1
|
Calvier L, Alexander A, Marckx AT, Kounnas MZ, Durakoglugil M, Herz J. Safety of Anti-Reelin Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38607022 PMCID: PMC11011630 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays critical roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have revealed non-neuronal functions of plasma Reelin in inflammation by promoting endothelial-leukocyte adhesion through its canonical pathway in endothelial cells (via ApoER2 acting on NF-κB), as well as in vascular tone regulation and thrombosis. In this study, we have investigated the safety and efficacy of selectively depleting plasma Reelin as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We found that Reelin expression remains stable throughout adulthood and that peripheral anti-Reelin antibody treatment with CR-50 efficiently depletes plasma Reelin without affecting its levels or functionality within the CNS. Notably, this approach preserves essential neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), selective modulation of endothelial responses by anti-Reelin antibodies reduces pathological leukocyte infiltration without completely abolishing diapedesis. Finally, long-term Reelin depletion under metabolic stress induced by a Western diet did not negatively impact the heart, kidney, or liver, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the promising role of peripheral anti-Reelin therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and conditions where endothelial function is compromised, offering a novel approach that may avoid the immunosuppressive side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Austin T. Marckx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolfkiel PR, Haller AM, Kirby J, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. Different sensitivity to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia between mice with global or bone marrow-specific apoE receptor-2 deficiency. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R55-R68. [PMID: 37212552 PMCID: PMC10281787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00007.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of apoE receptor-2 (apoER2), a unique member of the LDL receptor family proteins with a restricted tissue expression profile, in modulating diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Unlike wild-type mice and humans in which chronic feeding of a high-fat Western-type diet leads to obesity and the prediabetic state of hyperinsulinemia before hyperglycemia onset, the Lrp8-/- mice with global apoER2 deficiency displayed lower body weight and adiposity, slower development of hyperinsulinemia, but the accelerated onset of hyperglycemia. Despite their lower adiposity, adipose tissues in Western diet-fed Lrp8-/- mice were more inflamed compared with wild-type mice. Additional experiments revealed that the hyperglycemia observed in Western diet-fed Lrp8-/- mice was due to impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, ultimately leading to hyperglycemia, adipocyte dysfunction, and inflammation upon chronic feeding of the Western diet. Interestingly, bone marrow-specific apoER2-deficient mice were not defective in insulin secretion, exhibiting increased adiposity and hyperinsulinemia compared with wild-type mice. Analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that apoER2 deficiency impeded inflammation resolution with lower secretion of IFN-β and IL-10 in response to LPS stimulation of IL-4 primed cells. The apoER2-deficient macrophages also showed an increased level of disabled-2 (Dab2) as well as increased cell surface TLR4, suggesting that apoER2 participates in Dab2 regulation of TLR4 signaling. Taken together, these results showed that apoER2 deficiency in macrophages sustains diet-induced tissue inflammation and accelerates obesity and diabetes onset while apoER2 deficiency in other cell types contributes to hyperglycemia and inflammation via defective insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Wolfkiel
- Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - April M Haller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Jillian Kirby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alexander A, Herz J, Calvier L. Reelin through the years: From brain development to inflammation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112669. [PMID: 37339050 PMCID: PMC10592530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin was originally identified as a regulator of neuronal migration and synaptic function, but its non-neuronal functions have received far less attention. Reelin participates in organ development and physiological functions in various tissues, but it is also dysregulated in some diseases. In the cardiovascular system, Reelin is abundant in the blood, where it contributes to platelet adhesion and coagulation, as well as vascular adhesion and permeability of leukocytes. It is a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factor with important implications for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Mechanistically, Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that binds to several membrane receptors, including ApoER2, VLDLR, integrins, and ephrins. Reelin signaling depends on the cell type but mostly involves phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, AKT, or JAK/STAT. This review focuses on non-neuronal functions and the therapeutic potential of Reelin, while highlighting secretion, signaling, and functional similarities between cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang JF, Zhou ZY, Liu YZ, Wu L, Nie BB, Huang L, Zhang C. Role of Sp1 in atherosclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9893-9902. [PMID: 35715606 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Specificity protein (Sp) is a famous family of transcription factors including Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3. Sp1 is the first one of Sp family proteins to be characterized and cloned in mammalian. It has been proposed that Sp1 acts as a modulator of the expression of target gene through interacting with a series of proteins, especially with transcriptional factors, and thereby contributes to the regulation of diverse biological processes. Notably, growing evidence indicates that Sp1 is involved in the main events in the development of atherosclerosis (AS), such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, plaque stability, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and endothelial dysfunction. This review is designed to provide useful clues to further understanding roles of Sp1 in the pathogenesis of AS, and may be helpful for the design of novel efficacious therapeutics agents targeting Sp1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Feng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Canet-Pons J, Schubert R, Duecker RP, Schrewe R, Wölke S, Kieslich M, Schnölzer M, Chiocchetti A, Auburger G, Zielen S, Warnken U. Ataxia telangiectasia alters the ApoB and reelin pathway. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:237-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Khialeeva E, Carpenter EM. Nonneuronal roles for the reelin signaling pathway. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:217-226. [PMID: 27739126 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reelin signaling pathway has been established as an important regulator of cell migration during development of the central nervous system, and disruptions in reelin signaling alter the positioning of many types of neurons. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein and governs cell migration through activation of multiple intracellular signaling events by means of the receptors ApoE receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and the intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 (Dab1). Earlier studies reported expression of reelin in nonneuronal tissues, but the functions of this signaling pathway outside of the nervous system have not been studied until recently. A large body of evidence now suggests that reelin functions during development and disease of multiple nonneuronal tissues. This review addresses recent advances in the field of nonneuronal reelin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 246:217-226, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Khialeeva
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ellen M Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okoro EU, Guo Z, Yang H. Akt isoform-dependent regulation of ATP-Binding cassette A1 expression by apolipoprotein E. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:123-128. [PMID: 27297104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that apolipoprotein E (apoE) upregulates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transcription through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Here we demonstrate that treatment of murine macrophages with human apoE3 enhanced Akt phosphorylation, and upregulated ABCA1 protein and mRNA expression. Inhibition of PI3K weakened apoE3-induced Akt phosphorylation, and ABCA1 protein and mRNA increase. In contrast, inhibition of Akt only diminished apoE-induced ABCA1 protein but not the mRNA level. Suppression of protein synthesis did not erase the ability of apoE3 to increase ABCA1 protein level. Further, apoE3 increased the resistance of ABCA1 protein to calpain-mediated degradation without affecting calpain activity. Treatment of macrophages with apoE3 selectively enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2, but not Akt3. Knockdown of Akt1 or Akt2 increased and decreased ABCA1 protein level, respectively; while overexpression of these Akt isoenzymes caused changes in ABCA1 protein level opposite to those induced by knockdown of the corresponding Akt. These data imply that apoE3 guards against calpain-mediated ABCA1 degradation through Akt2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel U Okoro
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Zhongmao Guo
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|