung MH, Song MJ, Chun HO, Lee TH, Han SB, Hong JT. PRDX6 Inhibits Neurogenesis through Downregulation of WDFY1-Mediated TLR4 Signal. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3132-3144. [PMID: 30097850 PMCID: PMC6476867 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neurogenesis has been associated with several brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) in neurodegenerative diseases is very controversial. To demonstrate the role of PRDX6 in neurogenesis, we compared the neurogenesis ability of PRDX6-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type mice and studied the involved molecular mechanisms. We showed that the neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the expression of the marker protein were lower in PRDX6 Tg-mice than in wild-type mice. To determine the factors involved in PRDX6-related neural stem cell impairment, we performed a microarray experiment. We showed that the expression of WDFY1 was dramatically decreased in PRDX6-Tg mice. Moreover, WDFY1 siRNA decreases the differentiation ability of primary neural stem cells. Interestingly, WDFY1 reportedly recruits the signaling adaptor TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) to toll-like receptors (TLRs); thus, we showed the relationship among TLRs, PRDX6, and WDFY1. We showed that TLR4 was dramatically reduced in PRDX6 Tg mice, and reduced TLR4 expression and neurogenesis was reversed by the introduction of WDFY1 plasmid in the neural stem cells from PRDX6 Tg mice. This study indicated that PRDX6 inhibits the neurogenesis of neural precursor cells through TLR4-dependent downregulation of WDFY1 and suggested that the inhibitory effect of PRDX6 on neurogenesis play a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases in the PRDX6 overexpressing transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tak Nam
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hyun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Song
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ok Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ning F, Li X, Yu L, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhao B, Shang Y, Hu X. Hes1 attenuates type I IFN responses via VEGF-C and WDFY1. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1396-1410. [PMID: 31015298 PMCID: PMC6547865 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Hes1 acts as a homeostatic negative regulator of type I interferon production to restrain interferon-mediated immune responses, including antiviral immunity and autoimmune conditions. Mechanistically, Hes1 suppresses interferon expression by targeting a regulatory circuit composed of WDFY1 and VEGF-C. Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) is critical for eliciting competent immune responses, especially antiviral immunity. However, uncontrolled IFN production contributes to pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We found that transcription factor Hes1 suppressed production of type I IFNs and expression of IFN-stimulated genes. Functionally, Hes1-deficient mice displayed a heightened IFN signature in vivo, mounted enhanced resistance against encephalomyocarditis virus infection, and showed signs of exacerbated experimental lupus nephritis. Mechanistically, Hes1 did not suppress IFNs via direct transcriptional repression of IFN-encoding genes. Instead, Hes1 attenuated activation of TLR upstream signaling by inhibition of an adaptor molecule, WDFY1. Genome-wide assessment of Hes1 occupancy revealed that suppression of WDFY1 was secondary to direct binding and thus enhancement of expression of VEGF-C by Hes1, making Vegfc a rare example of an Hes1 positively regulated gene. In summary, these results identified Hes1 as a homeostatic negative regulator of type I IFNs for the maintenance of immune balance in the context of antiviral immunity and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ning
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuna Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control & Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yingli Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control & Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
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6
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Fariyike B, Singleton Q, Hunter M, Hill WD, Isales CM, Hamrick MW, Fulzele S. Role of MicroRNA-141 in the Aging Musculoskeletal System: A Current Overview. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 178:9-15. [PMID: 30528652 PMCID: PMC6998035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA's are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes by targeting the 3' UTR's of mRNA. Studies reveal that miRNAs play a pivotal role in normal musculoskeletal function such as mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, survivability and apoptosis, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis. Changes in normal miRNA expression have been linked to a number of pathological disease processes. Additionally, with aging, it is noted that there is dysregulation in the normal function of stem cell differentiation, bone formation/degradation, chondrocyte function, and muscle degeneration. Due to the change in expression of miRNA in degenerative musculoskeletal pathology, it is believed that these molecules may be at least partially responsible for cellular dysfunction. A number of miRNAs have already been identified to play a role in osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. One miRNA that has become of interest recently is miRNA 141. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature available on miRNA 141 and how it could play a role in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal pathology overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Fariyike
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Quante Singleton
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cell biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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7
