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Chien YL, Wu PY, Wu JH, Huang WL, Hsiao CC, Hsieh YT, Cheng T, Gau SSF, Chen WL. Corneal structural alterations in autism spectrum disorder: An in vivo confocal microscopy study. Autism Res 2023; 16:2316-2325. [PMID: 38050765 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit joint hypermobility and connective tissue disorders. However, it remains unclear if ASD individuals also have structural alterations in the connective tissue of the cornea. This study aims to determine whether the Kobayashi structure (K-structure) characteristics differ between adults with ASD and typically developing controls (TDC) and explore the clinical correlates of the K-structure abnormality. We recruited 30 ASD adults and 35 TDC. Corneal structures, particularly the K-structure in the Bowman's layer, of the participants were examined using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and a K-grading ranging from 1 to 4 was given to each eye based on the level of morphological mosaicism. The ASD participants' eyes received a significantly higher single-eye K-grading than that of the TDC eyes (p < 0.001), and the medians [25th, 75th percentile] of bilateral-eye summed K-grading were 8 [7, 8] and 5 [4, 6] in ASD and TDC, respectively (p < 0.001). A significantly higher K-grading in the ASD participants' eyes was still observed after adjusting for the within-subject inter-eye correlation (p < 0.001). Youden Index showed the optimal cutoffs to differentiate ASD from TDC by bilateral-eye summed K-grading and single-eye K-grading was >6 and >3, respectively. Additionally, a higher K-grading was associated with fewer visual sensation seeking in ASD (Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ = -0.518, p = 0.008) and low visual registration (i.e., higher sensory threshold) in TDC (ρ = 0.446, p = 0.023). This study provided novel evidence of corneal structural alterations in ASD by IVCM. Our findings may not only support the prior hypothesis of the association between ASD and connective tissue abnormalities but also shed light on the relationship between connective tissue disorder and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ying Wu
- Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hsuan Wu
- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wei-Lun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Jeon HS, Kang B, Li X, Song JS. Differences in vulnerability to desiccating stress between corneal and conjunctival epithelium in rabbit models of short-term ocular surface exposure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16941. [PMID: 36209216 PMCID: PMC9547869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the difference in vulnerability to desiccating stress (DS) between the corneal and conjunctival epithelia to understand different ocular surface staining patterns in dry eye patients. We generated a rabbit model of short-term exposure keratopathy. To induce DS in the ocular surface, rabbit right eyelids were opened for 30 min, with blinking once/minute. Corneal staining scores increased from 3-min post-DS exposure, while conjunctival staining increased from 20-min post-DS. At 20 min, the tear MUC5AC level doubled as compared to pre-DS (p = 0.007). In Western blot analysis, conjunctival AQP5, MUC5AC, and CFTR expression increased significantly in response to DS, compared to control (p = 0.039, 0.002, 0.039, respectively). Immunohistochemistry for CD31 and LYVE-1 were performed. CD31-positive cells and lymphatic space surrounded by LYVE-1-positive cells increased significantly in conjunctival tissue post-DS, compared to control (p = 0.0006, p < 0.0001, respectively). Surface damage was worse in the corneal than in the conjunctival epithelium after DS, by scanning electron microscopy. This study showed that the cornea and conjunctival epithelium show differences in vulnerability to DS. Increased blood vessels and dilated lymphatics, accompanied by increased conjunctival epithelial AQP5, MUC5AC, and CFTR expression, underlie the protective mechanism of the conjunctiva to desiccating stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sun Jeon
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boram Kang
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xuemin Li
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Mu N, Wang H, Chen D, Wang F, Ji L, Zhang C, Li M, Lu P. A Novel Rat Model of Dry Eye Induced by Aerosol Exposure of Particulate Matter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:39. [PMID: 35089331 PMCID: PMC8802024 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel dry eye rat model induced by aerosol exposure of particulate matter (PM). Methods A total of 30 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats divided into 3 groups: the control group, the low-level exposed group, and the high-level exposed group. The rats in the experience groups were directly exposed to PM samples in the exposure chamber over 14 days. The clinical observation, including tear volume, corneal fluorescein staining, breakup time (BUT), inflammation index, corneal irregularity score, and corneal confocal microscopy. Eyeballs were collected on day 14 for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and PAS staining. TUNEL assay, CD45, and Ki67 immunostaining was performed and corneal ultrastructural changes were detected by electron microscopy. IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and NF-κB Western blot analysis were used to observe the possible pathogenesis. Results In the PM-treated groups, the number of layers in the corneal epithelium and corneal nerve fiber length were significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. The number of corneal epithelial microvilli and chondriosome/desmosomes were drastically reduced in PM-treated groups. Confocal microscopy and CD45 immunohistochemistry showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the PM-treated groups. PM caused apoptosis of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells while leading to abnormal epithelial cell proliferation, meanwhile, conjunctival goblet cells in the PM-treated group were also significantly reduced. PM significantly increased the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and p-NF-κB-p65 in the cornea. Conclusions Aerosol exposure of PM can reduce the stability of tear film and cause the change of ocular surface, which is similar to the performance of human dry eye, suggesting a novel animal model of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, , Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, , Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Huang