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Lanir-Azaria S, Chishinski R, Tauman R, Nir Y, Giladi N. Sleep improves accuracy, but not speed, of generalized motor learning in young and older adults and in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1466696. [PMID: 39390986 PMCID: PMC11464313 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1466696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential aspect of motor learning is generalizing procedural knowledge to facilitate skill acquisition across diverse conditions. Here, we examined the development of generalized motor learning during initial practice-dependent learning, and how distinct components of learning are consolidated over longer timescales during wakefulness or sleep. In the first experiment, a group of young healthy volunteers engaged in a novel motor sequence task over 36 h in a two-arm experimental design (either morning-evening-morning, or evening-morning-evening) aimed at controlling for circadian confounders. The findings unveiled an immediate, rapid generalization of sequential learning, accompanied by an additional long-timescale performance gain. Sleep modulated accuracy, but not speed, above and beyond equivalent wake intervals. To further elucidate the role of sleep across ages and under neurodegenerative disorders, a second experiment utilized the same task in a group of early-stage, drug-naïve individuals with Parkinson's disease and in healthy individuals of comparable age. Participants with Parkinson's disease exhibited comparable performance to their healthy age-matched group with the exception of reduced performance in recalling motor sequences, revealing a disease-related cognitive shortfall. In line with the results found in young subjects, both groups exhibited improved accuracy, but not speed, following a night of sleep. This result emphasizes the role of sleep in skill acquisition and provides a potential framework for deeper investigation of the intricate relationship between sleep, aging, Parkinson's disease, and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Lanir-Azaria
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Riva Tauman
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Nir
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Reverberi S, Dolfen N, Van Roy A, Albouy G, King BR. Sleep does not influence schema-facilitated motor memory consolidation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280591. [PMID: 36656898 PMCID: PMC9851548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Novel information is rapidly learned when it is compatible with previous knowledge. This "schema" effect, initially described for declarative memories, was recently extended to the motor memory domain. Importantly, this beneficial effect was only observed 24 hours-but not immediately-following motor schema acquisition. Given the established role of sleep in memory consolidation, we hypothesized that sleep following the initial learning of a schema is necessary for the subsequent rapid integration of novel motor information. METHODS Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of diurnal and nocturnal sleep on schema-mediated motor sequence memory consolidation. In Experiment 1, participants first learned an 8-element motor sequence through repeated practice (Session 1). They were then afforded a 90-minute nap opportunity (N = 25) or remained awake (N = 25) before learning a second motor sequence (Session 2) which was highly compatible with that learned prior to the sleep/wake interval. Experiment 2 was similar; however, Sessions 1 and 2 were separated by a 12-hour interval that included nocturnal sleep (N = 28) or only wakefulness (N = 29). RESULTS For both experiments, we found no group differences in motor sequence performance (reaction time and accuracy) following the sleep/wake interval. Furthermore, in Experiment 1, we found no correlation between sleep features (non-REM sleep duration, spindle and slow wave activity) and post-sleep behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research suggest that integration of novel motor information into a cognitive-motor schema does not specifically benefit from post-learning sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Reverberi
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Dolfen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Roy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- LBI—KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradley R. King
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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Cristini J, Parwanta Z, De las Heras B, Medina-Rincon A, Paquette C, Doyon J, Dagher A, Steib S, Roig M. Motor Memory Consolidation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:865-892. [PMID: 37458048 PMCID: PMC10578244 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function. Deficits in memory encoding, usually expressed as poorer rates of skill improvement during motor practice, have been reported in these patients. Whether motor memory consolidation (i.e., motor skill retention) is also impaired is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether motor memory consolidation is impaired in PD compared to neurologically intact individuals. METHODS We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020222433) following PRISMA guidelines that included 46 studies. RESULTS Meta-analyses revealed that persons with PD have deficits in retaining motor skills (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.32, -0.02; p = 0.0225). However, these deficits are task-specific, affecting sensory motor (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI -0.47, -0.15; p = 0.0002) and visuomotor adaptation (SMD = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.32, -0.79; p = 0.0001) tasks, but not sequential fine motor (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05, 0.39; p = 0.1292) and gross motor tasks (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.33; p = 0.7771). Importantly, deficits became non-significant when augmented feedback during practice was provided, and additional motor practice sessions reduced deficits in sensory motor tasks. Meta-regression analyses confirmed that deficits were independent of performance during encoding, as well as disease duration and severity. CONCLUSION Our results align with the neurodegenerative models of PD progression and motor learning frameworks and emphasize the importance of developing targeted interventions to enhance motor memory consolidation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zohra Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernat De las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincon
