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Chan KI, Zhang S, Li G, Xu Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Su H, Tan W, Zhong Z. MYC Oncogene: A Druggable Target for Treating Cancers with Natural Products. Aging Dis 2024; 15:640-697. [PMID: 37450923 PMCID: PMC10917530 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various diseases, including cancers, age-associated disorders, and acute liver failure, have been linked to the oncogene, MYC. Animal testing and clinical trials have shown that sustained tumor volume reduction can be achieved when MYC is inactivated, and different combinations of therapeutic agents including MYC inhibitors are currently being developed. In this review, we first provide a summary of the multiple biological functions of the MYC oncoprotein in cancer treatment, highlighting that the equilibrium points of the MYC/MAX, MIZ1/MYC/MAX, and MAD (MNT)/MAX complexes have further potential in cancer treatment that could be used to restrain MYC oncogene expression and its functions in tumorigenesis. We also discuss the multifunctional capacity of MYC in various cellular cancer processes, including its influences on immune response, metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, multidrug resistance, and intestinal flora. Moreover, we summarize the MYC therapy patent landscape and emphasize the potential of MYC as a druggable target, using herbal medicine modulators. Finally, we describe pending challenges and future perspectives in biomedical research, involving the development of therapeutic approaches to modulate MYC or its targeted genes. Patients with cancers driven by MYC signaling may benefit from therapies targeting these pathways, which could delay cancerous growth and recover antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Iong Chan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yida Xu
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
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2
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Chen J, Li G, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of hexokinase 2 in inflammatory-related diseases and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115986. [PMID: 38011767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a crucial enzyme involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and plays a significant role in glucose metabolism. HK2 can mediate glycolysis, which is linked to the release of inflammatory factors. The over-expression of HK2 increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating the inflammatory reaction. Consequently, HK2 is closely linked to various inflammatory-related diseases affecting multiple systems, including the digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive systems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. HK2 is regarded as a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory-related diseases, and this article provides a comprehensive review of its roles in these conditions. Furthermore, the development of potent HK2 inhibitors has garnered significant attention in recent years. Therefore, this review also presents a summary of potential HK2 inhibitors, offering promising prospects for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guirong Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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3
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Jiang K, Bai L, Wang C, Xiao X, Cheng Z, Peng H, Liu S. The Aurora kinase inhibitor AT9283 inhibits Burkitt lymphoma growth by regulating Warburg effect. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16581. [PMID: 38099309 PMCID: PMC10720464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of the kinase inhibitor AT9283 on Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods The effect of AT9283 on the proliferation of BL cell lines was tested using the MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. The proteins associated with the cell cycle, apoptosis, and the Warburg effect were detected using Western blotting. Alterations in glycolytic metabolism in terms of glucose intake and lactate concentrations were determined by glucose and lactate assays. Results The current study utilized the GEPIA, the Human Protein Atlas (HAP) database and immunohistochemistry to conduct analyses, which revealed a high expression of Aurora kinases and Warburg effect-related proteins in malignant B-cell lymphoma tissues. AT9283 significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of BL cells and induced G2/M arrest. Additionally, AT9283 induced apoptosis in BL cells and reversed the Warburg effect by increasing glucose uptake and reducing lactate production. Moreover, the protein expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A was significantly suppressed by AT9283, possibly through the inhibition of c-Myc and HIF-1α protein expression. Conclusion The reversal of the Warburg effect in BL cells and the subsequent inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis were observed by targeting Aurora A and Aurora B with AT9283. This finding may present new therapeutic options and targets for BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihong Bai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Canfei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Heawchaiyaphum C, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Burassakarn A, Tumurgan Z, Ekalaksananan T, Pientong C. Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stemness through the Warburg Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14072. [PMID: 37762374 PMCID: PMC10531857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various human malignancies. An association between EBV infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has recently been reported. We established EBV-positive OSCC cells and demonstrated that EBV infection promoted OSCC progression. However, the mechanisms by which EBV promotes OSCC progression remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed metabolic analyses of EBV-positive OSCC cells and established a xenograft model to investigate the viral contribution to OSCC progression. Here, we demonstrated that EBV infection induced mitochondrial stress by reducing the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies. Microarray data from EBV-positive OSCC cells showed altered expression of glycolysis-related genes, particularly the upregulation of key genes involved in the Warburg effect, including LDHA, GLUT1, and PDK1. Furthermore, lactate production and LDH activity were elevated in EBV-positive OSCC cells. EBV infection significantly upregulated the expression levels of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers such as CD44 and CD133 in the xenograft model. In this model, tumor growth was significantly increased in EBV-positive SCC25 cells compared with that in uninfected cells. Furthermore, tumorigenicity increased after serial passages of EBV-positive SCC25 tumors. This study revealed the oncogenic role of EBV in OSCC progression by inducing the Warburg effect and cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Center), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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5
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Pang Y, Lu T, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH. Metabolic Reprogramming and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065493. [PMID: 36982568 PMCID: PMC10052731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism program to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. This metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. Recent studies have uncovered that metabolic pathways might have clinical impacts on the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of lymphoma subtypes. However, determining the clinical relevance of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to lymphoma metabolism is still challenging. In this review, we systematically summarize current studies on metabolism reprogramming in lymphoma, and we mainly focus on disorders of glucose, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms, as well as dysregulation of molecules in metabolic pathways, oncometabolites, and potential metabolic biomarkers. We then discuss strategies directly or indirectly for those potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we prospect the future directions of lymphoma treatment on metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Pang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Hematology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingxun Lu
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zijun Y. Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ken H. Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-668-7568; Fax: +1-919-684-1856
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MicroRNAs and Metabolism: Revisiting the Warburg Effect with Emphasis on Epigenetic Background and Clinical Applications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101531. [PMID: 34680164 PMCID: PMC8533942 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the well-known hallmarks of cancer were described by Hanahan and Weinberg, fundamental advances of molecular genomic technologies resulted in the discovery of novel puzzle pieces in the multistep pathogenesis of cancer. MicroRNAs are involved in the altered epigenetic pattern and metabolic phenotype of malignantly transformed cells. They contribute to the initiation, progression and metastasis-formation of cancers, also interacting with oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and epigenetic modifiers. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells results from the dysregulation of a complex network, in which microRNAs are located at central hubs. MicroRNAs regulate the expression of several metabolic enzymes, including tumor-specific isoforms. Therefore, they have a direct impact on the levels of metabolites, also influencing epigenetic pattern due to the metabolite cofactors of chromatin modifiers. Targets of microRNAs include numerous epigenetic enzymes, such as sirtuins, which are key regulators of cellular metabolic homeostasis. A better understanding of reversible epigenetic and metabolic alterations opened up new horizons in the personalized treatment of cancer. MicroRNA expression levels can be utilized in differential diagnosis, prognosis stratification and prediction of chemoresistance. The therapeutic modulation of microRNA levels is an area of particular interest that provides a promising tool for restoring altered metabolism of cancer cells.
