1
|
Nickerson AJ, Sheng S, Cox NA, Szekely KG, Marciszyn AL, Lam T, Chen J, Gingras S, Kashlan OB, Kirabo A, Hughey RP, Ray EC, Kleyman TR. Loss of the alpha subunit distal furin cleavage site blunts ENaC activation following Na + restriction. J Physiol 2024; 602:4309-4326. [PMID: 39196791 DOI: 10.1113/jp286559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) are activated by proteolysis of the α and γ subunits at specific sites flanking embedded inhibitory tracts. To examine the role of α subunit proteolysis in channel activation in vivo, we generated mice lacking the distal furin cleavage site in the α subunit (αF2M mice). On a normal Na+ control diet, no differences in ENaC protein abundance in kidney or distal colon were noted between wild-type (WT) and αF2M mice. Patch-clamp analyses revealed similar levels of ENaC activity in kidney tubules, while no physiologically relevant differences in blood chemistry or aldosterone levels were detected. Male αF2M mice did exhibit diminished ENaC activity in the distal colon, as measured by amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (ISC). Following dietary Na+ restriction, WT and αF2M mice had similar natriuretic and colonic ISC responses to amiloride. However, single-channel activity was significantly lower in kidney tubules from Na+-restricted αF2M mice compared with WT littermates. ENaC α and γ subunit expression in kidney and distal colon were also enhanced in Na+-restricted αF2M vs. WT mice, in association with higher aldosterone levels. These data provide evidence that disrupting α subunit proteolysis impairs ENaC activity in vivo, requiring compensation in response to Na+ restriction. KEY POINTS: The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is activated by proteolytic cleavage in vitro, but key questions regarding the role of ENaC proteolysis in terms of whole-animal physiology remain to be addressed. We studied the in vivo importance of this mechanism by generating a mouse model with a genetic disruption to a key cleavage site in the ENaC's α subunit (αF2M mice). We found that αF2M mice did not exhibit a physiologically relevant phenotype under normal dietary conditions, but have impaired ENaC activation (channel open probability) in the kidney during salt restriction. ENaC function at the organ level was preserved in salt-restricted αF2M mice, but this was associated with higher aldosterone levels and increased expression of ENaC subunits, suggesting compensation was required to maintain homeostasis. These results provide the first evidence that ENaC α subunit proteolysis is a key regulator of channel activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Nickerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaohu Sheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie A Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kennedy G Szekely
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison L Marciszyn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tracey Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingxin Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ossama B Kashlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca P Hughey
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evan C Ray
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim S. TMPRSS4, a type II transmembrane serine protease, as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:716-724. [PMID: 37009799 PMCID: PMC10167312 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are involved in almost all biological processes, implying their importance for both health and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of proteases is a key event in cancer. Initially, research identified their role in invasion and metastasis, but more recent studies have shown that proteases are involved in all stages of cancer development and progression, both directly through proteolytic activity and indirectly via regulation of cellular signaling and functions. Over the past two decades, a novel subfamily of serine proteases called type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) has been identified. Many TTSPs are overexpressed by a variety of tumors and are potential novel markers of tumor development and progression; these TTSPs are possible molecular targets for anticancer therapeutics. The transmembrane protease serine 4 (TMPRSS4), a member of the TTSP family, is upregulated in pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, lung, thyroid, prostate, and several other cancers; indeed, elevated expression of TMPRSS4 often correlates with poor prognosis. Based on its broad expression profile in cancer, TMPRSS4 has been the focus of attention in anticancer research. This review summarizes up-to-date information regarding the expression, regulation, and clinical relevance of TMPRSS4, as well as its role in pathological contexts, particularly in cancer. It also provides a general overview of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TTSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semi Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon, 34113, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mannan-binding lectin serine protease-2 (MASP-2) in human kidney and its relevance for proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15955. [PMID: 36153401 PMCID: PMC9509361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractProteolytic activation of the renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is increased by aldosterone. The aldosterone-sensitive protease remains unidentified. In humans, elevated circulating aldosterone is associated with increased urinary extracellular vesicle (uEVs) excretion of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). We