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- Grupo de investigación iPhysio, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC,Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Maceira-Elvira P, Timmermann JE, Popa T, Schmid AC, Krakauer JW, Morishita T, Wessel MJ, Hummel FC. Dissecting motor skill acquisition: Spatial coordinates take precedence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3505. [PMID: 35857838 PMCID: PMC9299540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Practicing a previously unknown motor sequence often leads to the consolidation of motor chunks, which enable its accurate execution at increasing speeds. Recent imaging studies suggest the function of these structures to be more related to the encoding, storage, and retrieval of sequences rather than their sole execution. We found that optimal motor skill acquisition prioritizes the storage of the spatial features of the sequence in memory over its rapid execution early in training, as proposed by Hikosaka in 1999. This process, seemingly diminished in older adults, was partially restored by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor cortex, as shown by a sharp improvement in accuracy and an earlier yet gradual emergence of motor chunks. These results suggest that the emergence of motor chunks is preceded by the storage of the sequence in memory but is not its direct consequence; rather, these structures depend on, and result from, motor practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Maceira-Elvira
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Schmid
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John W. Krakauer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian J. Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C. Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Simpson MW, Mak M. Single session transcranial direct current stimulation to the primary motor cortex fails to enhance early motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 418:113624. [PMID: 34634239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Explicit motor sequence learning is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the motor cortex in healthy can improve explicit motor learning, but comparative effects in PD are unknown. This exploratory study aims to examine the effect of single session tDCS on explicit motor sequence learning in PD. METHODS Thirty-three people with mild to moderate PD learnt a short and long finger tapping sequence with their right hand. Participants received either anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS applied over the left primary motor cortex during task practice. Single- and dual-task finger tapping performance was assessed before and after task practice and functional near-infrared spectroscopy used to measure task related changes of oxygenated haemoglobin. RESULTS Finger tapping performance of short and long sequences under single-task conditions significantly improved following practice (p = 0.010 and p < 0.001, respectively). A condition-by-time interaction trend was observed for the long finger tapping sequence (p = 0.069) driven by improved performance in the cathodal (p = 0.001) and sham (p < 0.001) tDCS conditions, but not anodal tDCS (p = 0.198). The primary and premotor cortex and supplementary motor area were active in all tasks. No interaction or main effects were observed for task related changes of oxygenated haemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS PD patients retain the capacity to learn an explicit sequence of movements. Motor cortex tDCS does not improve explicit motor learning in PD and anodal tDCS may even suppress the rate of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael William Simpson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret Mak
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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Lahlou S, Gabitov E, Owen L, Shohamy D, Sharp M. Preserved motor memory in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2022; 167:108161. [PMID: 35041839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease, who lose the dopaminergic projections to the striatum, are impaired in certain aspects of motor learning. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to its role in motor performance, the striatum plays a key role in the memory of motor learning. Whether Parkinson's patients have impaired motor memory and whether motor memory is modulated by dopamine at the time of initial learning is unknown. To address these questions, we measured memory of a learned motor sequence in Parkinson's patients who were either On or Off their dopaminergic medications at the time of initial learning. We compared them to a group of older and younger controls. Contrary to our predictions, motor memory was not impaired in patients compared to older controls, and was not influenced by dopamine state at the time of initial learning. To probe post-learning consolidation processes, we also tested whether learning a new sequence shortly after learning the initial sequence would interfere with later memory. We found that, in contrast to younger adults, neither older adults nor patients were susceptible to this interference. These findings suggest that motor memory is preserved in Parkinson's patients and raise the possibility that motor memory in patients is supported by compensatory non-dopamine sensitive mechanisms. Furthermore, given the similar performance characteristics observed in the patients and older adults and the absence of an effect of dopamine, these results raise the possibility that aging and Parkinson's disease affect motor memory in similar ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Lahlou
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Ella Gabitov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Lucy Owen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, USA
| | - Madeleine Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada.
