1
|
Ueno S, Seino Y, Hidaka S, Nakatani M, Hitachi K, Murao N, Maeda Y, Fujisawa H, Shibata M, Takayanagi T, Iizuka K, Yabe D, Sugimura Y, Tsuchida K, Hayashi Y, Suzuki A. Blockade of glucagon increases muscle mass and alters fiber type composition in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1045-1055. [PMID: 37300240 PMCID: PMC10445200 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Glucagon is secreted from pancreatic α-cells and plays an important role in amino acid metabolism in liver. Various animal models deficient in glucagon action show hyper-amino acidemia and α-cell hyperplasia, indicating that glucagon contributes to feedback regulation between the liver and the α-cells. In addition, both insulin and various amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids and alanine, participate in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. However, the effect of hyperaminoacidemia on skeletal muscle has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the effect of blockade of glucagon action on skeletal muscle using mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO mice). MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscles isolated from GCGKO and control mice were analyzed for their morphology, gene expression and metabolites. RESULTS GCGKO mice showed muscle fiber hypertrophy, and a decreased ratio of type IIA and an increased ratio of type IIB fibers in the tibialis anterior. The expression levels of myosin heavy chain (Myh) 7, 2, 1 and myoglobin messenger ribonucleic acid were significantly lower in GCGKO mice than those in control mice in the tibialis anterior. GCGKO mice showed a significantly higher concentration of arginine, asparagine, serine and threonine in the quadriceps femoris muscles, and also alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glycine and lysine, as well as four amino acids in gastrocnemius muscles. CONCLUSIONS These results show that hyperaminoacidemia induced by blockade of glucagon action in mice increases skeletal muscle weight and stimulates slow-to-fast transition in type II fibers of skeletal muscle, mimicking the phenotype of a high-protein diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ueno
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Masashi Nakatani
- Faculty of RehabilitationSeijoh UniversityTokaiAichiJapan
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Keisuke Hitachi
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Open Facility CenterFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Haruki Fujisawa
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Megumi Shibata
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Takeshi Takayanagi
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Clinical NutritionFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes ResearchKansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKyotoKyotoJapan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational ResearchGifu University Graduate School of MedicineGifuGifuJapan
- Center for Healthcare Information TechnologyTokai National Higher Education and Research SystemNagoyaAichiJapan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
- Department of EndocrinologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismFujita Health University School of MedicineToyoakeAichiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Wang F, Qin Y, Lou X, Ye Z, Zhang W, Gao H, Chen J, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Recent progress of experimental model in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: drawbacks and challenges. Endocrine 2023; 80:266-282. [PMID: 36648608 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine neoplasm, in general, refers to a heterogeneous group of all tumors originating from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine neoplasms are divided into two histopathological subtypes: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors account for more than 80% of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Due to the greater proportion of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors compared to pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, this review will only focus on them. The worldwide incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is rising year by year due to sensitive detection with an emphasis on medical examinations and the improvement of testing technology. Although the biological behavior of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors tends to be inert, distant metastasis is common, often occurring very early. Because of the paucity of basic research on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the mechanism of tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence are still unclear. In this context, the representative preclinical models simulating the tumor development process are becoming ever more widely appreciated to address the clinical problems of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. So far, there is no comprehensive report on the experimental model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. This article systematically summarizes the characteristics of preclinical models, such as patient-derived cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mouse models, and patient-derived organoids, and their advantages and disadvantages, to provide a reference for further studies of neuroendocrine tumors. We also highlight the method of establishment of liver metastasis mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heli Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Doornebal EJ, Harris N, Riva A, Jagatia R, Pizanias M, Prachalias A, Menon K, Preziosi M, Zamalloa A, Miquel R, Zen Y, Orford MR, Eaton S, Heaton N, Ramage J, Palma E, Srirajaskanthan R, Chokshi S. Human Immunocompetent Model of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases Recapitulates Patient-Specific Tumour Microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:909180. [PMID: 35909511 PMCID: PMC9326114 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.909180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine liver metastases (LM-NEN) develop in a considerable proportion of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. There is a paucity of experimental models that accurately recapitulate this complex metastatic human liver microenvironment precluding scientific and clinical advancements. Here, we describe the development of a novel personalised immunocompetent precision cut tumour slice (PCTS) model for LM-NEN using resected human liver tissue. The histological assessment throughout the culture demonstrated that slices maintain viability for at least 7 days and retain the cellular heterogeneity of the original tumour. Essential clinical features, such as patient-specific histoarchitecture, tumour grade, neuroendocrine differentiation and metabolic capacity, are preserved in the slices. The PCTS also replicate the tumor-specific immunological profile as shown by the innate and adaptive immunity markers analysis. Furthermore, the study of soluble immune checkpoint receptors in the culture supernatants proves that these immunomodulators are actively produced by LM-NEN and suggests that this process is epithelium-dependent. This model can be employed to investigate these pathways and provides a powerful platform for mechanistic, immunological and pre-clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Jan Doornebal
