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Tan Z, Han X, Dai C, Lu S, He H, Yao X, Chen P, Yang C, Zhao L, Yang QY, Zou J, Wen J, Hong D, Liu C, Ge X, Fan C, Yi B, Zhang C, Ma C, Liu K, Shen J, Tu J, Yang G, Fu T, Guo L, Zhao H. Functional genomics of Brassica napus: Progresses, challenges, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:484-509. [PMID: 38456625 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Brassica napus, commonly known as rapeseed or canola, is a major oil crop contributing over 13% to the stable supply of edible vegetable oil worldwide. Identification and understanding the gene functions in the B. napus genome is crucial for genomic breeding. A group of genes controlling agronomic traits have been successfully cloned through functional genomics studies in B. napus. In this review, we present an overview of the progress made in the functional genomics of B. napus, including the availability of germplasm resources, omics databases and cloned functional genes. Based on the current progress, we also highlight the main challenges and perspectives in this field. The advances in the functional genomics of B. napus contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis underlying the complex agronomic traits in B. napus and will expedite the breeding of high quality, high resistance and high yield in B. napus varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengdong Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xu Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hanzi He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Jun Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianhong Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bing Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Naake T, Zhu F, Alseekh S, Scossa F, Perez de Souza L, Borghi M, Brotman Y, Mori T, Nakabayashi R, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Genome-wide association studies identify loci controlling specialized seed metabolites in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1705-1721. [PMID: 37758174 PMCID: PMC10904349 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize specialized metabolites to facilitate environmental and ecological interactions. During evolution, plants diversified in their potential to synthesize these metabolites. Quantitative differences in metabolite levels of natural Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions can be employed to unravel the genetic basis for metabolic traits using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we performed metabolic GWAS on seeds of a panel of 315 A. thaliana natural accessions, including the reference genotypes C24 and Col-0, for polar and semi-polar seed metabolites using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a complementary approach, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of near-isogenic introgression lines between C24 and Col-0 for specific seed specialized metabolites. Besides common QTL between seeds and leaves, GWAS revealed seed-specific QTL for specialized metabolites, indicating differences in the genetic architecture of seeds and leaves. In seeds, aliphatic methylsulfinylalkyl and methylthioalkyl glucosinolates associated with the ALKENYL HYDROXYALKYL PRODUCING loci (GS-ALK and GS-OHP) on chromosome 4 containing alkenyl hydroxyalkyl producing 2 (AOP2) and 3 (AOP3) or with the GS-ELONG locus on chromosome 5 containing methylthioalkyl malate synthase (MAM1) and MAM3. We detected two unknown sulfur-containing compounds that were also mapped to these loci. In GWAS, some of the annotated flavonoids (kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside) were mapped to transparent testa 7 (AT5G07990), encoding a cytochrome P450 75B1 monooxygenase. Three additional mass signals corresponding to quercetin-containing flavonols were mapped to UGT78D2 (AT5G17050). The association of the loci and associating metabolic features were functionally verified in knockdown mutant lines. By performing GWAS and QTL mapping, we were able to leverage variation of natural populations and parental lines to study seed specialized metabolism. The GWAS data set generated here is a high-quality resource that can be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naake
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Federico Scossa
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Monica Borghi
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84321-5305, USA