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Tzvi E, Bey R, Nitschke M, Brüggemann N, Classen J, Münte TF, Krämer UM, Rumpf JJ. Motor Sequence Learning Deficits in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Are Associated With Increased Substantia Nigra Activity. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:685168. [PMID: 34194317 PMCID: PMC8236713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.685168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that persons with Parkinson’s disease (pwPD) share specific deficits in learning new sequential movements, but the neural substrates of this impairment remain unclear. In addition, the degree to which striatal dopaminergic denervation in PD affects the cortico-striato-thalamo-cerebellar motor learning network remains unknown. We aimed to answer these questions using fMRI in 16 pwPD and 16 healthy age-matched control subjects while they performed an implicit motor sequence learning task. While learning was absent in both pwPD and controls assessed with reaction time differences between sequential and random trials, larger error-rates during the latter suggest that at least some of the complex sequence was encoded. Moreover, we found that while healthy controls could improve general task performance indexed by decreased reaction times across both sequence and random blocks, pwPD could not, suggesting disease-specific deficits in learning of stimulus-response associations. Using fMRI, we found that this effect in pwPD was correlated with decreased activity in the hippocampus over time. Importantly, activity in the substantia nigra (SN) and adjacent bilateral midbrain was specifically increased during sequence learning in pwPD compared to healthy controls, and significantly correlated with sequence-specific learning deficits. As increased SN activity was also associated (on trend) with higher doses of dopaminergic medication as well as disease duration, the results suggest that learning deficits in PD are associated with disease progression, indexing an increased drive to recruit dopaminergic neurons in the SN, however, unsuccessfully. Finally, there were no differences between pwPD and controls in task modulation of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cerebellar network. However, a restricted nigral-striatal model showed that negative modulation of SN to putamen connection was larger in pwPD compared to controls during random trials, while no differences between the groups were found during sequence learning. We speculate that learning-specific SN recruitment leads to a relative increase in SN- > putamen connectivity, which returns to a pathological reduced state when no learning takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Tzvi
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Bey
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Rumpf JJ, May L, Fricke C, Classen J, Hartwigsen G. Interleaving Motor Sequence Training With High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Facilitates Consolidation. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1030-1039. [PMID: 31373620 PMCID: PMC7132921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of novel motor skills is a fundamental process of lifelong learning and crucial for everyday behavior. Performance gains acquired by training undergo a transition from an initially labile state to a state that is progressively robust towards interference, a phenomenon referred to as motor consolidation. Previous work has demonstrated that the primary motor cortex (M1) is a neural key region for motor consolidation. However, it remains unknown whether physiological processes underlying posttraining motor consolidation in M1 are active already during an ongoing training phase or only after completion of the training. We examined whether 10-Hz interleaved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (i-rTMS) of M1 during rest periods between active motor training in an explicit motor learning task affects posttraining offline consolidation. Relative to i-rTMS to the vertex (control region), i-rTMS to the M1hand area of the nondominant hand facilitated posttraining consolidation assessed 6 h after training without affecting training performance. This facilitatory effect generalized to delayed performance of the mirror-symmetric sequence with the untrained (dominant) hand. These findings indicate that posttraining consolidation can be facilitated independently from training-induced performance increments and suggest that consolidation is initiated already during offline processing in short rest periods between active training phases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca May
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Al-Sharman A, Ismaiel IA, Khalil H, El-Salem K. Exploring the Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Sleep-Related Biomarkers, and Motor Skill Acquisition Using Virtual Reality in People With Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:582611. [PMID: 33737900 PMCID: PMC7960758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.582611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Despite the fact that sleep disturbances are among the most common and disabling manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD), no study has investigated the effect of sleep quality and sleep-related biomarkers on motor skill acquisition in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Objective: To examine the relationship between skill acquisition, sleep quality, and sleep-related biomarkers in PwPD using virtual reality (VR) system. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted on 31 PwPD and 31 healthy controls. To assess skill acquisition, each participant practiced a VR game 6 times (blocks). The main outcomes from the VR game were the required time to complete the VR game and the recorded errors. Motor skill acquisition was calculated as the difference of scores between block 6 and block 2 for both outcomes. Sleep was assessed subjectively using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and objectively using the Actisleep. To assess sleep related biomarker, plasma serotonin level was examined. Results: PwPD and healthy controls demonstrated a practice-related improvement in performance as shown by the main effect of block for each of the VR outcome measures (p < 0.000, time required to complete VR game; p < 0.000, recorded errors). There was no interaction effect between Block X Group for both outcome measures. There were significant correlations in both groups (p < 0.05) between motor skill acquisition (as indicated by the difference of time required to complete the VR game between block 6 and block 2) and PSQI total score, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed in both groups between motor skill acquisition (as indicated by the difference of time required to complete the VR game between block 6 and block 2) and the plasma serotonin level (p < 0.05). These correlations in PwPD remained significant, even after adjusting for disease motor severity, cognitive status, depression, and daily dose of L-dopa. Discussion and Conclusions: Sleep quality may influence motor skill acquisition in PwPD. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to be aware about sleep quality and sleep assessment tools. Therapies may target improving sleep quality which could result in improving motor skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alham Al-Sharman
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ismail Alhaj Ismaiel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanan Khalil