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7
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Looyens C, Giraud R, Neto Silva I, Bendjelid K. Burkitt lymphoma and lactic acidosis: A case report and review of the literature. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14737. [PMID: 33611854 PMCID: PMC7897451 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type A lactic acidosis is a potentially life‐threatening complication in critically ill patients and is the hallmark of a shock state as a result of tissue hypoperfusion and dysoxia. Type B lactic acidosis results from mechanisms other than dysoxia and is a rare condition in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies. We present a case of a 60‐year‐old man with lactic acidosis who was found to have a Burkitt lymphoma related to a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Lactagenic cancers are characterized by increased aerobic glycolysis and excessive lactate formation, a phenomenon described by Warburg in 1923 that is correlated with cancer aggressiveness and poor survival. There is increased glucose utilization with the purpose of lactagenesis under fully oxygenated conditions, as lactate seems to be a potent signaling molecule for angiogenesis, immune escape, cell migration, metastasis and self‐sufficient metabolism, which are five essential steps of carcinogenesis. Type B lactic acidosis in association with malignancies carries an extremely poor prognosis. Currently, effective chemotherapy seems to be the only hope for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Looyens
- Intensive Care Division, Cardiovascular Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Hemodynamic Research Group, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Giraud
- Intensive Care Division, Cardiovascular Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Hemodynamic Research Group, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Neto Silva
- Intensive Care Division, Cardiovascular Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Hemodynamic Research Group, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim Bendjelid
- Intensive Care Division, Cardiovascular Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Hemodynamic Research Group, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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de Jonge AV, Mutis T, Roemer MGM, Scheijen B, Chamuleau MED. Impact of MYC on Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Aggressive B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Consequences for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103052. [PMID: 33092116 PMCID: PMC7589056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human immune system has several mechanisms to attack and eliminate lymphomas. However, the MYC oncogene is thought to facilitate escape from this anti-tumor immune response. Since patients with MYC overexpressing lymphomas face a significant dismal prognosis after treatment with standard immunochemotherapy, understanding the role of MYC in regulating the anti-tumor immune response is highly relevant. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which MYC attenuates the anti-tumor immune responses in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We aim to implement this knowledge in the deployment of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, we also provide a comprehensive overview of current immunotherapeutic options and we discuss potential future treatment strategies for MYC overexpressing lymphomas. Abstract Patients with MYC overexpressing high grade B cell lymphoma (HGBL) face significant dismal prognosis after treatment with standard immunochemotherapy regimens. Recent preclinical studies indicate that MYC not only contributes to tumorigenesis by its effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, but also plays an important role in promoting escape from anti-tumor immune responses. This is of specific interest, since reversing tumor immune inhibition with immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. In this review, we outline the current understanding of impaired immune responses in B cell lymphoid malignancies with MYC overexpression, with a particular emphasis on diffuse large B cell lymphoma. We also discuss clinical consequences of MYC overexpression in the treatment of HGBL with novel immunotherapeutic agents and potential future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vera de Jonge
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
| | - Margaretha G. M. Roemer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud UMC, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martine E. D. Chamuleau
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
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9
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Nakajima K, Kawashima I, Koshiisi M, Kumagai T, Suzuki M, Suzuki J, Mitsumori T, Kirito K. Glycolytic enzyme hexokinase II is a putative therapeutic target in B-cell malignant lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2019; 78:46-55.e3. [PMID: 31560931 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase II (HXKII) is a key regulator of glucose metabolism that converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. Furthermore, HXKII blocks mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c. HXKII overexpression is frequently observed in several types of cancer and confers chemoresistance to cancer cells. In the present study, we found that compared with cell lines generated from diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, cell lines with features of Burkitt lymphoma have higher levels of HXKII because of the activation of both c-MYC and HIF-1. Under normoxia, HXKII levels were correlated with the growth ability of each B-cell lymphoma cell line. HXKII levels were further enhanced when the B-cell lymphoma cells were cultured under hypoxia. The high levels of HXKII induced by hypoxia conferred cisplatin resistance in all tested B-cell lymphoma cell lines. The HDAC inhibitor panobinostat significantly suppressed HXKII expression under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Importantly, panobinostat reversed the anti-lymphoma action of cisplatin, and this effect was diminished by hypoxia. These data suggest that HXKII plays different roles, including in the regulation of glycolysis and inhibition of apoptosis, depending on its expression levels. Furthermore, inhibition of HXKII expression by panobinostat may represent a new and attractive strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakajima
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawashima
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Megumi Koshiisi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takuma Kumagai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Megumi Suzuki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toru Mitsumori
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keita Kirito
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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10
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Mariani CL, Nye CJ, Tokarz DA, Green L, Lau J, Zidan N, Early PJ, Guevar J, Muñana KR, Olby NJ, Miles S. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2701-2708. [PMID: 31549740 PMCID: PMC6872616 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate is frequently used as a biomarker in humans with inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders including bacterial meningitis and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Hypothesis Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations are increased in a subset of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders. Animals One hundred two client‐owned dogs diagnosed with inflammatory CNS disease. Methods Case series. Cases were identified both prospectively at the time of diagnosis and retrospectively by review of a CSF biorepository. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate was analyzed with a commercially available, handheld lactate monitor. Subcategories of inflammatory disease were created for comparison (eg, steroid‐responsive meningitis arteritis, meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology). Results Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations were above reference range in 47% of dogs (median, 2.5 mmol/L; range, 1.0‐11.7 mmol/L). There was no significant difference in lactate concentrations between disease subcategories (P = .48). Significant but weak correlations were noted between CSF lactate concentration and nucleated cell count (r = .33, P < .001), absolute large mononuclear cell count (r = .44, P < .001), absolute small mononuclear cell count (r = .39, P < .001), absolute neutrophil cell count (r = .24, P = .01), and protein (r = .44, P < .001). No correlation was found between CSF lactate concentration and CSF red blood cell count (P = .58). There was no significant association of CSF lactate concentration with survival (P = .27). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations could serve as a rapid biomarker of inflammatory CNS disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Carolyn J Nye
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Lauren Green
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jeanie Lau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Peter J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sarita Miles
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina
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11
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Abstract
This review discusses the current state of the viral metabolism field and gaps in knowledge that will be important for future studies to investigate. We discuss metabolic rewiring caused by viruses, the influence of oncogenic viruses on host cell metabolism, and the use of viruses as guides to identify critical metabolic nodes for cancer anabolism. We also discuss the need for more mechanistic studies identifying viral proteins responsible for metabolic hijacking and for in vivo studies of viral-induced metabolic rewiring. Improved technologies for detailed metabolic measurements and genetic manipulation will lead to important discoveries over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani K Thaker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Ch'ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Piechowski J. Plausibility of trophoblastic-like regulation of cancer tissue. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5033-5046. [PMID: 31213916 PMCID: PMC6549421 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s190932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Thus far, a well-established logical pattern of malignancy does not exist. The current approach to cancer properties is primarily descriptive with usually, for each of them, extensive analyses of the underlying associated biomolecular mechanisms. However, this remains a catalog and it would be valuable to determine the organizational chart that could account for their implementation, hierarchical links and input into tumor regulation. Hypothesis: Striking phenotypic similarities exist between trophoblast (invasive and expanding early placenta) and cancer regarding cell functions, logistics of development, means of protection and capacity to hold sway over the host organism. The concept of cancer cell trophoblastic-like transdifferentiation appears to be a rational proposal in an attempt to explain this analogy and provide a consistent insight into how cancer cells are functioning. Should this concept be validated, it could pave the way to promising research and therapeutic perspectives given that the trophoblastic properties are vital for the tumor while they are permanently epigenetically turned off in normal cells. Specifically targeting expression of the trophoblastic master genes could thereby be envisaged to jeopardize the tumor and its metastases without, in principle, inducing adverse side effects in the healthy tissues. Conclusion: A wide set of functional features of cancer tissue regulation, including some apparently paradoxical facts, was reviewed. Cancer cell misuse of physiological trophoblastic functions can clearly account for them, which identifies trophoblastic-like transdifferentiation as a likely key component of malignancy and makes it a potential relevant anticancer target.
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13