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Rannug A, Rannug U. The tryptophan derivative 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, FICZ, a dynamic mediator of endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, balances cell growth and differentiation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:555-574. [PMID: 30226107 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1493086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is not essential to survival, but does act as a key regulator of many normal physiological events. The role of this receptor in toxicological processes has been studied extensively, primarily employing the high-affinity ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, regulation of physiological responses by endogenous AHR ligands remains to be elucidated. Here, we review developments in this field, with a focus on 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), the endogenous ligand with the highest affinity to the receptor reported to date. The binding of FICZ to different isoforms of the AHR seems to be evolutionarily well conserved and there is a feedback loop that controls AHR activity through metabolic degradation of FICZ via the highly inducible cytochrome P450 1A1. Several investigations provide strong evidence that FICZ plays a critical role in normal physiological processes and can ameliorate immune diseases with remarkable efficiency. Low levels of FICZ are pro-inflammatory, providing resistance to pathogenic bacteria, stimulating the anti-tumor functions, and promoting the differentiation of cancer cells by repressing genes in cancer stem cells. In contrast, at high concentrations FICZ behaves in a manner similar to TCDD, exhibiting toxicity toward fish and bird embryos, immune suppression, and activation of cancer progression. The findings are indicative of a dual role for endogenously activated AHR in barrier tissues, aiding clearance of infections and suppressing immunity to terminate a vicious cycle that might otherwise lead to disease. There is not much support for the AHR ligand-specific immune responses proposed, the differences between FICZ and TCDD in this context appear to be explained by the rapid metabolism of FICZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Rannug
- a Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- b Department of Molecular Biosciences , The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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8
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Kharas MG, Lengner CJ. Stem Cells, Cancer, and MUSASHI in Blood and Guts. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:347-356. [PMID: 28718412 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian MSI family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have important roles as oncoproteins in an array of tumor types, including leukemias, glioblastomas, and pancreatic, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. The mammalian Msi genes, Msi1 and Msi2, have been most thoroughly investigated in two highly proliferative tissues prone to oncogenic transformation: the hematopoietic lineage and the intestinal epithelium. Despite their vast phenotypic differences, MSI proteins appear to have an analogous role in governing the stem cell compartment in both of these tissues, potentially providing a paradigm for a broader understanding of MSI function and oncogenic activities. In this review, we focus on the function of MSI in the blood and the intestine, and discuss therapeutic strategies for targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA.
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9
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Deficiency in an Exon 3 Deletion Mouse Model Promotes Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation and Impacts Endosteal Niche Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4536187. [PMID: 27366154 PMCID: PMC4913018 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4536187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) family of proteins. The AHR is involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions including self-renewal, proliferation, quiescence, and differentiation. We hypothesize that AHR impacts HSC functions by influencing genes that have roles in HSC maintenance and function and that this may occur through regulation of bone marrow (BM) niche cells. We examined BM and niche cells harvested from 8-week-old AHR null-allele (KO) mice in which exon 3 was deleted in the Ahr gene and compared these data to cells from B6 control mice; young and old (10 months) animals were also compared. We report changes in HSCs and peripheral blood cells in mice lacking AHR. Serial transplantation assays revealed a significant increase in long term HSCs. There was a significant increase in mesenchymal stem cells constituting the endosteal BM niche. Gene expression analyses of HSCs revealed an increase in expression of genes involved in proliferation and maintenance of quiescence. Our studies infer that loss of AHR results in increased proliferation and self-renewal of long term HSCs, in part, by influencing the microenvironment in the niche regulating the balance between quiescence and proliferation in HSCs.
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10
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Environmental Ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Their Effects in Models of Adult Liver Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4326194. [PMID: 27274734 PMCID: PMC4870370 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4326194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of environmental and dietary ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in mature liver parenchymal cells is well appreciated, while considerably less attention has been paid to their impact on cell populations exhibiting phenotypic features of liver progenitor cells. Here, we discuss the results suggesting that the consequences of the AhR activation in the cellular models derived from bipotent liver progenitors could markedly differ from those in hepatocytes. In contact-inhibited liver progenitor cells, the AhR agonists induce a range of effects potentially linked with tumor promotion. They can stimulate cell cycle progression/proliferation and deregulate cell-to-cell communication, which is associated with downregulation of proteins forming gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes (such as connexin 43, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and plakoglobin), as well as with reduced cell adhesion and inhibition of intercellular communication. At the same time, toxic AhR ligands may affect the activity of the signaling pathways contributing to regulation of liver progenitor cell activation and/or differentiation, such as downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling, or upregulation of transcriptional targets of YAP/TAZ, the effectors of Hippo signaling pathway. These data illustrate the need to better understand the potential role of liver progenitors in the AhR-mediated liver carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.