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khalid El-Salem
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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10
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Tian W, Chen S. Neurotransmitters, Cell Types, and Circuit Mechanisms of Motor Skill Learning and Clinical Applications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:616820. [PMID: 33716924 PMCID: PMC7947691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.616820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals acquire motor skills to better survive and adapt to a changing environment. The ability to learn novel motor actions without disturbing learned ones is essential to maintaining a broad motor repertoire. During motor learning, the brain makes a series of adjustments to build novel sensory–motor relationships that are stored within specific circuits for long-term retention. The neural mechanism of learning novel motor actions and transforming them into long-term memory still remains unclear. Here we review the latest findings with regard to the contributions of various brain subregions, cell types, and neurotransmitters to motor learning. Aiming to seek therapeutic strategies to restore the motor memory in relative neurodegenerative disorders, we also briefly describe the common experimental tests and manipulations for motor memory in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wotu Tian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Hermsdorf F, Fricke C, Stockert A, Classen J, Rumpf JJ. Motor Performance But Neither Motor Learning Nor Motor Consolidation Are Impaired in Chronic Cerebellar Stroke Patients. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:275-285. [PMID: 31997138 PMCID: PMC7082373 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to acquire and retain new motor skills is essential for everyday behavior and a prerequisite to regain functional independence following impairments of motor function caused by brain damage, e.g., ischemic stroke. Learning a new motor skill requires repeated skill practice and passes through different online and offline learning stages that are mediated by specific dynamic interactions between distributed brain regions including the cerebellum. Motor sequence learning is an extensively studied paradigm of motor skill learning, yet the role of the cerebellum during online and offline stages remains controversial. Here, we studied patients with chronic cerebellar stroke and healthy control participants to further elucidate the role of the cerebellum during acquisition and consolidation of sequential motor skills. Motor learning was assessed by an ecologically valid explicit sequential finger tapping paradigm and retested after an interval of 8 h to assess consolidation. Compared to healthy controls, chronic cerebellar stroke patients displayed significantly lower motor sequence performance independent of whether the ipsilesional or contralesional hand was used for task execution. However, the ability to improve performance during training (i.e., online learning) and to consolidate training-induced skill formation was similar in patients and controls. Findings point to an essential role of the cerebellum in motor sequence production that cannot be compensated, while its role in online and offline motor sequence learning seems to be either negligible or amenable to compensatory mechanisms. This further suggests that residual functional impairments caused by cerebellar stroke may be mitigated even months later by additional skill training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Hermsdorf
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Fricke
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stockert
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jost-Julian Rumpf
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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King BR, Rumpf JJ, Heise KF, Veldman MP, Peeters R, Doyon J, Classen J, Albouy G, Swinnen SP. Lateralized effects of post-learning transcranial direct current stimulation on motor memory consolidation in older adults: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117323. [PMID: 32882377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has consistently demonstrated that older adults have difficulties transforming recently learned movements into robust, long-lasting memories (i.e., motor memory consolidation). One potential avenue to enhance consolidation in older individuals is the administration of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to task-relevant brain regions after initial learning. Although this approach has shown promise, the underlying cerebral correlates have yet to be revealed. Moreover, it is unknown whether the effects of tDCS are lateralized, an open question with implications for rehabilitative approaches following predominantly unilateral neurological injuries. In this research, healthy older adults completed a sequential motor task before and 6 h after receiving anodal or sham stimulation to right or left primary motor cortex (M1) while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. Unexpectedly, anodal stimulation to right M1 following left-hand sequence learning significantly hindered consolidation as compared to a sham control, whereas no differences were observed with left M1 stimulation following right-hand learning. Impaired performance following right M1 stimulation was paralleled by sustained engagement of regions known to be critical for early learning stages, including the caudate nucleus and the premotor and parietal cortices. Thus, post-learning tDCS in older adults not only exerts heterogenous effects across the two hemispheres but can also disrupt ongoing memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Menno P Veldman
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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King BR, Rumpf JJ, Verbaanderd E, Heise KF, Dolfen N, Sunaert S, Doyon J, Classen J, Mantini D, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Albouy G, Swinnen SP. Baseline sensorimotor GABA levels shape neuroplastic processes induced by motor learning in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3680-3695. [PMID: 32583940 PMCID: PMC7416055 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research in young adults has demonstrated that both motor learning and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) trigger decreases in the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the sensorimotor cortex, and these decreases are linked to greater learning. Less is known about the role of GABA in motor learning in healthy older adults, a knowledge gap that is surprising given the established aging-related reductions in sensorimotor GABA. Here, we examined the effects of motor learning and subsequent tDCS on sensorimotor GABA levels and resting-state functional connectivity in the brains of healthy older participants. Thirty-six older men and women completed a motor sequence learning task before receiving anodal or sham tDCS to the sensorimotor cortex. GABA-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the sensorimotor cortex and resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired before and after learning/stimulation. At the group level, neither learning nor anodal tDCS significantly modulated GABA levels or RS connectivity among task-relevant regions. However, changes in GABA levels from the baseline to post-learning session were significantly related to motor learning magnitude, age, and baseline GABA. Moreover, the change in functional connectivity between task-relevant regions, including bilateral motor cortices, was correlated with baseline GABA levels. These data collectively indicate that motor learning-related decreases in sensorimotor GABA levels and increases in functional connectivity are limited to those older adults with higher baseline GABA levels and who learn the most. Post-learning tDCS exerted no influence on GABA levels, functional connectivity or the relationships among these variables in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Elvire Verbaanderd