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Deng M, Chen H, Zhang W, Cahoon EB, Zhou Y, Zhang C. Genetic improvement of tocotrienol content enhances the oxidative stability of canola oil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1247781. [PMID: 37790787 PMCID: PMC10543761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1247781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Tocotrienols and tocopherols, which are synthesized in plastids of plant cells with similar functionalities, comprise vitamin E to serve as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant in plants. The synthesis of tocopherols involves the condensation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) under the catalysis of homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Tocotrienol synthesis is initiated by the condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) mediated by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). As one of the most important oil crops, canola seed is regarded as an ideal plant to efficiently improve the production of vitamin E tocochromanols through genetic engineering approaches. However, only a modest increase in tocopherol content has been achieved in canola seed to date. Methods In this study, we transformed barley HGGT (HvHGGT) into canola to improve total tocochromanol content in canola seeds. Results and discussion The results showed that the total tocochromanol content in the transgenic canola seeds could be maximally increased by fourfold relative to that in wild-type canola seeds. Notably, no negative impact on important agronomic traits was observed in transgenic canola plants, indicating great application potential of the HvHGGT gene in enhancing tocochromanol content in canola in the future. Moreover, the oil extracted from the transgenic canola seeds exhibited significantly enhanced oxidative stability under high temperature in addition to the increase in total tocochromanol content, demonstrating multiple desirable properties of HvHGGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Soengas P, Madloo P, Lema M. Spectral Reflectance Indexes Reveal Differences in the Physiological Status of Brassica oleracea with Contrasting Glucosinolate Content under Biotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2698. [PMID: 37514312 PMCID: PMC10384497 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Brassica species produce glucosinolates, a specific group of secondary metabolites present in the Brassicaceae family with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The employment of improved varieties for specific glucosinolates would reduce the production losses caused by pathogen attack. However, the consequences of the increment in these secondary metabolites in the plant are unknown. In this work, we utilized reflectance indexes to test how the physiological status of Brasica oleracea plants changes depending on their constitutive content of glucosinolates under nonstressful conditions and under the attack of the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The modification in the content of glucosinolates had consequences in the resistance to both necrotrophic pathogens, and in several physiological aspects of the plants. By increasing the content in sinigrin and glucobrassicin, plants decrease photosynthesis efficiency (PR531, FvFm), biomass production (CHL-NDVI, SR), pigment content (SIPI, NPQI, RE), and senescence (YI) and increase their water content (WI900). These variables may have a negative impact in the productivity of crops in an agricultural environment. However, when plants are subjected to the attack of both necrotrophic pathogens, an increment of sinigrin and glucobrassicin confers an adaptative advantage to the plants, which compensates for the decay of physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pari Madloo
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
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Qin H, King GJ, Borpatragohain P, Zou J. Developing multifunctional crops by engineering Brassicaceae glucosinolate pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023:100565. [PMID: 36823985 PMCID: PMC10363516 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family, are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites. Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs, GSL-derived hydrolysis products (GHPs) primarily defend against biotic stress in planta. They also significantly affect the quality of crop products, with a subset of GHPs contributing unique food flavors and multiple therapeutic benefits or causing disagreeable food odors and health risks. Here, we explore the potential of these bioactive functions, which could be exploited for future sustainable agriculture. We first summarize our accumulated understanding of GSL diversity and distribution across representative Brassicaceae species. We then systematically discuss and evaluate the potential of exploited and unutilized genes involved in GSL biosynthesis, transport, and hydrolysis as candidate GSL engineering targets. Benefiting from available information on GSL and GHP functions, we explore options for multifunctional Brassicaceae crop ideotypes to meet future demand for food diversification and sustainable crop production. An integrated roadmap is subsequently proposed to guide ideotype development, in which maximization of beneficial effects and minimization of detrimental effects of GHPs could be combined and associated with various end uses. Based on several use-case examples, we discuss advantages and limitations of available biotechnological approaches that may contribute to effective deployment and could provide novel insights for optimization of future GSL engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jun Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Tang Y, Zhang G, Jiang X, Shen S, Guan M, Tang Y, Sun F, Hu R, Chen S, Zhao H, Li J, Lu K, Yin N, Qu C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Glucosinolate Metabolites (mGWAS) in Brassica napus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030639. [PMID: 36771722 PMCID: PMC9921834 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites that are enriched in rapeseed and related Brassica species, and they play important roles in defense due to their anti-nutritive and toxic properties. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study of six glucosinolate metabolites (mGWAS) in rapeseed, including three aliphatic glucosinolates (m145 gluconapin, m150 glucobrassicanapin and m151 progoitrin), one aromatic glucosinolate (m157 gluconasturtiin) and two indole glucosinolates (m165 indolylmethyl glucosinolate and m172 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin), respectively. We identified 113 candidate intervals significantly associated with these six glucosinolate metabolites. In the genomic regions linked to the mGWAS peaks, 187 candidate genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis (e.g., BnaMAM1, BnaGGP1, BnaSUR1 and BnaMYB51) and novel genes (e.g., BnaMYB44, BnaERF025, BnaE2FC, BnaNAC102 and BnaDREB1D) were predicted based on the mGWAS, combined with analysis of differentially expressed genes. Our results provide insight into the genetic basis of glucosinolate biosynthesis in rapeseed and should facilitate marker-based breeding for improved seed quality in Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Tang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shulin Shen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mingwei Guan
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fujun Sun
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Si Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huiyan Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Affiliation Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
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7
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Transgenic Improvement for Biotic Resistance of Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214370. [PMID: 36430848 PMCID: PMC9697442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic constraints, including pathogenic fungi, viruses and bacteria, herbivory insects, as well as parasitic nematodes, cause significant yield loss and quality deterioration of crops. The effect of conventional management of these biotic constraints is limited. The advances in transgenic technologies provide a direct and directional approach to improve crops for biotic resistance. More than a hundred transgenic events and hundreds of cultivars resistant to herbivory insects, pathogenic viruses, and fungi have been developed by the heterologous expression of exogenous genes and RNAi, authorized for cultivation and market, and resulted in a significant reduction in yield loss and quality deterioration. However, the exploration of transgenic improvement for resistance to bacteria and nematodes by overexpression of endogenous genes and RNAi remains at the testing stage. Recent advances in RNAi and CRISPR/Cas technologies open up possibilities to improve the resistance of crops to pathogenic bacteria and plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other biotic constraints.
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Glucosinolates and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Brassicaceae with Emphasis on Cabbage: A Review. Biochem Genet 2022; 61:451-470. [PMID: 36057909 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) and GSL-associated genes are receiving increasing attention from molecular biologists due to their multifunctional properties. GSLs are secondary metabolites considered to be highly active in most Brassica species. Their importance has motivated the discovery and functional analysis of the GSLs and GSL hydrolysis products involved in disease development in brassicas and other plants. Comprehensive knowledge of the GSL content of Brassica species and the molecular details of GSL-related genes will help elucidate the molecular control of this plant defense system. This report provides an overview of the current status of knowledge on GSLs, GSL biosynthesis, as well as hydrolysis related genes, and GSL hydrolysis products that regulate fungal, bacterial, and insect resistance in cabbage and other brassicas.
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Zuo R, Xie M, Gao F, Sumbal W, Cheng X, Liu Y, Bai Z, Liu S. The Characterization of the Phloem Protein 2 Gene Family Associated with Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3934. [PMID: 35409295 PMCID: PMC8999561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, phloem is not only a vital structure that is used for nutrient transportation, but it is also the location of a response that defends against various stresses, named phloem-based defense (PBD). Phloem proteins (PP2s) are among the predominant proteins in phloem, indicating their potential functional role in PBD. Sclerotinia disease (SD), which is caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), is a devastating disease that affects oil crops, especially Brassica napus (B. napus), mainly by blocking nutrition and water transportation through xylem and phloem. Presently, the role of PP2s in SD resistance is still largely estimated. Therefore, in this