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11
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Dutta S, Roy S, Polavaram NS, Baretton GB, Muders MH, Batra S, Datta K. NRP2 transcriptionally regulates its downstream effector WDFY1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23588. [PMID: 27026195 PMCID: PMC4812299 DOI: 10.1038/srep23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are cell surface glycoproteins that often act as co-receptors for plexins and VEGF family receptors. Neuropilin-2 (NRP2), a family member of NRPs, was shown to regulate autophagy and endocytic trafficking in cancer cells, a function distinctly different from its role as a co-receptor. WD Repeat and FYVE domain containing 1 (WDFY1)–protein acts downstream of NRP2 for this function. Our results indicated that NRP2 maintains an optimum concentration of WDFY1 by negatively regulating its expression. Since increased expression of WDFY1 reduces the endocytic activity, maintenance of WDFY1 level is crucial in metastatic cancer cells to sustain high endocytic activity, essential for promotion of oncogenic activation and cancer cell survival. Here, we have delineated the underlying molecular mechanism of WDFY1 synthesis by NRP2. Our results indicated that NRP2 inhibits WDFY1 transcription by preventing the nuclear localization of a transcription factor, Fetal ALZ50-reactive clone 1 (FAC1). Our finding is novel as transcriptional regulation of a gene by NRP2 axis has not been reported previously. Regulation of WDFY1 transcription by NRP2 axis is a critical event in maintaining metastatic phenotype in cancer cells. Thus, inhibiting NRP2 or hyper-activating WDFY1 can be an effective strategy to induce cell death in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
| | - Navatha S Polavaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology of Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology of Dresden, Germany
| | - Surinder Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.,Fred &Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.,Fred &Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A
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Fan J, Sun Z. The Antiaging Gene Klotho Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1615-25. [PMID: 26865060 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Klotho was originally discovered as an aging-suppressor gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether secreted Klotho (SKL) affects the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that short-form Klotho was expressed in mouse ADSCs. The Klotho gene mutation KL(-/-) significantly decreased proliferation of ADSCs and expression of pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4) in mice. The adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs was also decreased in KL(-/-) mice. Incubation with Klotho-deficient medium decreased ADSC proliferation, pluripotent transcription factor levels, and adipogenic differentiation, which is similar to what was found in KL(-/-) mice. These results indicate that Klotho deficiency suppresses ADSC proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, treatment with recombinant SKL protein rescued the Klotho deficiency-induced impairment in ADSC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. SKL also regulated ADSCs' differentiation to other cell lineages (osteoblasts, myofibroblasts), indicating that SKL maintains stemness of ADSCs. It is intriguing that overexpression of SKL significantly increased PPAR-γ expression and lipid formation in ADSCs following adipogenic induction, indicating enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of SKL inhibited expression of TGFβ1 and its downstream signaling mediator Smad2/3. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SKL is essential to the maintenance of normal proliferation and differentiation in ADSCs. Klotho regulates adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs, likely via inhibition of TGFβ1 and activation of PPAR-γ. Stem Cells 2016;34:1615-1625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes aging phenotypes across species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19618. [PMID: 26790370 PMCID: PMC4726214 DOI: 10.1038/srep19618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces drug metabolizing enzymes as well as regulators of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Certain AhR ligands promote atherosclerosis, an age-associated vascular disease. Therefore, we investigated the role of AhR in vascular functionality and aging. We report a lower pulse wave velocity in young and old AhR-deficient mice, indicative of enhanced vessel elasticity. Moreover, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) showed increased activity in the aortas of these animals, which was reflected in increased NO production. Ex vivo, AhR activation reduced the migratory capacity of primary human endothelial cells. AhR overexpression as well as treatment with a receptor ligand, impaired eNOS activation and reduced S-NO content. All three are signs of endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, AhR expression in blood cells of healthy human volunteers positively correlated with vessel stiffness. In the aging model Caenorhabditis elegans, AhR-deficiency resulted in increased mean life span, motility, pharynx pumping and heat shock resistance, suggesting healthier aging. Thus, AhR seems to have a negative impact on vascular and organismal aging. Finally, our data from human subjects suggest that AhR expression levels could serve as an additional, new predictor of vessel aging.
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