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Harris
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Riva
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Jagatia
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michail Pizanias
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prachalias
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Menon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Preziosi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Zamalloa
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Liver Histopathology Laboratory, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoh Zen
- Liver Histopathology Laboratory, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Robert Orford
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Eaton
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Ramage
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Palma
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shilpa Chokshi, ; Elena Palma,
| | - Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Foundation for Liver Research, The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shilpa Chokshi, ; Elena Palma,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, Jann H, Roderburg C. Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:217-236. [PMID: 32615560 DOI: 10.1159/000509864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of tumors that originate from the endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are subdivided according to their differentiation into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Since GEP-NENs represent rare diseases, only limited data from large prospective, randomized clinical trials are available, and recommendations for treatment of GEP-NEN are in part based on data from retrospective analyses or case series. In this context, tractable disease models that reflect the situation in humans and that allow to recapitulate the different clinical aspects and disease stages of GEP-NET or GEP-NEC are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight available data on mouse models for GEP-NEN. We discuss how these models reflect tumor biology of human disease and whether these models could serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of GEP-NEN and for disease modeling and pharmacosensitivity assays, facilitating prediction of treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues applicable for future developments will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Detjen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burcin Özdirik
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Jann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Modelling Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Cancer: From Bench Side to Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113170. [PMID: 33126717 PMCID: PMC7693644 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are a heterogeneous group of epithelial tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation. Although rare (incidence of <1 in 100,000), they are the second most common group of pancreatic neoplasms after pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). pNET incidence is however on the rise and patient outcomes, although variable, have been linked with 5-year survival rates as low as 40%. Improvement of diagnostic and treatment modalities strongly relies on disease models that reconstruct the disease ex vivo. A key constraint in pNET research, however, is the absence of human pNET models that accurately capture the original tumour phenotype. In attempts to more closely mimic the disease in its native environment, three-dimensional culture models as well as in vivo models, such as genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), have been developed. Despite adding significant contributions to our understanding of more complex biological processes associated with the development and progression of pNETs, factors such as ethical considerations and low rates of clinical translatability limit their use. Furthermore, a role for the site-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) in disease development and progression has become clear. Advances in tissue engineering have enabled the use of tissue constructs that are designed to establish disease ex vivo within a close to native ECM that can recapitulate tumour-associated tissue remodelling. Yet, such advanced models for studying pNETs remain underdeveloped. This review summarises the most clinically relevant disease models of pNETs currently used, as well as future directions for improved modelling of the disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Waldum HL, Öberg K, Sørdal ØF, Sandvik AK, Gustafsson BI, Mjønes P, Fossmark R. Not only stem cells, but also mature cells, particularly neuroendocrine cells, may develop into tumours: time for a paradigm shift. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818775054. [PMID: 29872453 PMCID: PMC5974566 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818775054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are considered the origin of neoplasms in general, and malignant tumours in particular, and the stage at which the stem cells stop their differentiation determines the degree of malignancy. However, there is increasing evidence supporting an alternative paradigm. Tumours may develop by dedifferentiation from mature cells able to proliferate. Studies of gastric carcinogenesis demonstrate that mature neuroendocrine (NE) cells upon long-term overstimulation may develop through stages of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and rather benign tumours, into highly malignant carcinomas. Dedifferentiation of cells may change the histological appearance and impede the identification of the cellular origin, as seen with gastric carcinomas, which in many cases are dedifferentiated neuroendocrine tumours. Finding the cell of origin is important to identify risk factors for cancer, prevent tumour development, and tailor treatment. In the present review, we focus not only on gastric tumours, but also evaluate the role of neuroendocrine cells in tumourigenesis in two other foregut-derived organs, the lungs and the pancreas, as well as in the midgut-derived small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge L. Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Öberg