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirstin F Heise
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Dolfen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geneviève Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,LBI-KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Paul SS, Dibble LE, Olivier GN, Walter C, Duff K, Schaefer SY. Dopamine replacement improves motor learning of an upper extremity task in people with Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 377:112213. [PMID: 31526767 PMCID: PMC7398159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine replacement medication has positive effects on existing motor skills for people with Parkinson disease (PD), but may have detrimental effects on the learning of motor skills necessary for effective rehabilitation according to the dopamine overdose hypothesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether dopamine replacement medication (i.e. levodopa) affects: learning of a novel upper extremity task, decrements in skill following withdrawal of practice, the rate of learning, and the transfer of movement skill to untrained upper extremity tasks compared to training "off" medication, in people with PD. METHODS Participants with mild-moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2) were randomized to train "on" (n = 12) or "off" (n = 11) levodopa medication. Participants practiced 10 blocks of five trials of a functional motor task with their non-dominant upper extremity over three consecutive days (acquisition period), followed by a single block of five trials two and nine days later. Participants were also assessed "on" levodopa with two transfer tasks (the nine-hole peg test and a functional dexterity task) prior to any practice and nine days after the end of the acquisition period. RESULTS Participants who practiced "on" levodopa medication learned the upper extremity task to a greater extent that those who practiced "off" medication, as determined by retained performance two days after practice. Skill decrement and skill transfer were not significantly different between groups. Rate of learning was unable to be modelled in this sample. CONCLUSIONS Levodopa medication improved the learning of an upper extremity task in people with mild-moderate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene S Paul
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Leland E Dibble
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Genevieve N Olivier
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Christopher Walter
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1125 N College Ave, Fayetteville, AR, 72703, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging & Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Dr 106A, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Sydney Y Schaefer
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; Department of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall, MC 9709, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Dan X, Liu J, Doyon J, Zhou Y, Ma J, Chan P. Impaired Fine Motor Function of the Asymptomatic Hand in Unilateral Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:266. [PMID: 31636557 PMCID: PMC6787142 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) still remains a challenge to date. Although studies have previously reported subtle motor function abnormalities in early PD patients, it is unclear whether such clinical signs can be better detected while patients are concurrently performing a cognitive task, and whether they can be useful in predicting patients' clinical conversion state. Seventy-two right-handed participants (40 drug-naive patients with idiopathic unilateral PD and 32 age-matched healthy controls) were enrolled in this study. All participants were asked to perform the Purdue Pegboard test (PPT) either alone (single-task condition) or during a concurrent mental subtraction-by-3 task (dual-task condition). A 4-year telephone follow-up was later conducted to determine whether PD patients converted to bilateral signs. We found that PD patients showed a significant reduction in dexterity on the PPT compared to the controls in both single- and dual-task conditions. Yet patients' performance in the dual-task condition revealed a greater interference effect when patients performed the task with their right hand than with their left hand. PPT also revealed reasonable discriminative ability for prediagnosing PD. However, dual-tasking did not have added value in differentiating early patients and controls. At follow-up, the baseline PPT performance of the asymptomatic hands was positively correlated with time to convert from unilaterally to bilaterally affected states (r = 0.62, P = 0.031). Together, these findings suggest that PPT can serve as a useful auxiliary tool in evaluating early PD, and shed light on the neuroplasticity mechanism of fine motor deficit at this very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Dan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Parkinson's Disease Center, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Retention of touchscreen skills is compromised in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112265. [PMID: 31568836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fine motor skill impairments likely have a severe impact on the use of touchscreens in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although recent work showed positive effects of intensive writing training, many questions remained regarding the consolidation of motor learning in PD. The current study examined the effects of PD on practicing the manipulation of touchscreen technology and whether this can lead to 24h-retention and transfer. We developed the Swipe-Slide Pattern (SSP)-task, similar to handling a touchscreen unlock-trace. On day 1, 11 patients and 10 healthy, age-matched controls underwent two consecutive runs of early and late learning (9 × 36 s SSP and 36 s rest). This was followed by a retention test after 24 h, including the assessment of transfer. Movement time (MT, s), Euclidean distance (ED) and a performance index (PI = MT/ED) were compared across the learning phases (early, late, retention and transfer) for both groups. Additionally, a learning, retention and transfer index were compared between groups and correlated to clinical characteristics. Both groups significantly improved in MT and PI across practice. However, while healthy adults showed further improvements after a 24h-retention period, patients presented with impaired retention indices. This was correlated with disease duration, disease severity and performance on a daily life mobile phone task. Finally, transfer to a similar, but untrained pattern was comparable between both groups. Overall, short-term practice of the SSP-task results in improvements for PD patients, albeit with impaired retention. Future work should investigate whether prolonged touchscreen skill training can be retained in motor memory in PD.