study, we identified 62 members of the PP2 gene family in the B. napus genome with an uneven distribution across the 19 chromosomes. A phylogenetic analysis classified the BnPP2s into four clusters (I-IV), with cluster I containing the most members (28 genes) as a consequence of its frequent genome segmental duplication. A comparison of the gene structures and conserved motifs suggested that BnPP2 genes were well conserved in clusters II to IV, but were variable in cluster I. Interestingly, the motifs in different clusters displayed unique features, such as motif 6 specifically existing in cluster III and motif 1 being excluded from cluster IV. These results indicated the possible functional specification of BnPP2s. A transcriptome data analysis showed that the genes in clusters II to IV exhibited dynamic expression alternation in tissues and the stimulation of S. sclerotiorum, suggesting that they could participate in SD resistance. A GWAS analysis of a rapeseed population comprising 324 accessions identified four BnPP2 genes that were potentially responsible for SD resistance and a transgenic study that was conducted by transiently expressing BnPP2-6 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves validated their positive role in regulating SD resistance in terms of reduced lesion size after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum hyphal plugs. This study provides useful information on PP2 gene functions in B. napus and could aid elaborated functional studies on the PP2 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zetao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China; (R.Z.); (M.X.); (F.G.); (W.S.); (X.C.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
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10
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Agerbirk N, Pattison DI, Mandáková T, Lysak MA, Montaut S, Staerk D. Ancient Biosyntheses in an Oil Crop: Glucosinolate Profiles in Limnanthes alba and Its Relatives (Limnanthaceae, Brassicales). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1134-1147. [PMID: 35061395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate (GSL) profiles of four Limnanthaceae species, including the oil crop Limnanthes alba (meadowfoam), were investigated by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS) analysis of desulfoGSLs after desulfation of native GSLs, supplemented by NMR of desulfated 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylGSL and 3-methoxybenzylGSL. Leaves, roots, and seeds were investigated, providing an overview of biosynthetic capabilities in the genera Floerkea and Limnanthes. Methoxyl groups on benzylGSLs were in meta but not para positions; two 3,5-disubstituted benzylGSLs are tentatively proposed. 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropylGSL was accompanied by an isomer that was not a previously reported GSL. The combined GSL profile of the family included GSLs derived from valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, and possibly methionine and tryptophan. Substituted indole GSLs and GSLs derived from chain-elongated amino acids or alanine were searched for but not detected. Hypothetic glycosides of GSLs were detected at low levels. Based on biochemical interpretation, we suggest biosynthetic schemes and gene families (CYP79C, GSOH) relevant for tailoring GSL profiles in Limnanthes crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- CEITEC─Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin A Lysak
- CEITEC─Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Biomolecular Sciences Programme, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Glucosinolate biosynthesis: role of MAM synthase and its perspectives. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229828. [PMID: 34545928 PMCID: PMC8490860 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates, synthesized by the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway, are the secondary metabolites used as a defence mechanism in the Brassicaceae plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. The first committed step in the pathway, catalysed by methylthioalkylmalate (MAM) synthase (EC: 2.3.3.17), is to produce different variants of glucosinolates. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that possibly MAM synthases have been evolved from isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS) by the substitutions of five amino acid residues (L143I, H167L, S216G, N250G and P252G) in the active site of IPMS due to point mutations. Considering the importance of MAM synthase in Brassicaceae plants, Petersen et al. (2019) made an effort to characterise the MAM synthase (15 MAM1 variants) in vitro by single substitution or double substitutions. In their study, the authors have expressed the variants in Escherichia coli and analysed the amino acids in the cultures of E. coli in vivo. Since modifying the MAM synthases by transgenic approaches could increase the resistance of Brassicaceae plants for enhancing the defence effect of glucosinolates and their degraded products; hence, MAM synthases should be characterized in detail in vivo in A. thaliana along with the structural analysis of the enzyme for meaningful impact and for its imminent use in vivo.