hypothesized that MASP-2 is a physiologically relevant ENaC-activating protease. It was confirmed that MASP2 mRNA is abundantly present in liver but not in human and mouse kidneys. Aldosterone-stimulation of murine cortical colleting duct (mCCD) cells did not induce MASP-2 mRNA. In human kidney collecting duct, MASP-2 protein was detected in AQP2-negative/ATP6VB1-positive intercalated cells suggestive of MASP2 protein uptake. Plasma concentration of full-length MASP-2 and the short splice variant MAp19 were not changed in a cross-over intervention study in healthy humans with low (70 mmol/day) versus high (250 mmol/day) Na+ intake despite changes in aldosterone. The ratio of MAp19/MASP-2 in plasma was significantly increased with a high Na+ diet and the ratio correlated with changes in aldosterone and fractional Na+ excretion. MASP-2 was not detected in crude urine or in uEVs. MASP2 activated an amiloride-sensitive current when co-expressed with ENaC in Xenopus oocytes, but not when added to the bath solution. In monolayers of collecting duct M1 cells, MASP2 expression did not increase amiloride-sensitive current and in HEK293 cells, MASP-2 did not affect γENaC cleavage. MASP-2 is neither expressed nor co-localized and co-regulated with ENaC in the human kidney or in urine after low Na+ intake. MASP-2 does not mediate physiological ENaC cleavage in low salt/high aldosterone settings.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kidney-Specific CAP1/Prss8-Deficient Mice Maintain ENaC-Mediated Sodium Balance through an Aldosterone Independent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126745. [PMID: 35743186 PMCID: PMC9224322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease prostasin (CAP1/Prss8, channel-activating protease-1) is a confirmed in vitro and in vivo activator of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC. To test whether proteolytic activity or CAP1/Prss8 abundance itself are required for ENaC activation in the kidney, we studied animals either hetero- or homozygous mutant at serine 238 (S238A; Prss8cat/+ and Prss8cat/cat), and renal tubule-specific CAP1/Prss8 knockout (Prss8PaxLC1) mice. When exposed to varying Na+-containing diets, no changes in Na+ and K+ handling and only minor changes in the expression of Na+ and K+ transporting protein were found in both models. Similarly, the α- or γENaC subunit cleavage pattern did not differ from control mice. On standard and low Na+ diet, Prss8cat/+ and Prss8cat/cat mice exhibited standard plasma aldosterone levels and unchanged amiloride-sensitive rectal potential difference indicating adapted ENaC activity. Upon Na+ deprivation, mice lacking the renal CAP1/Prss8 expression (Prss8PaxLC1) exhibit significantly decreased plasma aldosterone and lower K+ levels but compensate by showing significantly higher plasma renin activity. Our data clearly demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CAP1/Prss8 is dispensable for proteolytic ENaC activation. CAP1/Prss8-deficiency uncoupled ENaC activation from its aldosterone dependence, but Na+ homeostasis is maintained through alternative pathways.
Collapse
|
5
|
Keppner A, Correia M, Santambrogio S, Koay TW, Maric D, Osterhof C, Winter DV, Clerc A, Stumpe M, Chalmel F, Dewilde S, Odermatt A, Kressler D, Hankeln T, Wenger RH, Hoogewijs D. Androglobin, a chimeric mammalian globin, is required for male fertility. eLife 2022; 11:72374. [PMID: 35700329 PMCID: PMC9249397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a highly specialized differentiation process driven by a dynamic gene expression program and ending with the production of mature spermatozoa. Whereas hundreds of genes are known to be essential for male germline proliferation and differentiation, the contribution of several genes remains uncharacterized. The predominant expression of the latest globin family member, androglobin (Adgb), in mammalian testis tissue prompted us to assess its physiological function in spermatogenesis. Adgb knockout mice display male infertility, reduced testis weight, impaired maturation of elongating spermatids, abnormal sperm shape, and ultrastructural defects in microtubule and mitochondrial organization. Epididymal sperm from Adgb knockout animals display multiple flagellar malformations including coiled, bifid or shortened flagella, and erratic acrosomal development. Following immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we could identify septin 10 (Sept10) as interactor of Adgb. The Sept10-Adgb interaction was confirmed both in vivo using testis lysates and in vitro by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Furthermore, the absence of Adgb leads to mislocalization of Sept10 in sperm, indicating defective manchette and sperm annulus formation. Finally, in vitro data suggest that Adgb contributes to Sept10 proteolysis in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Collectively, our results provide evidence that Adgb is essential for murine spermatogenesis and further suggest that Adgb is required for sperm head shaping via the manchette and proper flagellum formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keppner
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Correia
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Teng Wei Koay
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Darko Maric
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carina Osterhof
- Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolutionary Biology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Denise V Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angèle Clerc
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Kressler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hankeln
- Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolutionary Biology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland H Wenger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular system, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brown EF, Mitaera T, Fronius M. COVID-19 and Liquid Homeostasis in the Lung—A Perspective through the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Lens. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111801. [PMID: 35681496 PMCID: PMC9180030 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with a new corona virus in 2019 lead to the definition of a new disease known as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The sever cases of COVID-19 and the main cause of death due to virus infection are attributed to respiratory distress. This is associated with the formation of pulmonary oedema that impairs blood oxygenation and hypoxemia as main symptoms of respiratory distress. An important player for the maintenance of a defined liquid environment in lungs needed for normal lung function is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The present article reviews the implications of SARS-CoV-2 infections from the perspective of impaired function of ENaC. The rationale for this perspective is derived from the recognition that viral spike protein and ENaC share a common proteolytic cleavage site. This cleavage site is utilized by the protease furin, that is essential for ENaC activity. Furin cleavage of spike ‘activates’ the virus protein to enable binding to host cell membrane receptors and initiate cell infection. Based on the importance of proteolytic cleavage for ENaC function and activation of spike, it seems feasible to assume that virus infections are associated with impaired ENaC activity. This is further supported by symptoms of COVID-19 that are reminiscent of impaired ENaC function in the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Brown
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tamapuretu Mitaera
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Healthy Hearts for Aotearoa New Zealand, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Discovery, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-471-6081
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anand D, Hummler E, Rickman OJ. ENaC activation by proteases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13811. [PMID: 35276025 PMCID: PMC9540061 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are fundamental for a plethora of biological processes, including signalling and tissue remodelling, and dysregulated proteolytic activity can result in pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on a subclass of membrane‐bound and soluble proteases that are defined as channel‐activating proteases (CAPs), since they induce Na+ ion transport through an autocrine mechanism when co‐expressed with the highly amiloride‐sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in Xenopus oocytes. These experiments first identified CAP1 (channel‐activating protease 1, prostasin) followed by CAP2 (channel‐activating protease 2, TMPRSS4) and CAP3 (channel‐activating protease 3, matriptase) as in vitro mediators of ENaC current. Since then, more serine‐, cysteine‐ and metalloproteases were confirmed as in vitro CAPs that potentially cleave and regulate ENaC, and thus this nomenclature was not further followed, but is accepted as functional term or alias. The precise mechanism of ENaC modulation by proteases has not been fully elucidated. Studies in organ‐specific protease knockout models revealed evidence for their role in increasing ENaC activity, although the proteases responsible for ENaC activation are yet to be identified. We summarize recent findings in animal models of these CAPs with respect to their implication in ENaC activation. We discuss the consequences of dysregulated CAPs underlying epithelial phenotypes in pathophysiological conditions, and the role of selected protease inhibitors. We believe that these proteases may present interesting therapeutic targets for diseases with aberrant sodium homoeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Anand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Olivia J. Rickman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS4 Promotes the Formation and Development of Mismatch Repair Deficient Colon Cancer Liver Metastasis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:242-246. [PMID: 34173918 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied metastasis-promoting effect of transmembrane protease TMPRSS4 on mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancer liver metastasis in BALB/c nude mouse model. Histomorphological and histopathological studies showed that the number of liver metastases in the study group were significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). The expression of TMPRSS4 mRNA and protein in the study group were obviously higher than in the control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that TMPRSS4 possesses a metastasis-promoting effect and its low expression can effectively block the progression of MMR-deficient colon cancer liver metastasis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide since its first incidence in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Although the case fatality rate of COVID-19 appears to be lower than that of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the higher transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the total fatality to surpass other viral diseases, reaching more than 1 million globally as of October 6, 2020. The rate at which the disease is spreading calls for a therapy that is useful for treating a large population. Multiple intersecting viral and host factor targets involved in the life cycle of the virus are being explored. Because of the frequent mutations, many coronaviruses gain zoonotic potential, which is dependent on the presence of cell receptors and proteases, and therefore the targeting of the viral proteins has some drawbacks, as strain-specific drug resistance can occur. Moreover, the limited number of proteins in a virus makes the number of available targets small. Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share common mechanisms of entry and replication, there are substantial differences in viral proteins such as the spike (S) protein. In contrast, targeting cellular factors may result in a broader range of therapies, reducing the chances of developing drug resistance. In this Review, we discuss the role of primary host factors such as the cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cellular proteases of S protein priming, post-translational modifiers, kinases, inflammatory cells, and their pharmacological intervention in the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mathew Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Membrane-anchored serine proteases as regulators of epithelial function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:517-528. [PMID: 32196551 PMCID: PMC9869603 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins in the extracellular milieu, including hormones, growth factors and their receptors, ion channels, and various cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, plays a key role in the regulation of cell behavior. Among more than 500 proteolytic enzymes encoded by mammalian genomes, membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs), which are expressed on the surface of epithelial cells of all major organs, are excellently suited to mediate signal transduction across the epithelia and are increasingly being recognized as important regulators of epithelial development, function, and disease [ 1-3]. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo roles of MASPs in acquisition and maintenance of some of the defining functions of epithelial tissues, such as barrier formation, ion transport, and sensory perception.
Collapse
|
11
|
Harbig A, Mernberger M, Bittel L, Pleschka S, Schughart K, Steinmetzer T, Stiewe T, Nist A, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. Transcriptome profiling and protease inhibition experiments identify proteases that activate H3N2 influenza A and influenza B viruses in murine airways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11388-11407. [PMID: 32303635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) by host proteases is essential for virus infectivity. HA of most influenza A and B (IAV/IBV) viruses is cleaved at a monobasic motif by trypsin-like proteases. Previous studies have reported that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for activation of H7N9 and H1N1pdm IAV in mice but that H3N2 IAV and IBV activation is independent of TMPRSS2 and carried out by as-yet-undetermined protease(s). Here, to identify additional H3 IAV- and IBV-activating proteases, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the protease repertoire of murine lower airway tissues, primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), and the mouse lung cell line MLE-15. Among 13 candidates identified, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin activated H3 and IBV HA in vitro IBV activation and replication was reduced in AECIIs from Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice compared with WT or Tmprss2-deficient mice, indicating that murine TMPRSS4 is involved in IBV activation. Multicycle replication of H3N2 IAV and IBV in AECIIs of Tmprss2/Tmprss4-deficient mice varied in sensitivity to protease inhibitors, indicating that different, but overlapping, sets of murine proteases facilitate H3 and IBV HA cleavages. Interestingly, human hepsin and prostasin orthologs did not activate H3, but they did activate IBV HA in vitro Our results indicate that TMPRSS4 is an IBV-activating protease in murine AECIIs and suggest that TMPRSS13, hepsin, and prostasin cleave H3 and IBV HA in mice. They further show that hepsin and prostasin orthologs might contribute to the differences observed in TMPRSS2-independent activation of H3 in murine and human airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harbig
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Bittel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a novel subgroup of serine proteases, the cell surface-anchored serine proteases, has emerged as an important component of the human degradome, and several members have garnered significant attention for their roles in cancer progression and metastasis. A large body of literature describes that cell surface-anchored serine proteases are deregulated in cancer and that they contribute to both tumor formation and metastasis through diverse molecular mechanisms. The loss of precise regulation of cell surface-anchored serine protease expression and/or catalytic activity may be contributing to the etiology of several cancer types. There is therefore a strong impetus to understand the events that lead to deregulation at the gene and protein levels, how these precipitate in various stages of tumorigenesis, and whether targeting of selected proteases can lead to novel cancer intervention strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge about cell surface-anchored serine proteases and their role in cancer based on biochemical characterization, cell culture-based studies, expression studies, and in vivo experiments. Efforts to develop inhibitors to target cell surface-anchored serine proteases in cancer therapy will also be summarized.