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XU L, XU M, TONG X. [Effects of aerobic glycolysis on pathogenesis and drug resistance of non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:219-223. [PMID: 31309762 PMCID: PMC8800782 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.04.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that aerobic glycolysis (AG) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and resistance mechanism of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in recent years. Signaling pathway related to abnormal activation of AG can increase the level of AG in lymphatic and hematopoietic cells, while the enzymes related to the activity of AG are involved in the pathogenesis and prognosis of NHL. Drugs that inhibit AG can also inhibit NHL cells in vitro. Drugs inhibiting AG may increase the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic agents and prevent drug resistance. In this article, the role of signaling pathway proteins and regulatory genes related to AG in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of NHL are reviewed, and the AG as a target in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of NHL is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangmin TONG
- 童向民(1970-), 男, 博士, 主任医师, 主要从事血液病临床及机制研究, E-mail:
,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4540-5218
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14
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Li Y, Wan YY, Zhu B. Immune Cell Metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1011:163-196. [PMID: 28875490 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, extracellular matrix, etc. The immune system and the metabolisms of glucose, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides are integrated in the tumorigenesis and development. Cancer cells and immune cells show metabolic reprogramming in the TME, which intimately links immune cell functions and edits tumor immunology. Recent findings in immune cell metabolism hold the promising possibilities toward clinical therapeutics for treating cancer. This chapter introduces the updated understandings of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in the TME and suggests new directions in manipulation of immune responses for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in MIR143 Contribute to Protection Against Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) in Caucasian Populations. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030185. [PMID: 30818878 PMCID: PMC6471575 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show an association of microRNA (miRNA) polymorphisms (miRSNPs) in different cancer types, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The identification of miRSNPs that are associated with NHL susceptibility may provide biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis for patients who may not respond well to current treatment options, including the immunochemotherapy drug combination that includes rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisome (R-CHOP). We developed a panel of miRSNPs for genotyping while using multiplex PCR and chip-based mass spectrometry analysis in an Australian NHL case-control population (300 cases, 140 controls). Statistical association with NHL susceptibility was performed while using Chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression analysis. We identified three SNPs in MIR143 that are to be significantly associated with reduced risk of NHL: rs3733846 (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.54 [0.33–0.86], p = 0.010), rs41291957 (OR [95% CI] = 0.61 [0.39–0.94], p = 0.024), and rs17723799 (OR [95% CI] = 0.43 [0.26–0.71], p = 0.0009). One SNP, rs17723799, remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p = 0.015). Subsequently, we investigated an association between the rs17723799 genotype and phenotype by measuring target gene Hexokinase 2 (HKII) expression in cancer cell lines and controls. Our study is the first to report a correlation between miRSNPs in MIR143 and a reduced risk of NHL in Caucasians, and it is supported by significant SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) in a large European NHL genome wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis.
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Clinical significance of metabolism-related biomarkers in non-Hodgkin lymphoma – MCT1 as potential target in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:303-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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17
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Yu L, Chen X, Wang L, Chen S. Oncogenic virus-induced aerobic glycolysis and tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2018; 9:3699-3706. [PMID: 30405839 PMCID: PMC6216013 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced glycolysis under normoxic conditions is known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect and is a hallmark of many tumors. Viral infection may also induce aerobic glycolysis as it is required for replication and survival. Tumor viruses inducing aerobic glycolysis and lactate production during latent infection suggest a potential role of virus-induced glycolysis in tumorigenesis. Virus or virus-encoded proteins regulate glucose uptake and lactate export, increase the activity of glycolytic enzymes, and modulate glucose metabolic signals. Accumulating evidence suggests that virus-induced glycolysis may facilitate cell growth, transformation, migration, and invasion, but its significance in tumorigenesis remains unclear. We summarize the effects of oncogenic viruses on the metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis and discuss the possible association of this metabolic reprogramming with tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Chen
- Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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18
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Discovery of a novel allosteric inhibitor scaffold for polyadenosine-diphosphate-ribose polymerase 14 (PARP14) macrodomain 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2965-2972. [PMID: 29567296 PMCID: PMC6008491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The polyadenosine-diphosphate-ribose polymerase 14 (PARP14) has been implicated in DNA damage response pathways for homologous recombination. PARP14 contains three (ADP ribose binding) macrodomains (MD) whose exact contribution to overall PARP14 function in pathology remains unclear. A medium throughput screen led to the identification of N-(2(-9H-carbazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide (GeA-69, 1) as a novel allosteric PARP14 MD2 (second MD of PARP14) inhibitor. We herein report medicinal chemistry around this novel chemotype to afford a sub-micromolar PARP14 MD2 inhibitor. This chemical series provides a novel starting point for further development of PARP14 chemical probes.