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12
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Xu B, Gong X, Chen S, Hu M, Zhang J, Peng Q. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Complex Molecular Mechanisms of Brassica napus- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:716935. [PMID: 34691098 PMCID: PMC8531588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.716935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease for many important crops worldwide, including Brassica napus. Although numerous studies have been performed on the gene expression changes in B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of B. napus-S. sclerotiorum interactions is limited. Here, we revealed the changes in the gene expression and related pathways in both B. napus and S. sclerotiorum during the sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) infection process using transcriptome analyses. In total, 1,986, 2,217, and 16,079 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in B. napus at 6, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, whereas 1,511, 1,208, and 2,051 DEGs, respectively, were identified in S. sclerotiorum. The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that most of the hormone-signaling pathways in B. napus were enriched, and thus, the hormone contents at four stages were measured. The DEGs and hormone contents revealed that salicylic acid was activated, while the jasmonic acid pathway was repressed at 24 h post-inoculation. Additionally, the expressional patterns of the cell wall-degrading enzyme-encoding genes in S. sclerotiorum and the hydrolytic enzymes in B. napus were consistent with the SSR infection process. The results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum and the development of future preventive measures against SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Gong
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maolong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Liu D, Wu J, Lin L, Li P, Li S, Wang Y, Li J, Sun Q, Liang J, Wang Y. Overexpression of Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase 2 in Brassica napus Increases Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Affecting Lignin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732733. [PMID: 34630482 PMCID: PMC8494948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes severe yield and economic losses for many crop and vegetable species, especially Brassica napus. To date, no immune B. napus germplasm has been identified, giving rise to a major challenge in the breeding of Sclerotinia resistance. In the present study, we found that, compared with a Sclerotinia-susceptible line (J902), a Sclerotinia-resistant line (J964) exhibited better xylem development and a higher lignin content in the stems, which may limit the invasion and spread of S. sclerotiorum during the early infection period. In addition, genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were induced under S. sclerotiorum infection in both lines, indicating that lignin was deposited proactively in infected tissues. We then overexpressed BnaC.CCR2.b, which encodes the first rate-limiting enzyme (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) that catalyzes the reaction of lignin-specific pathways, and found that overexpression of BnaC.CCR2.b increased the lignin content in the stems of B. napus by 2.28-2.76% under normal growth conditions. We further evaluated the Sclerotinia resistance of BnaC.CCR2.b overexpression lines at the flower-termination stage and found that the disease lesions on the stems of plants in the T2 and T3 generations decreased by 12.2-33.7% and 32.5-37.3% compared to non-transgenic control plants, respectively, at 7days post-inoculation (dpi). The above results indicate that overexpression of BnaC.CCR2.b leads to an increase in lignin content in the stems, which subsequently leads to increased resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Our findings demonstrate that increasing the lignin content in the stems of B. napus is an important strategy for controlling Sclerotinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Saifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qinfu Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Madloo P, Lema M, Cartea ME, Soengas P. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Response to Long Exposure to Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products by Transcriptomic Approach. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0018021. [PMID: 34259546 PMCID: PMC8552769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00180-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
White mold disease, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, affects Brassica crops. Brassica crops produce a broad array of compounds, such as glucosinolates, which contribute to the defense against pathogens. From their hydrolysis, several products arise that have antimicrobial activity (GHPs) whose toxicity is structure dependent. S. sclerotiorum may overcome the toxic effect of moderate GHP concentrations after prolonged exposure to their action. Our objective was to identify the molecular mechanism underlying S. sclerotiorum response to long exposure to two chemically diverse GHPs: aliphatic GHP allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) and indole GHP indol-3-carbinol (I3C). We found that the transcriptomic response is dependent on the type of GHP and on their initial target, involving cell membranes in the case of AITC or DNA in the case of I3C. Response mechanisms include the reorganization of chromatin, mediated by histone chaperones hip4 and cia1, ribosome synthesis controlled by the kinase-phosphatase pair aps1-ppn1, catabolism of proteins, ergosterol synthesis, and induction of detoxification systems. These mechanisms probably help S. sclerotiorum to grow and survive in an environment where GHPs are constantly produced by Brassica plants upon glucosinolate breakdown. IMPORTANCEBrassica species, including important vegetable crops, such as cabbage, cauliflower, or broccoli, or oil crops, such as rapeseed, produce specific chemical compounds useful to protect them against pests and pathogens. One of the most destructive Brassica diseases in temperate areas around the world is Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This is a generalist pathogen that causes disease over more than 400 plant species, being a serious threat to economically important crops worldwide, including potato, bean, soybean, and sunflower, among many others. Understanding the mechanisms utilized by pathogens to overcome specific plant defensive compounds can be useful to increase plant resistance. Our study demonstrated that Sclerotinia shows different adaptation mechanisms, including detoxification systems, to grow and survive when plant protective compounds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Madloo
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, School of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- Department of Functional Biology, School of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
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15
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Improvement of glucosinolates by metabolic engineering in Brassica crops. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:314-329. [PMID: 36303883 PMCID: PMC9590530 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a class of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing, and amino acid-derived important secondary metabolites, which mainly present in plants of Brassicaceae family, including Brassica crops, such as broccoli, cabbage, and oilseed rape. The bioactive GSL metabolites confer benefits to plant defense, human health, and the unique flavor of some Brassica crops. However, certain GSL profiles have adverse effects and are known as anti-nutritional factors. This has attracted mounting attempts to increase beneficial GSLs and reduce detrimental ones in the most commonly consumed Brassica crops. We provide a comprehensive overview of metabolic engineering applied in Brassica crops to achieve this purpose, including modulation of GSL biosynthesis, ablation of GSL hydrolysis, inhibition of GSL transport processes, and redirection of metabolic flux to GSL. Moreover, advances in omics approaches, i.e., genomics, transcriptome, and metabolome, applied in the elucidation of GSL metabolism in Brassica crops, as well as promising and potential genome-editing technologies are also discussed.