Collapse
|
13
|
Keppner A, Maric D, Sergi C, Ansermet C, De Bellis D, Kratschmar DV, Canonica J, Klusonova P, Fenton RA, Odermatt A, Crambert G, Hoogewijs D, Hummler E. Deletion of the serine protease CAP2/Tmprss4 leads to dysregulated renal water handling upon dietary potassium depletion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19540. [PMID: 31863073 PMCID: PMC6925205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney needs to adapt daily to variable dietary K+ contents via various mechanisms including diuretic, acid-base and hormonal changes that are still not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that following a K+-deficient diet in wildtype mice, the serine protease CAP2/Tmprss4 is upregulated in connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct and also localizes to the medulla and transitional epithelium of the papilla and minor calyx. Male CAP2/Tmprss4 knockout mice display altered water handling and urine osmolality, enhanced vasopressin response leading to upregulated adenylate cyclase 6 expression and cAMP overproduction, and subsequently greater aquaporin 2 (AQP2) and Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) expression following K+-deficient diet. Urinary acidification coincides with significantly increased H+,K+-ATPase type 2 (HKA2) mRNA and protein expression, and decreased calcium and phosphate excretion. This is accompanied by increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein levels and reduced 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity in knockout mice. Strikingly, genetic nephron-specific deletion of GR leads to the mirrored phenotype of CAP2/Tmprss4 knockouts, including increased water intake and urine output, urinary alkalinisation, downregulation of HKA2, AQP2 and NKCC2. Collectively, our data unveil a novel role of the serine protease CAP2/Tmprss4 and GR on renal water handling upon dietary K+ depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keppner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darko Maric
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Ansermet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Canonica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ophthalmic Hospital Jules Gonin, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,National Center of Competence in Research Kidney Control of Homeostasis (NCCR Kidney.CH), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zachar R, Mikkelsen MK, Skjødt K, Marcussen N, Zamani R, Jensen BL, Svenningsen P. The epithelial Na+ channel α- and γ-subunits are cleaved at predicted furin-cleavage sites, glycosylated and membrane associated in human kidney. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1383-1396. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
15
|
Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases: Host Cell Factors in Proteolytic Activation of Viral Glycoproteins. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over one third of all known proteolytic enzymes are serine proteases. Among these, the trypsin-like serine proteases comprise one of the best characterized subfamilies due to their essential roles in blood coagulation, food digestion, fibrinolysis, or immunity. Trypsin-like serine proteases possess primary substrate specificity for basic amino acids. Most of the well-characterized trypsin-like proteases such as trypsin, plasmin, or urokinase are soluble proteases that are secreted into the extracellular environment. At the turn of the millennium, a number of novel trypsin-like serine proteases have been identified that are anchored in the cell membrane, either by a transmembrane domain at the N- or C-terminus or via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Meanwhile more than 20 membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) have been identified in human and mouse, and some of them have emerged as key regulators of mammalian development and homeostasis. Thus, the MASP corin and TMPRSS6/matriptase-2 have been demonstrated to be the activators of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and key regulator of hepcidin expression, respectively. Furthermore, MASPs have been recognized as host cell factors activating respiratory viruses including influenza virus as well as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. In particular, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to be essential for proteolytic activation and consequently spread and pathogenesis of a number of influenza A viruses in mice and as a factor associated with severe influenza virus infection in humans. This review gives an overview on the physiological functions of the fascinating and rapidly evolving group of MASPs and a summary of the current knowledge on their role in proteolytic activation of viral fusion proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Klenk
- 0000 0004 1936 9756grid.10253.35Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Murray AS, Varela FA, List K. Type II transmembrane serine proteases as potential targets for cancer therapy. Biol Chem 2017; 397:815-26. [PMID: 27078673 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is accompanied by increased protein and activity levels of extracellular cell-surface proteases that are capable of modifying the tumor microenvironment by directly cleaving the extracellular matrix, as well as activating growth factors and proinflammatory mediators involved in proliferation and invasion of cancer cells, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. These complex processes ultimately potentiate neoplastic progression leading to local tumor cell invasion, entry into the vasculature, and metastasis to distal sites. Several members of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family have been shown to play critical roles in cancer progression. In this review the knowledge collected over the past two decades about the molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-cancerous properties of selected TTSPs will be summarized. Furthermore, we will discuss how these insights may facilitate the translation into clinical settings in the future by specifically targeting TTSPs as part of novel cancer treatment regimens.