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Cho M, Lee SJ, Choi E, Kim J, Choi S, Lee JH, Park H. An Antarctic lichen isolate (Cladonia borealis) genome reveals potential adaptation to extreme environments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1342. [PMID: 38228797 PMCID: PMC10792129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cladonia borealis is a lichen that inhabits Antarctica's harsh environment. We sequenced the whole genome of a C. borealis culture isolated from a specimen collected in Antarctica using long-read sequencing technology to identify specific genetic elements related to its potential environmental adaptation. The final genome assembly produced 48 scaffolds, the longest being 2.2 Mbp, a 1.6 Mbp N50 contig length, and a 36 Mbp total length. A total of 10,749 protein-coding genes were annotated, containing 33 biosynthetic gene clusters and 102 carbohydrate-active enzymes. A comparative genomics analysis was conducted on six Cladonia species, and the genome of C. borealis exhibited 45 expanded and 50 contracted gene families. We identified that C. borealis has more Copia transposable elements and expanded transporters (ABC transporters and magnesium transporters) compared to other Cladonia species. Our results suggest that these differences contribute to C. borealis' remarkable adaptability in the Antarctic environment. This study also provides a useful resource for the genomic analysis of lichens and genetic insights into the survival of species isolated from Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Eunkyung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Soyun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Pulat S, Kim DA, Hillman PF, Oh DC, Kim H, Nam SJ, Fenical W. Actinoquinazolinone, a New Quinazolinone Derivative from a Marine Bacterium Streptomyces sp. CNQ-617, Suppresses the Motility of Gastric Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:489. [PMID: 37755102 PMCID: PMC10532864 DOI: 10.3390/md21090489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A HPLC-UV guided fractionation of the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. CNQ-617 has led to the isolation of a new quinazolinone derivative, actinoquinazolinone (1), as well as two known compounds, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one (2) and 7-methoxy-8-hydroxy cycloanthranilylproline (3). The interpretation of 1D, 2D NMR, and MS spectroscopic data revealed the planar structure of 1. Furthermore, compound 1 suppressed invasion ability by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (EMT) in AGS cells at a concentration of 5 µM. In addition, compound 1 decreased the expression of seventeen genes related to human cell motility and slightly suppressed the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway in AGS cells. Together, these results demonstrate that 1 is a potent inhibitor of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Pulat
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Da-Ae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (D.-A.K.); (P.F.H.)
| | - Prima F. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (D.-A.K.); (P.F.H.)
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (D.-A.K.); (P.F.H.)
| | - William Fenical
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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Poulsen-Silva E, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F, Atala C, Moreno AA, Otero MC. Bioactive Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Presence in Species from Chile. Metabolites 2023; 13:805. [PMID: 37512512 PMCID: PMC10383681 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of at least one fungal and one algal species. They are found in different environments around the world, even in the poles and deserts. Some species can withstand extreme abiotic conditions, including radiation and the vacuum of space. Their chemistry is mainly due to the fungal metabolism and the production of several secondary metabolites with biological activity, which have been isolated due to an increasing interest from the pharmaceutical community. However, beyond the experimental data, little is known about their mechanisms of action and the potential pharmaceutical use of these kinds of molecules, especially the ones isolated from lesser-known species and/or lesser-studied countries. The main objective of this review is to analyze the bibliographical data of the biological activity of secondary metabolites from lichens, identifying the possible mechanisms of action and lichen species from Chile. We carried out a bibliographic revision of different scientific articles in order to collect all necessary information on the biological activity of the metabolites of these lichen species. For this, validated databases were used. We found the most recent reports where in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the biological properties of these metabolites. The biological activity, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, of 26 secondary metabolites are described, as well as their reported molecular mechanisms. The most notable metabolites found in this review were usnic acid, atranorin, protolichesterinic acid, and lobaric acid. Usnic acid was the most investigated metabolite, in addition to undergoing toxicological and pharmacological studies, where a hepatotoxicity effect was reported due to uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, no major studies have been made to validate the pharmacological application of these metabolites, and few advancements have been made in their artificial growth in bioreactors. Despite the described biological activities, there is little support to consider these metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations or to evaluate them in clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to carry out further studies regarding their possible human health effects. These lichen secondary metabolites present a promising research opportunity to find new pharmaceutical molecules due to their bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Poulsen-Silva