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16
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Ding LN, Li T, Guo XJ, Li M, Liu XY, Cao J, Tan XL. Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Rapeseed: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2965-2978. [PMID: 33667087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the main diseases seriously affecting the yield and oil quality of infected rapeseed crops. The complexity of the inheritance of resistance and of the interaction mechanisms between rapeseed and S. sclerotiorum limits resistance gene identification and molecular breeding. In this review, the latest progress of research into resistance to SSR in B. napus is summarized from the following three directions: the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum, the resistance mechanisms of B. napus toward S. sclerotiorum, and rapeseed breeding for resistance to SSR. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Poveda J, Francisco M, Cartea ME, Velasco P. Development of Transgenic Brassica Crops Against Biotic Stresses Caused by Pathogens and Arthropod Pests. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121664. [PMID: 33261092 PMCID: PMC7761317 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed. Their cultivation and postharvest are continually threatened by significant stresses of biotic origin, such as pathogens and pests. In recent years, numerous research groups around the world have developed transgenic lines within the Brassica genus that are capable of defending themselves effectively against these enemies. The present work compiles all the existing studies to date on this matter, focusing in a special way on those of greater relevance in recent years, the choice of the gene of interest and the mechanisms involved in improving plant defenses. Some of the main transgenic lines developed include coding genes for chitinases, glucanases or cry proteins, which show effective results against pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae, Leptosphaeria maculans or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, or pests such as Lipaphis erysimi or Plutella xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-85-48-00 (ext. 232)
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18
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Neik TX, Amas J, Barbetti M, Edwards D, Batley J. Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions in Brassica napus in the Omics Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1336. [PMID: 33050509 PMCID: PMC7599536 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape/rapeseed) is an economically important crop, mostly found in temperate and sub-tropical regions, that is cultivated widely for its edible oil. Major diseases of Brassica crops such as Blackleg, Clubroot, Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Downy Mildew, Alternaria Leaf Spot and White Rust have caused significant yield and economic losses in rapeseed-producing countries worldwide, exacerbated by global climate change, and, if not remedied effectively, will threaten global food security. To gain further insights into the host-pathogen interactions in relation to Brassica diseases, it is critical that we review current knowledge in this area and discuss how omics technologies can offer promising results and help to push boundaries in our understanding of the resistance mechanisms. Omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, allow us to understand the host and pathogen, as well as the interaction between the two species at a deeper level. With these integrated data in multi-omics and systems biology, we are able to breed high-quality disease-resistant Brassica crops in a more holistic, targeted and accurate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Neik
- Sunway College Kuala Lumpur, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Junrey Amas
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Martin Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
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Harun S, Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. A Comprehensive Gene Inventory for Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7281-7297. [PMID: 32551569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites comprising sulfur and nitrogen mainly found in plants from the order of Brassicales, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The activated forms of GSL play important roles in fighting against pathogens and have health benefits to humans. The increasing amount of data on A. thaliana generated from various omics technologies can be investigated more deeply in search of new genes or compounds involved in GSL biosynthesis and metabolism. This review describes a comprehensive inventory of A. thaliana GSLs identified from published literature and databases such as KNApSAcK, KEGG, and AraCyc. A total of 113 GSL genes encoding for 23 transcription components, 85 enzymes, and five protein transporters were experimentally characterized in the past two decades. Continuous efforts are still on going to identify all molecules related to the production of GSLs. A manually curated database known as SuCCombase (http://plant-scc.org) was developed to serve as a comprehensive GSL inventory. Realizing lack of information on the regulation of GSL biosynthesis and degradation mechanisms, this review also includes relevant information and their connections with crosstalk among various factors, such as light, sulfur metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, not only in A. thaliana but also in other crucifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarahani Harun