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Nackaerts E, D'Cruz N, Dijkstra BW, Gilat M, Kramer T, Nieuwboer A. Towards understanding neural network signatures of motor skill learning in Parkinson's disease and healthy aging. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190071. [PMID: 30982328 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, neurorehabilitation has been shown to be an effective therapeutic supplement for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, patients still experience severe problems with the consolidation of learned motor skills. Knowledge on the neural correlates underlying this process is thus essential to optimize rehabilitation for PD. This review investigates the existing studies on neural network connectivity changes in relation to motor learning in healthy aging and PD and critically evaluates the imaging methods used from a methodological point of view. The results indicate that despite neurodegeneration there is still potential to modify connectivity within and between motor and cognitive networks in response to motor training, although these alterations largely bypass the most affected regions in PD. However, so far training-related changes are inferred and possible relationships are not substantiated by brain-behavior correlations. Furthermore, the studies included suffer from many methodological drawbacks. This review also highlights the potential for using neural network measures as predictors for the response to rehabilitation, mainly based on work in young healthy adults. We speculate that future approaches, including graph theory and multimodal neuroimaging, may be more sensitive than brain activation patterns and model-based connectivity maps to capture the effects of motor learning. Overall, this review suggests that methodological developments in neuroimaging will eventually provide more detailed knowledge on how neural networks are modified by training, thereby paving the way for optimized neurorehabilitation for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas D'Cruz
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moran Gilat
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Kramer
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhou Y, Fu WB, Si FL, Yan ZT, Zhang YJ, He QY, Chen B. UDP-glycosyltransferase genes and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Malar J 2019; 18:62. [PMID: 30845961 PMCID: PMC6407175 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) is an important biotransformation superfamily of enzymes. They catalyze the transfer of glycosyl residues from activated nucleotide sugars to acceptor hydrophobic molecules, and function in several physiological processes, including detoxification, olfaction, cuticle formation, pigmentation. The diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily of genes at whole genome level, and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance are still little known. METHODS The present study identified UGT genes in Anopheles sinensis genome, classified UGT genes in An. sinensis, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster genomes, and analysed the scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of An. sinensis UGT genes using bioinformatics methods. The present study also identified the UGTs associated with pyrethroid resistance using three field pyrethroid-resistant populations with RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, and the mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance with genome re-sequencing in An. sinensis. RESULTS There are 30 putative UGTs in An. sinensis genome, which are classified into 12 families (UGT301, UGT302, UGT306, UGT308, UGT309, UGT310, UGT313, UGT314, UGT315, UGT36, UGT49, UGT50) and further into 23 sub-families. The UGT308 is significantly expanded in gene number compared with other families. A total of 119 UGTs from An. sinensis, An. gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster genomes are classified into 19 families, of which seven are specific for three mosquito species and seven are specific for Drosophila melanogaster. The UGT308 and UGT302 are proposed to main families involved in pyrethroid resistance. The AsUGT308D3 is proposed to be the essential UGT gene for the participation in biotransformation in pyrethroid detoxification process, which is possibly regulated by eight SNPs in its 3' flanking region. The UGT302A3 is also associated with pyrethroid resistance, and four amino acid mutations in its coding sequences might enhance its catalytic activity and further result in higher insecticide resistance. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the diversity, phylogenetics and evolution of UGT genes, and potential UGT members and mutations involved in pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research on UGT function in defense against insecticide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wen-Bo Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qi-Yi He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Olson M, Lockhart TE, Lieberman A. Motor Learning Deficits in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Their Effect on Training Response in Gait and Balance: A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30792688 PMCID: PMC6374315 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder traditionally associated with degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra, which results in bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability and gait disability (PIGD). The disorder has also been implicated in degradation of motor learning. While individuals with PD are able to learn, certain aspects of learning, especially automatic responses to feedback, are faulty, resulting in a reliance on feedforward systems of movement learning and control. Because of this, patients with PD may require more training to achieve and retain motor learning and may require additional sensory information or motor guidance in order to facilitate this learning. Furthermore, they may be unable to maintain these gains in environments and situations in which conscious effort is divided (such as dual-tasking). These shortcomings in motor learning could play a large part in degenerative gait and balance symptoms often seen in the disease, as patients are unable to adapt to gradual sensory and motor degradation. Research has shown that physical and exercise therapy can help patients with PD to adapt new feedforward strategies to partially counteract these symptoms. In particular, balance, treadmill, resistance, and repeated perturbation training therapies have been shown to improve motor patterns in PD. However, much research is still needed to determine which of these therapies best alleviates which symptoms of PIGD, the needed dose and intensity of these therapies, and long-term retention effects. The benefits of such technologies as augmented feedback, motorized perturbations, virtual reality, and weight-bearing assistance are also of interest. This narrative review will evaluate the effect of PD on motor learning and the effect of motor learning deficits on response to physical therapy and training programs, focusing specifically on features related to PIGD. Potential methods to strengthen therapeutic effects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markey Olson