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - María Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Gamage CDB, Kim JH, Yang Y, Taş İ, Park SY, Zhou R, Pulat S, Varlı M, Hur JS, Nam SJ, Kim H. Libertellenone T, a Novel Compound Isolated from Endolichenic Fungus, Induces G2/M Phase Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy by Activating the ROS/JNK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020489. [PMID: 36672439 PMCID: PMC9857212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly type of cancer in the world and continuous investigations are required to discover novel therapeutics for CRC. Induction of apoptosis is one of the promising strategies to inhibit cancers. Here, we have identified a novel compound, Libertellenone T (B), isolated from crude extracts of the endolichenic fungus from Pseudoplectania sp. (EL000327) and investigated the mechanism of action. CRC cells treated by B were subjected to apoptosis detection assays, immunofluorescence imaging, and molecular analyses such as immunoblotting and QRT-PCR. Our findings revealed that B induced CRC cell death via multiple mechanisms including G2/M phase arrest caused by microtubule stabilization and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further studies revealed that B induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) attributed to activating the JNK signaling pathway by which apoptosis and autophagy was induced in Caco2 cells. Moreover, B exhibited good synergistic effects when combined with the well-known anticancer drug, 5-FU, and another cytotoxic novel compound D, which was isolated from the same crude extract of EL000327. Overall, Libertellenone T induces G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via activating the ROS/JNK pathway in CRC. Thus, B may be a potential anticancer therapeutic against CRC that is suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika D. B. Gamage
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - İsa Taş
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Pulat
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Mücahit Varlı
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
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Karagöz Y, Öztürk Karagöz B. Lichens in Pharmacological Action: What Happened in the Last Decade? Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:195-208. [PMID: 36655467 PMCID: PMC11163341 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a unique group of organisms, which can produce compounds that are named secondary metabolites and rarely or are not produced in other organisms. Lichens possess pharmacological actions related to their secondary metabolites. Our knowledge of lichens and their pharmacological actions rapidly increases as new technologies and devices, which facilitate the investigation of the chemical profile and biological activities of lichens, are introduced and become more readily available. In addition, new methods and perspectives, as well as suggestions for pharmacological mechanisms, accumulate daily. Furthermore, lichen substances stand as a relatively untapped source of natural products. Accordingly, researchers investigate the pharmacological actions of lichen-derived material more frequently than it was in the past. This review focused on the pharmacological activities of lichens published in the last 11 years (2012-2022). Literature data obtained from WebOfScience and PubMed databases using related search keywords revealed that anti-genotoxicity, anticancer, and anti-microbial activity studies have constantly been conducted. More recently, immunomodulatory and inflammation-related studies took to the stage. Enzyme inhibition actions were popular as well. Our selection was based on the novelty and mechanistic insight that papers presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Karagöz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Berna Öztürk Karagöz
- Department of Pharmacology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı, Turkey
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El-Far AH, Al Jaouni SK, Li X, Fu J. Cancer metabolism control by natural products: Pyruvate kinase M2 targeting therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3181-3201. [PMID: 35794729 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is the primary source of energy for cancer growth and metastasis. The shift in metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis is called the Warburg effect. Cancer progression due to aerobic glycolysis is often associated with the activation of oncogenes or the loss of tumor suppressors. Therefore, inhibition of glycolysis is one of the effective strategies in cancer control. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme overexpressed in breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, and liver cancers. Here, we discuss published studies regarding PKM2 inhibitors from natural products that are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy. We have highlighted the potential of natural PKM2 inhibitors for various cancer types. Moreover, we encourage researchers to evaluate the combinational effects between natural and synthetic PKM2 inhibitors. Also, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Arts and Sciences, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Mohammadi M, Bagheri L, Badreldin A, Fatehi P, Pakzad L, Suntres Z, van Wijnen AJ. Biological Effects of Gyrophoric Acid and Other Lichen Derived Metabolites, on Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109768. [PMID: 34864007 PMCID: PMC8808380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from fungi, algae and lichens have remarkable biological activities as antibiotics, fungicides, antiviral drugs, and cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on the lichen-derived metabolite gyrophoric acid and other select secondary metabolites (e.g., usnic acid, salazinic acid, physodic acid, vulpinic acid ceratinalone, flavicansone, ramalin, physciosporin, tumidulin, atranorin, parmosidone) that modulate a number of cellular pathways relevant to several biomedical diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We discuss the chemical structure and biochemical activities of gyrophoric acid and other compounds relative to the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that these metabolites target in a distinct human and rodent cell types. The therapeutic promise of gyrophoric acid and similar lichen derived metabolites is associated with the chemical versatility of these compounds as polyaromatic depsides with functional carboxyl and hydroxyl side-groups that may permit selective interactions with distinct enzymatic active sites. Gyrophoric acid has been examined in a series of studies as an effective anticancer drug because it impinges on topoisomerase 1 activity, as well as causes cell cycle arrest, comprises cell survival, and promotes apoptosis. Because gyrophoric acid has cytostatic properties, its biological roles and possible medicinal utility may extend beyond effects on cancer cells and be relevant to any process that is controlled by cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Amr Badreldin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
| | - Leila Pakzad
- Biorefining Research Institute (BRI), Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
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Dar TUH, Dar SA, Islam SU, Mangral ZA, Dar R, Singh BP, Verma P, Haque S. Lichens as a repository of bioactive compounds: an open window for green therapy against diverse cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1120-1137. [PMID: 34052413 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lichens, algae and fungi-based symbiotic associations, are sources of many important secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. Wide range of experiments based on in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that lichens are a rich treasure of anti-cancer compounds. Lichen extracts and isolated lichen compounds can interact with all biological entities currently identified to be responsible for tumor development. The critical ways to control the cancer development include induction of cell cycle arrests, blocking communication of growth factors, activation of anti-tumor immunity, inhibition of tumor-friendly inflammation, inhibition of tumor metastasis, and suppressing chromosome dysfunction. Also, lichen-based compounds induce the killing of cells by the process of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, that inturn positively modulates metabolic networks of cells against uncontrolled cell division. Many lichen-based compounds have proven to possess potential anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells, either alone or in conjunction with other anti-cancer compounds. This review primarily emphasizes on an updated account of the repository of secondary metabolites reported in lichens. Besides, we discuss the anti-cancer potential and possible mechanism of the most frequently reported secondary metabolites derived from lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ul Hassan Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahid Ahmed Mangral
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rubiya Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Tripathi AH, Negi N, Gahtori R, Kumari A, Joshi P, Tewari LM, Joshi Y, Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Upadhyay SK. A Review of Anti-Cancer and Related Properties of Lichen-Extracts and Metabolites. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:115-142. [PMID: 34225637 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210322094647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichens are a composite consortium of fungus and alga. The symbiotic organisms are naturally equipped with distinct characteristics as compared to constituting organisms separately. Lichens due to their peculiar anatomy and physiology, are the reservoir of more than 600 unique secondary metabolites, also known as 'lichen substances'. Since ancient times, many ethnic groups from various parts of the world had knowledge about the applications of lichens as major provenance of food/fodder, medicine, dyes, spices, perfumes, etc. Lichen substances have shown impressive antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities under experimental conditions. Usnic acid, a well-known metabolite, found in several species of lichens, possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It also has significant anti-proliferative potential as revealed through testing in different cancer cell lines. Atranorin, Lecanoric acid, Norstictic acid, Lobaric acid, Stictic acid, Ramalin, Gyrophoric acid, Salazinic acid, Protolichesterinic, and Fumarprotocetraric acid are some of the other purified lichen metabolites with potent anti-cancer activities. OBJECTIVE This study presents an overview of lichen derived extracts/compounds augmenting the anti-cancer (related) properties. METHOD The review comprehends different studies (in vivo and in vitro) backing up the possibility of lichen extracts and metabolites towards their use as antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and EMT-inhibiting agents. RESULTS The review focuses on anti-cancer and related properties of lichen extracts and metabolites that include their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic, cancer stemness reduction, activities and, the potential of inhibition of cancer-associated Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is responsible for multiple drug-resistance and metastasis of cancer cells in a large proportion of cases. CONCLUSION Lichens can be the repertoire of a plethora of lichen metabolites with putative bioactive potential, which is needed to be explored in order to find out novel anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nidhi Negi
- Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rekha Gahtori
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India-263136; b Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amrita Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India-263136; b Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Penny Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand. 0
| | - Lalit M Tewari
- Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yogesh Joshi
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Bajpai
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Dalip K Upreti
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
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Petrova K, Kello M, Kuruc T, Backorova M, Petrovova E, Vilkova M, Goga M, Rucova D, Backor M, Mojzis J. Potential Effect of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf Extract and Metabolite Physodic Acid on Tumour Microenvironment Modulation in MCF-10A Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030420. [PMID: 33809098 PMCID: PMC8000760 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens comprise a number of unique secondary metabolites with remarkable biological activities and have become an interesting research topic for cancer therapy. However, only a few of these metabolites have been assessed for their effectiveness against various in vitro models. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of extract Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (PSE) and its metabolite physodic acid (Phy) on tumour microenvironment (TME) modulation, focusing on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) transformation and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate, by using flow cytometry, Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy, that tested compounds inhibited the EMT process in MCF-10A breast cells through decreasing the level of different mesenchymal markers in a time- and dose-dependent manner. By the same mechanisms, PSE and Phy suppressed the function of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-stimulated fibroblasts. Moreover, PSE and Phy resulted in a decreasing level of the TGF-β canonical pathway Smad2/3, which is essential for tumour growth. Furthermore, PSE and Phy inhibited angiogenesis ex ovo in a quail embryo chorioallantoic model, which indicates their potential anti-angiogenic activity. These results also provided the first evidence of the modulation of TME by these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (K.P); (T.K.)
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (K.P); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomas Kuruc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (K.P); (T.K.)
| | - Miriam Backorova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Petrovova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Maria Vilkova
- Department of NMR Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Goga
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia; (D.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Dajana Rucova
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia; (D.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Backor
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia; (D.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (K.P); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
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11
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Mohammadi M, Zambare V, Malek L, Gottardo C, Suntres Z, Christopher L. Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:575-601. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1730325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mohammadi
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasudeo Zambare
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- School of Sciences, Sandip University, Nashik, India
| | - Ladislav Malek
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Gottardo
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zacharias Suntres
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lew Christopher
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biorefinery World, LLC, Rapid City, SD, USA
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12
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Anticancer Potential of Lichens' Secondary Metabolites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010087. [PMID: 31948092 PMCID: PMC7022966 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens produce different classes of phenolic compounds, including anthraquinones, xanthones, dibenzofuranes, depsides and depsidones. Many of them have revealed effective biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotics, antifungal, and anticancer. Although no clinical study has been conducted yet, there are number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating anticancer effects of lichen metabolites. The main goal of our work was to review most recent published papers dealing with anticancer activities of secondary metabolites of lichens and point out to their perspective clinical use in cancer management.