- Department of Endocrine Oncology Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Øystein F. Sørdal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K. Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn I. Gustafsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- epartment of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hayashi Y, Seino Y. Regulation of amino acid metabolism and α-cell proliferation by glucagon. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:464-472. [PMID: 29314731 PMCID: PMC5934249 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are produced from proglucagon through proteolytic cleavage. Blocking glucagon action increases the circulating levels of glucagon and GLP-1, reduces the blood glucose level, and induces the proliferation of islet α-cells. Glucagon blockade also suppresses hepatic amino acid catabolism and increases the serum amino acid level. In animal models defective in both glucagon and GLP-1, the blood glucose level is not reduced, indicating that GLP-1 is required for glucagon blockade to reduce the blood glucose level. In contrast, hyperplasia of α-cells and hyperaminoacidemia are observed in such animal models, indicating that GLP-1 is not required for the regulation of α-cell proliferation or amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that the regulation of amino acid metabolism is a more important specific physiological role of glucagon than the regulation of glucose metabolism. Although the effects of glucagon deficiency on glucose metabolism are compensated by the suppression of insulin secretion, the effects on amino acid metabolism are not. Recently, data showing a feedback regulatory mechanism between the liver and islet α-cells, which is mediated by glucagon and amino acids, are accumulating. However, a number of questions on the mechanism of this regulation remain to be addressed. The profile of glucagon as a regulator of amino acid metabolism must be carefully considered for glucagon blockade to be applied therapeutically in the treatment of patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Division of Stress Adaptation and ProtectionResearch Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dean ED, Li M, Prasad N, Wisniewski SN, Von Deylen A, Spaeth J, Maddison L, Botros A, Sedgeman LR, Bozadjieva N, Ilkayeva O, Coldren A, Poffenberger G, Shostak A, Semich MC, Aamodt KI, Phillips N, Yan H, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Corbin JD, Vickers KC, Levy SE, Dai C, Newgard C, Gu W, Stein R, Chen W, Powers AC. Interrupted Glucagon Signaling Reveals Hepatic α Cell Axis and Role for L-Glutamine in α Cell Proliferation. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1362-1373.e5. [PMID: 28591638 PMCID: PMC5572896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing glucagon action lowers the blood glucose and may be useful therapeutically for diabetes. However, interrupted glucagon signaling leads to α cell proliferation. To identify postulated hepatic-derived circulating factor(s) responsible for α cell proliferation, we used transcriptomics/proteomics/metabolomics in three models of interrupted glucagon signaling and found that proliferation of mouse, zebrafish, and human α cells was mTOR and FoxP transcription factor dependent. Changes in hepatic amino acid (AA) catabolism gene expression predicted the observed increase in circulating AAs. Mimicking these AA levels stimulated α cell proliferation in a newly developed in vitro assay with L-glutamine being a critical AA. α cell expression of the AA transporter Slc38a5 was markedly increased in mice with interrupted glucagon signaling and played a role in α cell proliferation. These results indicate a hepatic α islet cell axis where glucagon regulates serum AA availability and AAs, especially L-glutamine, regulate α cell proliferation and mass via mTOR-dependent nutrient sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Danielle Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Scott N Wisniewski
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alison Von Deylen
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason Spaeth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisette Maddison
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anthony Botros
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie R Sedgeman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Anastasia Coldren
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alena Shostak
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael C Semich
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristie I Aamodt
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neil Phillips
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
| | - Jackie D Corbin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rhyu J, Yu R. Mahvash disease: an autosomal recessive hereditary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rhyu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; current address Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Run Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; current address Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The alpha cells that co-occupy the islets in association with beta cells have been long recognized as the source of glucagon, a hyperglycemia-producing and diabetogenic hormone. Although the mechanisms that control the functions of alpha cells, glucagon secretion, and the role of glucagon in diabetes have remained somewhat enigmatic over the fifty years since their discovery, seminal findings during the past few years have moved alpha cells into the spotlight of scientific discovery. These findings obtained largely from studies in mice are: Alpha cells have the capacity to trans-differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells. Alpha cells contain a GLP-1 generating system that produces GLP-1 locally for paracrine actions within the islets that likely promotes beta cell growth and survival and maintains beta cell mass. Impairment of glucagon signaling both prevents the occurrence of diabetes in conditions of the near absence of insulin and expands alpha cell mass. Alpha cells appear to serve as helper cells or guardians of beta cells to ensure their health and well-being. Of potential relevance to the possibility of promoting the transformation of alpha to beta cells is the observation that impairment of glucagon signaling leads to a marked increase in alpha cell mass in the islets. Such alpha cell hyperplasia provides an increased supply of alpha cells for their transdifferentiation into new beta cells. In this review we discuss these recent discoveries from the perspective of their potential relevance to the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Stanojevic
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joel F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|