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tanabe LM, List K. The role of type II transmembrane serine protease-mediated signaling in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 284:1421-1436. [PMID: 27870503 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been implicated in carcinogenesis. Previous research focused on these proteins, primarily as extracellular matrix (ECM) protein-degrading enzymes which allowed cancer cells to breach the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissue. However, recently, there has been a shift in the view of cell surface proteases, including serine proteases, as proteolytic modifiers of particular targets, including growth factors and protease-activated receptors, which are critical for the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways. Of the 176 human serine proteases currently identified, a subset of 17, known as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Many have been shown to be relevant to cancer progression since they were first identified as a family around the turn of the century. To this end, altered expression of TTSPs appeared as a trademark of several tumor types. However, the substrates and underlying signaling pathways remained unclear. Localization of these proteins to the cell surface places them in the unique position to mediate signal transduction between the cell and its surrounding environment. Many of the TTSPs have already been shown to play key roles in processes such as postnatal development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor progression, which share overlapping molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of the TTSP family in pro-oncogenic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boscardin E, Alijevic O, Hummler E, Frateschi S, Kellenberger S. The function and regulation of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC): IUPHAR Review 19. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2671-701. [PMID: 27278329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) are both members of the ENaC/degenerin family of amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channels. ASICs act as proton sensors in the nervous system where they contribute, besides other roles, to fear behaviour, learning and pain sensation. ENaC mediates Na(+) reabsorption across epithelia of the distal kidney and colon and of the airways. ENaC is a clinically used drug target in the context of hypertension and cystic fibrosis, while ASIC is an interesting potential target. Following a brief introduction, here we will review selected aspects of ASIC and ENaC function. We discuss the origin and nature of pH changes in the brain and the involvement of ASICs in synaptic signalling. We expose how in the peripheral nervous system, ASICs cover together with other ion channels a wide pH range as proton sensors. We introduce the mechanisms of aldosterone-dependent ENaC regulation and the evidence for an aldosterone-independent control of ENaC activity, such as regulation by dietary K(+) . We then provide an overview of the regulation of ENaC by proteases, a topic of increasing interest over the past few years. In spite of the profound differences in the physiological and pathological roles of ASICs and ENaC, these channels share many basic functional and structural properties. It is likely that further research will identify physiological contexts in which ASICs and ENaC have similar or overlapping roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Boscardin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omar Alijevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2) Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases. J Virol 2016; 90:4298-4307. [PMID: 26889029 PMCID: PMC4836353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02693-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) by host cell proteases is necessary for viral activation and infectivity. In humans and mice, members of the type II transmembrane protease family (TTSP), e.g., TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, and TMPRSS11d (HAT), have been shown to cleave influenza virus HA for viral activation and infectivity in vitro. Recently, we reported that inactivation of a single HA-activating protease gene, Tmprss2, in knockout mice inhibits the spread of H1N1 influenza viruses. However, after infection of Tmprss2 knockout mice with an H3N2 influenza virus, only a slight increase in survival was observed, and mice still lost body weight. In this study, we investigated an additional trypsin-like protease, TMPRSS4. Both TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 are expressed in the same cell types of the mouse lung. Deletion of Tmprss4 alone in knockout mice does not protect them from body weight loss and death upon infection with H3N2 influenza virus. In contrast, Tmprss2−/−Tmprss4−/− double-knockout mice showed a remarkably reduced virus spread and lung pathology, in addition to reduced body weight loss and mortality. Thus, our results identified TMPRSS4 as a second host cell protease that, in addition to TMPRSS2, is able to activate the HA of H3N2 influenza virus in vivo. IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics and recurring pandemics are responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. Due to high variability of the virus genome, resistance to available antiviral drugs is frequently observed, and new targets for treatment of influenza are needed. Host cell factors essential for processing of the virus hemagglutinin represent very suitable drug targets because the virus is dependent on these host factors for replication. We reported previously that Tmprss2-deficient mice are protected against H1N1 virus infections, but only marginal protection against H3N2 virus infections was observed. Here we show that deletion of two host protease genes, Tmprss2 and Tmprss4, strongly reduced viral spread as well as lung pathology and resulted in increased survival after H3N2 virus infection. Thus, TMPRSS4 represents another host cell factor that is involved in cleavage activation of H3N2 influenza viruses in vivo.
Collapse
|