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Civallero M, Cosenza M, Pozzi S, Sacchi S. Ruxolitinib combined with vorinostat suppresses tumor growth and alters metabolic phenotype in hematological diseases. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103797-103814. [PMID: 29262601 PMCID: PMC5732767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK-2 dysregulation plays an important role as an oncogenic driver, and is thus a promising therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. Ruxolitinib is a pyrrolo[2.3-d]pyrimidine derivative with inhibitory activity against JAK1 and JAK2, moderate activity against TYK2, and minor activity against JAK3. Vorinostat is an HDAC inhibitor that reduces JAK-2 expression, thus affecting JAK-2 mRNA expression and increasing JAK-2 proteasomal deterioration. Here we hypothesized that the combination of ruxolitinib and vorinostat could have synergistic effects against hematological disease. We tested combinations of low doses of ruxolitinib and vorinostat in 12 cell lines, and observed highly synergistic cytotoxic action in six cell lines, which was maintained for up to 120 h in the presence of stromal cells. The sensitivity of the six cell lines may be explained by the broad effects of the drug combination, which can affect various targets. Treatment with the combination of ruxolitinib and vorinostat appeared to induce a possible reversal of the Warburg effect, with associated ROS production, apoptotic events, and growth inhibition. Decreased glucose metabolism may have markedly sensitized the six more susceptible cell lines to combined treatment. Therapeutic inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway seems to offer substantial anti-tumor benefit, and combined therapy with ruxolitinib and vorinostat may represent a promising novel therapeutic modality for hematological neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Civallero
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cosenza
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Samantha Pozzi
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchi
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha as a therapeutic target for primary effusion lymphoma. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006628. [PMID: 28922425 PMCID: PMC5619862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Previous studies have revealed that HIF-1α, which mediates much of the cellular response to hypoxia, plays an important role in life cycle of KSHV. KSHV infection promotes HIF-1α activity, and several KSHV genes are in turn activated by HIF-1α. In this study, we investigated the effects of knocking down HIF-1α in PELs. We observed that HIF-1α knockdown in each of two PEL lines leads to a reduction in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as well as lipid biogenesis, indicating that HIF-1α is necessary for maintaining a metabolic state optimal for growth of PEL. We also found that HIF-1α suppression leads to a substantial reduction in activation of lytic KSHV genes, not only in hypoxia but also in normoxia. Moreover, HIF-1α knockdown led to a decrease in the expression of various KSHV latent genes, including LANA, vCyclin, kaposin, and miRNAs, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These observations provide evidence that HIF-1α plays an important role in PEL even in normoxia. Consistent with these findings, we observed a significant inhibition of growth of PEL in normoxia upon HIF-1α suppression achieved by either HIF-1α knockdown or treatment with PX-478, a small molecule inhibitor of HIF-1α. These results offer further evidence that HIF-1α plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PEL, and that inhibition of HIF-1α can be a potential therapeutic strategy in this disease. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes several malignancies including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). PEL is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that usually develops in a hypoxic environment. There is no standard treatment for PEL and it carries a poor prognosis. Previous studies have revealed that certain KSHV-encoded genes are activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an intracellular factor that mediates much of the cellular response to hypoxia. KSHV in turn can upregulate HIF-1, suggesting HIF-1 might play a substantial role in PEL oncogenesis. Here, we report for the first time the effects of suppressing HIF-1α, an oxygen-sensitive subunit of HIF-1, in PEL tumor cells. We demonstrate that suppressing HIF-1α can dramatically affect the oncogenic metabolic signature of PELs, replication of KSHV, expression of KSHV-encoded oncogenes, and the growth of PEL cells. Findings presented here not only provide new insights into the role of HIF-1α in KSHV-induced tumors but also provide a rationale for using anti-HIF-1α agents as a therapeutic strategy for PEL and potentially other KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Xiang G, Li X, Cao L, Zhu C, Dai Z, Pan S, Lin S. Frequent overexpression of PDK1 in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1102-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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DNA Tumor Viruses and Cell Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6468342. [PMID: 27034740 PMCID: PMC4789518 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6468342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viruses play an important role in cancerogenesis. It is estimated that approximately 20% of all cancers are linked to infectious agents. The viral genes modulate the physiological machinery of infected cells that lead to cell transformation and development of cancer. One of the important adoptive responses by the cancer cells is their metabolic change to cope up with continuous requirement of cell survival and proliferation. In this review we will focus on how DNA viruses alter the glucose metabolism of transformed cells. Tumor DNA viruses enhance “aerobic” glycolysis upon virus-induced cell transformation, supporting rapid cell proliferation and showing the Warburg effect. Moreover, viral proteins enhance glucose uptake and controls tumor microenvironment, promoting metastasizing of the tumor cells.
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