W, Huang L, Li W, Saglam MS, Tourmouzis K, Goldstein SM, Master A, Honkanen R, Rigas B. Once-Daily Topical Phosphosulindac Is Efficacious in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Studies in Rabbit Models of Its Main Clinical Subtypes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:102-113. [PMID: 34964663 PMCID: PMC8817715 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is classified as aqueous deficient, evaporative, or mixed. We investigated the therapeutic effect of the novel anti-inflammatory drug phosphosulindac (PS) in rabbit models of DED encompassing its pathogenesis, and its transition to chronicity. Methods: We treated three rabbit models of DED with PS (hydrogel formulation) or vehicle topically applied 1 × /day. We induced aqueous-deficient DED (acute and chronic) by injecting Concanavalin A into lacrimal glands; evaporative DED by injecting into the upper eyelid inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complete Freund's adjuvant; and mixed DED through desiccative stress, induced by holding open the eye for 3 h. We determined corneal sensitivity, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's tear test (STT), tear osmolality, and fluorescein staining of the ocular surface. Results: PS reversed all abnormal DED parameters. In acute DED, PS dose dependently normalized corneal sensitivity and tear osmolality; and improved TBUT, STT, and fluorescein staining. PS normalized corneal sensitivity and improved all other parameters in chronic aqueous-deficient DED. In evaporative DED, PS normalized corneal sensitivity and improved TBUT and fluorescein staining (osmolality and STT were not significantly changed in this model). In the desiccative stress model, PS improved TBUT and fluorescein staining but had no effect on STT or tear osmolality. Conclusions: PS rapidly reversed almost all DED parameters in its three subtypes. The normalization of the suppressed corneal sensitivity suggests the possibility of marked symptomatic relief by PS. The hydrogel formulation allows once-daily dosing. PS merits further development as a potential treatment for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liqun Huang
- Department of Family, Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Family, Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - M Sait Saglam
- Department of Family, Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Adam Master
- Department of Family, Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Robert Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Family, Population, Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Alhoutan K, Alarfaj K. Exposure Keratopathy: An Idiopathic Lagophthalmos Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e18945. [PMID: 34812323 PMCID: PMC8604430 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure keratopathy refers to corneal damage that results primarily from prolonged exposure of the ocular surface to the outside environment. Herein, we describe a case of exposure keratopathy with bilateral idiopathic lagophthalmos and discuss factors pertaining to prompt diagnosis and treatment. A 21-year-old woman presented with bilateral nocturnal lagophthalmos, blurred vision, and whitish spots in both eyes. She had no remarkable history of medication use, trauma, surgery, cranial nerve abnormality, critical illness, or other ocular problems. Examination revealed bilateral lagophthalmos, good Bell’s phenomenon, bilateral inferior corneal scars, and vision loss. Laboratory results were normal; there was an absence of proptosis, and no epithelial defects were apparent. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed with exposure keratopathy resulting from idiopathic bilateral lagophthalmos and treated with lubricants. This was a rare case of exposure keratopathy with bilateral lagophthalmos of idiopathic origin, and a challenging one, which prompted the researchers to formulate an appropriate treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Alarfaj
- Ophthalmology, King Fahd University Hospital, Dammam, SAU
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6
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Chen XM, Kuang JB, Yu HY, Wu ZN, Wang SY, Zhou SY. A Novel Rabbit Dry Eye Model Induced by a Controlled Drying System. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 34004007 PMCID: PMC8083071 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish an environment-induced dry eye model in rabbits using a controlled drying system (CDS). Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The rabbits in the dry group were housed in the CDS, in which the relative humidity, airflow, and temperature were controlled at 22% ± 4%, 3 to 4 m/s, and 23°C to 25°C for 14 days. The rabbits in the control group were housed in a normal environment at the same time. A Schirmer test, fluorescein staining, and lissamine green staining were performed. On day 14, the eyeballs and lacrimal glands were processed for evaluating the corneal epithelial thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration index, goblet cell density, and expression of the MUC5AC protein and caspase-3 protein. The mRNA expression of the involved inflammatory genes was analyzed. Results The CDS was able to maintain a dry environment, in which the tear production decreased, and the ocular surface staining increased over time in the rabbits. In the dry group, the corneal epithelium became thinner, inflammatory cells were noted, goblet cells and MUC5AC proteins decreased, and the increased levels of caspase-3 proteins and inflammatory cytokines were observed in the ocular surface tissues and lacrimal glands. Conclusions This CDS could create a dry environment, in which the rabbits exhibited a pathological change in dry eye similar to that in humans. Translational Relevance This model would be helpful in offering a platform to identify and test candidate therapies for environment-induced dry eye and to explore its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Biao Kuang