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13
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Wong KM, Song J, Saini V, Wong YH. Small Molecules as Drugs to Upregulate Metastasis Suppressors in Cancer Cells. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5876-5899. [PMID: 29788870 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180522090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well-recognized that the majority of cancer-related deaths is attributed to metastasis, which can arise from virtually any type of tumor. Metastasis is a complex multistep process wherein cancer cells must break away from the primary tumor, intravasate into the circulatory or lymphatic systems, extravasate, proliferate and eventually colonize secondary sites. Since these molecular processes involve the coordinated actions of numerous proteins, targeted disruptions of key players along these pathways represent possible therapeutic interventions to impede metastasis formation and reduce cancer mortality. A diverse group of proteins with demonstrated ability to inhibit metastatic colonization have been identified and they are collectively known as metastasis suppressors. Given that the metastasis suppressors are often downregulated in tumors, drug-induced re-expression or upregulation of these proteins represents a promising approach to limit metastasis. Indeed, over 40 compounds are known to exhibit efficacy in upregulating the expression of metastasis suppressors via transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms, and the most promising ones are being evaluated for their translational potentials. These small molecules range from natural products to drugs in clinical use and they apparently target different molecular pathways, reflecting the diverse nature of the metastasis suppressors. In this review, we provide an overview of the different classes of compounds known to possess the ability to upregulate one or more metastasis suppressors, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ming Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vasu Saini
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yung H Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and the Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Yang Y, Nguyen TT, Pereira I, Hur JS, Kim H. Lichen Secondary Metabolite Physciosporin Decreases the Stemness Potential of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120797. [PMID: 31795147 PMCID: PMC6995618 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of lichens are promising bioresources for candidate anti-cancer drugs. Accordingly, several approaches have been proposed for screening these molecules for novel anti-cancer lead compounds. In this study, we found that a non-toxic concentration of physciosporin, a compound isolated from Pseudocyphellaria granulata, significantly decreased colony formation on soft agar and spheroid formation by CSC221 cancer stem-like cells. Physciosporin also decreased spheroid formation in other colorectal cancer cell lines, including DLD1, Caco2, and HT29. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1), the most important cancer stem marker, was sharply downregulated at both the protein and mRNA level following treatment with physciosporin. Physciosporin also decreased the transcriptional activity of the glioma-associated oncogene homolog zinc finger protein (Gli), as well as the Hes1 and CSL promoters, in reporter assays. Moreover, the drug significantly suppressed spheroid formation in CSC221 cells overexpressing Gli1/2 or EN1 (an S2-cleaved but membrane-tethered form of human Notch1) but did not suppress spheroid formation in cells overexpressing both Gli1/2 and ∆EN1, suggesting that physciosporin suppresses colon cancer cell stemness through the Sonic hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that physciosporin is a potent inhibitor of colorectal cancer cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.T.N.)
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Thanh Thi Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.T.N.)
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea;
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thout 630000, Vietnam
| | - Iris Pereira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 747-721, Chile;
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea;
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3761
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15
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Yang Y, Bhosle SR, Yu YH, Park SY, Zhou R, Taş İ, Gamage CDB, Kim KK, Pereira I, Hur JS, Ha HH, Kim H. Tumidulin, a Lichen Secondary Metabolite, Decreases the Stemness Potential of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112968. [PMID: 30441806 PMCID: PMC6278574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens produce various unique chemicals that are used in the pharmaceutical industry. To screen for novel lichen secondary metabolites that inhibit the stemness potential of colorectal cancer cells, we tested acetone extracts of 11 lichen samples collected in Chile. Tumidulin, isolated from Niebla sp., reduced spheroid formation in CSC221, DLD1, and HT29 cells. In addition, mRNA expressions and protein levels of cancer stem markers aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1), cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133), CD44, Lgr5, and Musashi-1 were reduced after tumidulin treatment. Tumidulin decreased the transcriptional activity of the glioma-associated oncogene homolog zinc finger protein (Gli) promoter in reporter assays, and western blotting confirmed decreased Gli1, Gli2, and Smoothened (SMO) protein levels. Moreover, the tumidulin activity was not observed in the presence of Gli and SMO inhibitors. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that tumidulin is a potent inhibitor of colorectal cancer cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- Korean Lichen Res. Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Suresh R Bhosle
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Young Hyun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - İsa Taş
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- Korean Lichen Res. Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Chathurika D B Gamage
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- Korean Lichen Res. Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Iris Pereira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 747-721, Chile.