- Locomotion Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Muhammad Ali Movement Disorders Clinic, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Thurmon E. Lockhart
- Locomotion Research Laboratory, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Abraham Lieberman
- Muhammad Ali Movement Disorders Clinic, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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21
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Paul SS, Schaefer SY, Olivier GN, Walter CS, Lohse KR, Dibble LE. Dopamine Replacement Medication Does Not Influence Implicit Learning of a Stepping Task in People With Parkinson's Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:1031-1042. [PMID: 30409107 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318809922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with exogenous dopamine (ie, levodopa) may positively affect motor symptoms, but may negatively affect other functions such as the learning of motor skills necessary for rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine whether levodopa medication affects general and sequence-specific learning of a stepping task and the transfer of movement skill to untrained balance tasks in people with PD. METHODS Participants with PD were randomized to practice "on" (n = 14) or "off" (n = 13) levodopa medication. Participants practiced 6 blocks of 6 trials of 24 steps of a stepping task over an acquisition period of 3 consecutive days, followed by single retention blocks of 6 trials 2 and 9 days later. Participants were also assessed on untrained balance (ie, transfer) tasks "on" levodopa before practice and following late retention. RESULTS There were no between-group differences in general learning, sequence-specific learning, or transfer of skill to untrained balance tasks ( P > .05). Both groups demonstrated general and sequence-specific learning ( P < .001) and trends for improvement in untrained tasks ( P < .001 to P = .26) following practice. Detailed analysis of early acquisition revealed no difference between medication groups. CONCLUSION People with PD improved performance on the stepping task with practice. The between-group effect sizes were small, suggesting that levodopa medication status ("on" versus "off") during practice did not significantly affect general or sequence-specific learning of the task or components of early acquisition. The practice dose required to optimally result in functional improvements in untrained balance tasks, including reductions in falls, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene S Paul
- 1 The University of Sydney, Australia.,2 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sydney Y Schaefer
- 2 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,3 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Doyon J, Gabitov E, Vahdat S, Lungu O, Boutin A. Current issues related to motor sequence learning in humans. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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King BR, Saucier P, Albouy G, Fogel SM, Rumpf JJ, Klann J, Buccino G, Binkofski F, Classen J, Karni A, Doyon J. Cerebral Activation During Initial Motor Learning Forecasts Subsequent Sleep-Facilitated Memory Consolidation in Older Adults. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1588-1601. [PMID: 26802074 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults exhibit deficits in motor memory consolidation; however, little is known about the cerebral correlates of this impairment. We thus employed fMRI to investigate the neural substrates underlying motor sequence memory consolidation, and the modulatory influence of post-learning sleep, in healthy older adults. Participants were trained on a motor sequence and retested following an 8-h interval including wake or diurnal sleep as well as a 22-h interval including a night of sleep. Results demonstrated that a post-learning nap improved offline consolidation across same- and next-day retests. This enhanced consolidation was reflected by increased activity in the putamen and the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, regions that have previously been implicated in sleep-dependent neural plasticity in young adults. Moreover, for the first time in older adults, the neural substrates subserving initial motor learning, including the putamen, cerebellum, and parietal cortex, were shown to forecast subsequent consolidation depending on whether a post-learning nap was afforded. Specifically, sufficient activation in a motor-related network appears to be necessary to trigger sleep-facilitated consolidation in older adults. Our findings not only demonstrate that post-learning sleep can enhance motor memory consolidation in older adults, but also provide the system-level neural correlates of this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Saucier
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Juliane Klann
- Division of Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Buccino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Avi Karni
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Department of Human Biology and The E.J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Nackaerts E, Michely J, Heremans E, Swinnen SP, Smits-Engelsman BCM, Vandenberghe W, Grefkes C, Nieuwboer A. Training for Micrographia Alters Neural Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29403348 PMCID: PMC5780425 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in clarifying the neural networks underlying rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease (PD), the impact of prolonged motor learning interventions on brain connectivity in people with PD is currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare cortical network changes after 6 weeks of visually cued handwriting training (= experimental) with a placebo intervention to address micrographia, a common problem in PD. Twenty seven early Parkinson's patients on dopaminergic medication performed a pre-writing task in both the presence and absence of visual cues during behavioral tests and during fMRI. Subsequently, patients were randomized to the experimental (N = 13) or placebo intervention (N = 14) both lasting 6 weeks, after which they underwent the same testing procedure. We used dynamic causal modeling to compare the neural network dynamics in both groups before and after training. Most importantly, intensive writing training propagated connectivity via the left hemispheric visuomotor stream to an increased coupling with the supplementary motor area, not witnessed in the placebo group. Training enhanced communication in the left visuomotor integration system in line with the learned visually steered training. Notably, this pattern was apparent irrespective of the presence of cues, suggesting transfer from cued to uncued handwriting. We conclude that in early PD intensive motor skill learning, which led to clinical improvement, alters cortical network functioning. We showed for the first time in a placebo-controlled design that it remains possible to enhance the drive to the supplementary motor area through motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochen Michely