- Zhaoke (Guangzhou) Ophthalmic Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yin Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yi Wang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-You Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Singh S, Sharma S, Basu S. Rabbit models of dry eye disease: Current understanding and unmet needs for translational research. Exp Eye Res 2021; 206:108538. [PMID: 33771517 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is emerging as an eye health pandemic, affecting millions worldwide. The development of novel drugs, drug delivery systems, and targeted therapies for addressing the inflammation in DED necessitates progress in experimental models of DED. Animal models of DED have been created for simulating the two clinically described forms of DED: lacrimal insufficiency and the evaporative DED models. Although most DED models have relied upon rodents, the larger eye size and longer life span of rabbits and the closer resemblance to human lacrimal glands, render rabbits a promising near-ideal model for studying DED. Since the first rabbit DED model was described, numerous modifications including the use of topical epitheliotoxic drugs, neural abolition, activated lymphocytes injection, and surgical dacryoadenectomy have been introduced. The stability of these models, whether short-term or long-term, accordingly guides their experimental or therapeutic utility. A rabbit autoimmune dacryoadenitis model has successfully simulated DED signs and features of lacrimal gland inflammation, as observed in Sjogren's syndrome, that improved with mesenchymal stem cell therapy. This review summarizes the comparative microscopic anatomy of rabbit and human lacrimal glands, various existing rabbit DED models and their respective suitability for understanding pathogenetic mechanism of DED or for experimental drug testing. Also, the insights gained from animal models in dry eye management is described along with the future perspectives. There is still a pressing need of developing rabbit models for studying the pathogenesis of complex ocular surface changes in evaporative and aqueous deficiency DED other than autoimmune dacryoadenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Brien Holden Center for Eye Research (BHERC), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Center for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Brien Holden Center for Eye Research (BHERC), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Turunen JA, Immonen AT, Järvinen RS, Kawan S, Repo P, Korsbäck A, Ala-Fossi O, Jaakkola AM, Majander A, Vesaluoma M, Kivelä TT. In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy and Histopathology of Keratitis Fugax Hereditaria From a Pathogenic Variant in NLRP3. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 213:217-225. [PMID: 32059980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) to study the pathogenesis of keratitis (keratoendotheliitis) fugax hereditaria, an autosomal dominant cryopyrin-associated periodic keratitis, associated with the c.61G>C pathogenic variant in the NLRP3 gene, in its acute and chronic phase, and to report histopathologic findings after penetrating keratoplasty. DESIGN This was an observational case series. METHODS The study population included 6 patients during an acute attack, 18 patients in the chronic phase, and 1 patient who underwent penetrating keratoplasty. Interventions included Sanger sequencing for the NLRP3 variant c.61C>G, a clinical examination, corneal photography, IVCM, light microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Our primary outcome measures included IVCM and histopathologic findings. RESULTS During the acute attack, hyperreflective cellular structures consistent with inflammatory cells transiently occupied the anterior to middle layers of the corneal stroma. Other corneal layers were unremarkable. With recurring attacks, central oval stromal opacities accumulated. IVCM revealed that they contained long, hyperreflective, needle-shaped structures in the extracellular matrix. Using light microscopy, the anterior half of the stroma displayed thin and finely vacuolated lamellae, and keratocytes throughout the stroma were immunopositive for syndecan. CONCLUSIONS The acute attacks and chronic stromal deposits mainly involve the anterior to middle layers of the corneal stroma, and the disease is primarily a keratitis rather than a keratoendotheliitis. IVCM shows that inflammatory cells invade only the stroma during an acute attack. IVCM and light microscopic findings suggest that the central corneal opacities represent gradual deposition of extracellular lipids. The disease could make a good in vivo model to study activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni A Turunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annamari T Immonen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta-Stiina Järvinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sabita Kawan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Korsbäck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ala-Fossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino M Jaakkola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Majander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Vesaluoma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero T Kivelä
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Wang G, Xue Y, Wang Y, Dong F, Shen M, Zong R, Liu Z, Li C. The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of exposure keratitis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4217-4228. [PMID: 30973208 PMCID: PMC6533494 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete tear film spreading and eyelid closure can cause defective renewal of the ocular surface and air exposure-induced epithelial keratopathy (EK). In this study, we characterized the role of autophagy in mediating the ocular surface changes leading to EK. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and C57BL/6 mice were employed as EK models, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluated changes in HCECs after air exposure. Each of these models was treated with either an autophagy inhibitor [chloroquine (CQ) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA)] or activator [Rapamycin (Rapa)]. Immunohistochemistry assessed autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and p62 expression levels. Western blotting confirmed the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins [Beclin1 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)], the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins (PERK, eIF2α and CHOP) and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway-related proteins. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) determined IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP9 gene expression levels. The TUNEL assay detected apoptotic cells. TEM identified autophagic vacuoles in both EK models. Increased LC3 puncta formation and decreased p62 immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting confirmed autophagy induction. CQ treatment increased TUNEL positive staining in HCECs, while Rapa had an opposite effect. Similarly, CQ injection enhanced air exposure-induced apoptosis and inflammation in the mouse corneal epithelium, which was inhibited by Rapa treatment. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status of PERK and eIF2α and CHOP expression increased in both EK models indicating that ER stress-induced autophagy promoted cell survival. Taken together, air exposure-induced autophagy is indispensable for the maintenance of corneal epithelial physiology and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Mei Shen