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Res. Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Ho Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
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Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q. DISCOMYCETES: the apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Zhou R, Yang Y, Park SY, Nguyen TT, Seo YW, Lee KH, Lee JH, Kim KK, Hur JS, Kim H. The lichen secondary metabolite atranorin suppresses lung cancer cell motility and tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8136. [PMID: 28811522 PMCID: PMC5557893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that produce various secondary metabolites. Here, different lichen extracts were examined to identify secondary metabolites with anti-migratory activity against human lung cancer cells. Everniastrum vexans had the most potent inhibitory activity, and atranorin was identified as an active subcomponent of this extract. Atranorin suppressed β-catenin-mediated TOPFLASH activity by inhibiting the nuclear import of β-catenin and downregulating β-catenin/LEF and c-jun/AP-1 downstream target genes such as CD44, cyclin-D1 and c-myc. Atranorin decreased KAI1 C-terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN)-mediated AP-1 activity and the activity of the KITENIN 3′-untranslated region. The nuclear distribution of the AP-1 transcriptional factor, including c-jun and c-fos, was suppressed in atranorin-treated cells, and atranorin inhibited the activity of Rho GTPases including Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, whereas it had no effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. STAT-luciferase activity and nuclear STAT levels were decreased, whereas total STAT levels were moderately reduced. The human cell motility and lung cancer RT² Profiler PCR Arrays identified additional atranorin target genes. Atranorin significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results indicated that E. vexans and its subcomponent atranorin may inhibit lung cancer cell motility and tumorigenesis by affecting AP-1, Wnt, and STAT signaling and suppressing RhoGTPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea.,Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam
| | - Young-Woo Seo
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Emsen B, Turkez H, Togar B, Aslan A. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of olivetoric and physodic acid in cultured human amnion fibroblasts. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:376-385. [PMID: 27206701 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116650012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is known that lichens are utilized for the treatment of many diseases including ulcer, diabetes, and cancer for many years. Secondary metabolites in the structure of the lichens provide various activity properties for them. In the present study, cytotoxic and oxidative effects of main constituents of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae), olivetoric acid (OA), and physodic acid (PA) were investigated on cultured human amnion fibroblasts (HAFs). OA and PA were isolated from P. furfuracea using column chromatography and their structures were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. HAFs were incubated during 48 h in the presence of OA and PA, at different concentrations from 6.25 mg/L to 200 mg/L. OA showed higher cytotoxicity than PA. In fact, median inhibitory concentration values of OA and PA were 571.27 and 3373.69 mg/L, respectively. The lower concentrations (<50 mg/L) of OA and PA did not cause oxidative stress and genotoxicity; furthermore, they supported anti-oxidative capacity of HAFs. Therefore, all these data suggested that both tested metabolites, especially PA might be developed as natural health medicine to protect human body against oxidative stress and genotoxicity. As far as we know, this is the first report on the cytotoxic and anti-oxidative activities of OA and PA on HAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Emsen
- 1 Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - H Turkez
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.,3 Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - B Togar
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Aslan
- 5 Department of Biology Education, Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Atranorin and lecanoric acid antagonize TCDD-induced xenobiotic response element-driven activity, but not xenobiotic response element-independent activity. J Nat Med 2016; 70:476-82. [PMID: 26979434 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that consist of fungi and photosynthetic symbionts (algae and/or cyanobacteria). Previous studies of their constituents suggested lichens produce many kinds of aromatic secondary metabolites, such as depsides, quinones, and dibenzofurans. In this study, we evaluated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonistic activity of 17 lichen substances and demonstrated that atranorin (1) and lecanoric acid (2), isolated from Parmotrema tinctorum Hale, showed an inhibitory effect on luciferase activity increased by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), using an XRE-driven pX4TK-Luc reporter gene assay. In addition, CYP1A1 mRNA and protein levels increased by TCDD were also suppressed by 1 and 2. Conversely, neither 1 nor 2 antagonized the suppressive effect of TCDD on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced acute-phase response (APR) gene expression. Thus, we concluded that 1 and 2 were selective AhR modulators that antagonize XRE-dependent activity, but not XRE-independent activity. However, 1 has different characteristics to 2 in that 1 alone showed a suppressive effect on IL-1β-induced APR gene expression in a similar fashion to TCDD.
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