- Department of Neurology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Heremans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - Cognitive Neurology (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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King BR, Hoedlmoser K, Hirschauer F, Dolfen N, Albouy G. Sleeping on the motor engram: The multifaceted nature of sleep-related motor memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Learning "How to Learn": Super Declarative Motor Learning Is Impaired in Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3162087. [PMID: 28828186 PMCID: PMC5554559 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning new information is crucial in daily activities and occurs continuously during a subject's lifetime. Retention of learned material is required for later recall and reuse, although learning capacity is limited and interference between consecutively learned information may occur. Learning processes are impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, little is known about the processes related to retention and interference. The aim of this study is to investigate the retention and anterograde interference using a declarative sequence learning task in drug-naive patients in the disease's early stages. Eleven patients with PD and eleven age-matched controls learned a visuomotor sequence, SEQ1, during Day1; the following day, retention of SEQ1 was assessed and, immediately after, a new sequence of comparable complexity, SEQ2, was learned. The comparison of the learning rates of SEQ1 on Day1 and SEQ2 on Day2 assessed the anterograde interference of SEQ1 on SEQ2. We found that SEQ1 performance improved in both patients and controls on Day2. Surprisingly, controls learned SEQ2 better than SEQ1, suggesting the absence of anterograde interference and the occurrence of learning optimization, a process that we defined as “learning how to learn.” Patients with PD lacked such improvement, suggesting defective performance optimization processes.
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27
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Action sequencing in the spontaneous swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae - implications for drug development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3191. [PMID: 28600565 PMCID: PMC5466685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
All motile organisms need to organize their motor output to obtain functional goals. In vertebrates, natural behaviors are generally composed of a relatively large set of motor components which in turn are combined into a rich repertoire of complex actions. It is therefore an experimental challenge to investigate the organizational principles of natural behaviors. Using the relatively simple locomotion pattern of 10 days old zebrafish larvae we have here characterized the basic organizational principles governing the swimming behavior. Our results show that transitions between different behavioral states can be described by a model combining a stochastic component with a control signal. By dividing swimming bouts into a limited number of categories, we show that similar types of swimming behavior as well as stand-stills between bouts were temporally clustered, indicating a basic level of action sequencing. Finally, we show that pharmacological manipulations known to induce alterations in the organization of motor behavior in mammals, mainly through basal ganglia interactions, have related effects in zebrafish larvae. This latter finding may be of specific relevance to the field of drug development given the growing importance of zebrafish larvae in phenotypic screening for novel drug candidates acting on central nervous system targets.
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28
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Enhancement of motor consolidation by post-training transcranial direct current stimulation in older people. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 49:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Laventure S, Fogel S, Lungu O, Albouy G, Sévigny-Dupont P, Vien C, Sayour C, Carrier J, Benali H, Doyon J. NREM2 and Sleep Spindles Are Instrumental to the Consolidation of Motor Sequence Memories. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002429. [PMID: 27032084 PMCID: PMC4816304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have convincingly demonstrated that sleep plays a critical role in motor sequence learning (MSL) consolidation, the specific contribution of the different sleep stages in this type of memory consolidation is still contentious. To probe the role of stage 2 non-REM sleep (NREM2) in this process, we used a conditioning protocol in three different groups of participants who either received an odor during initial training on a motor sequence learning task and were re-exposed to this odor during different sleep stages of the post-training night (i.e., NREM2 sleep [Cond-NREM2], REM sleep [Cond-REM], or were not conditioned during learning but exposed to the odor during NREM2 [NoCond]). Results show that the Cond-NREM2 group had significantly higher gains in performance at retest than both the Cond-REM and NoCond groups. Also, only the Cond-NREM2 group yielded significant changes in sleep spindle characteristics during cueing. Finally, we found that a change in frequency of sleep spindles during cued-memory reactivation mediated the relationship between the experimental groups and gains in performance the next day. These findings strongly suggest that cued-memory reactivation during NREM2 sleep triggers an increase in sleep spindle activity that is then related to the consolidation of motor sequence memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Laventure
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart Fogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, The Brain & Mind Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Albouy
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine Vien
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chadi Sayour
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Habib Benali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), Paris, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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