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
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10
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Li J, Tan G, Ding X, Wang Y, Wu A, Yang Q, Ye L, Shao Y. A mouse dry eye model induced by topical administration of the air pollutant particulate matter 10. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:524-534. [PMID: 29032336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To introduce a novel dry eye mouse model induced by topical administration of the air pollutant particulate matter 10 (PM10). METHOD A total of 60 male BALB/c mice were used in this study and divided into two groups: group A (PBS eye drops, n=30) and group B (PM10 eye drop group, n=30). Each treatment was dosed four times a day, every time 50ul with the concentration of 5mg/ml PM10, for 14 consecutive days in the right eye. The clinical manifestations of dry eye were measured before therapy and 4, 7 and 14days post-treatment respectively, which included the tear volume, tear break-up (BUT) time, corneal fluorescein staining, rose bengal staining, Lissamine Green staining and inflammatory index. Eye samples were collected on D14 and examined by histologic light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), corneal cytokeration 10 (K10) immunnostaining, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB Western Blot analysis. RESULTS At 0d, 7d and 14d, there were no statistical changes in tear volume, BUT after treatment (P>0.05) with PBS in group A. In group B, all items showed statistical differences at each time point (P<0.05). At 14d after therapy, the fluorescein staining score of group B was higher than group A (P<0.05). The score of rose bengal staining and Lissamine Green staining in group B was also higher than that in group A (P<0.05). The number of mean layers of corneal epithelial cells in the group A was significantly lower than that in the group B (P<0.05). TEM and SEM revealed that the number of corneal epithelial microvilli were drastically reduced in group B. The number of corneal chondriosome/desmosomes was also reduced in group B by TEM. PM10 induced apoptosis in the superficial and basal corneal epithelium, and leaded to abnormal differentiation and proliferation of the ocular surface with higher expression levels of K10 and reduced number of goblet cells in the conjunctival fornix in group B. PM10 significantly increased the levels of TNF-α, NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB in the cornea. CONCLUSION PM10 can damage the tear film function and cause the destruction of the structural organization of ocular surface in mice. Topical administration of PM10 in mice induces ocular surface changes that are similar to those of dry eye in humans, representing a novel model of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Henyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Henyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qichen Yang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Zernii EY, Gancharova OS, Baksheeva VE, Golovastova MO, Kabanova EI, Savchenko MS, Tiulina VV, Sotnikova LF, Zamyatnin AA, Philippov PP, Senin II. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 Prevents Anesthesia-Induced Dry Eye Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9281519. [PMID: 29158874 PMCID: PMC5660788 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9281519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is an age-related condition increasingly detected in younger people of risk groups, including patients who underwent ocular surgery or long-term general anesthesia. Being a multifactorial disease, it is characterized by oxidative stress in the cornea and commonly complicated by ocular surface inflammation. Polyetiologic DES is responsive to SkQ1, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant suppressing age-related changes in the ocular tissues. Here, we demonstrate safety and efficacy of topical administration of SkQ1 at a dosage of 7.5 μM for the prevention of general anesthesia-induced DES in rabbits. The protective action of SkQ1 improves clinical state of the ocular surface by inhibiting apoptotic and prenecrotic changes in the corneal epithelium. The underlying mechanism involves the suppression of the oxidative stress supported by the stimulation of intrinsic antioxidant activity and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, foremost glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, in the cornea. Furthermore, SkQ1 increases antioxidant activity and stability of the tear film and produces anti-inflammatory effect exhibited as downregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 and pronounced upregulation of IL-10 in tears. Our data suggest novel features of SkQ1 and point to its feasibility in patients with DES and individuals at risk for the disease including those subjected to general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Yu. Zernii
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Olga S. Gancharova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Viktoriia E. Baksheeva
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Marina O. Golovastova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Kabanova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals, Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow 109472, Russia
| | - Marina S. Savchenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Veronika V. Tiulina
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals, Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow 109472, Russia
| | - Larisa F. Sotnikova
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals, Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow 109472, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel P. Philippov
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Senin
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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