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad-Redha Abdullah-Zawawi
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Liu S, Huang H, Yi X, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Zhang C, Fan C, Zhou Y. Dissection of genetic architecture for glucosinolate accumulations in leaves and seeds of Brassica napus by genome-wide association study. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1472-1484. [PMID: 31820843 PMCID: PMC7206990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), whose degradation products have been shown to be increasingly important for human health and plant defence, compose important secondary metabolites found in the order Brassicales. It is highly desired to enhance pest and disease resistance by increasing the leaf GSL content while keeping the content low in seeds of Brassica napus, one of the most important oil crops worldwide. Little is known about the regulation of GSL accumulation in the leaves. We quantified the levels of 9 different GSLs and 15 related traits in the leaves of 366 accessions and found that the seed and leaf GSL content were highly correlated (r = 0.79). A total of 78 loci were associated with GSL traits, and five common and eleven tissue-specific associated loci were related to total leaf and seed GSL content. Thirty-six candidate genes were inferred to be involved in GSL biosynthesis. The candidate gene BnaA03g40190D (BnaA3.MYB28) was validated by DNA polymorphisms and gene expression analysis. This gene was responsible for high leaf/low seed GSL content and could explain 30.62% of the total leaf GSL variation in the low seed GSL panel and was not fixed during double-low rapeseed breeding. Our results provide new insights into the genetic basis of GSL variation in leaves and seeds and may facilitate the metabolic engineering of GSLs and the breeding of high leaf/low seed GSL content in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Huibin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xinqi Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qingyong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural BioinformaticsCollege of InformaticsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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21
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Anthony MA, Celenza JL, Armstrong A, Frey SD. Indolic glucosinolate pathway provides resistance to mycorrhizal fungal colonization in a non‐host Brassicaceae. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Anthony
- Department of Natural Resources University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - J. L. Celenza
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - A. Armstrong
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - S. D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
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22
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Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the white flower gene Brwf in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6080. [PMID: 32269266 PMCID: PMC7142070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower color can be applied to landscaping and identification of the purity of seeds in hybrid production. However, the molecular basis of white flower trait remains largely unknown in Brassica rapa. In this study, an F2 population was constructed from the cross between 15S1040 (white flower) and 92S105 (yellow flower) for fine mapping of white flower genes in B. rapa. Genetic analysis indicated that white flower trait is controlled by two recessive loci, Brwf1 and Brwf2. Using InDel and SNP markers, Brwf1 was mapped to a 49.6-kb region on chromosome A01 containing 9 annotated genes, and among them, Bra013602 encodes a plastid-lipid associated protein (PAP); Brwf2 was located in a 59.3-kb interval on chromosome A09 harboring 12 annotated genes, in which Bra031539 was annotated as a carotenoid isomerase gene (CRTISO). The amino acid sequences of BrPAP and BrCRTISO were compared between two yellow-flowered and three white-flowered lines and critical amino acid mutations of BrPAP and BrCRTISO were identified between yellow-flowered and white-flowered lines. Therefore, Bra013602 and Bra031539 were predicted as potential candidates for white flower trait. Our results provide a foundation for further identification of Brwf and increase understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white flower formation in Chinese cabbage.
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23
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Wang J, Singh SK, Geng S, Zhang S, Yuan L. Genome-wide analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase gene family and functional characterization of two cutin group GPATs in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2020; 251:93. [PMID: 32246349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification, spatio-temporal expression analysis and functional characterization of selected Brassica napus GPATs highlight their roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (GPAT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycerolipids, a major component of cellular membranes and extracellular protective layers, such as cuticles in plants. Brassica napus is an economically important crop and cultivated worldwide mostly for its edible oil. The B. napus GPATs (BnGPATs) are insufficiently characterized. Here, we performed genome-wide analysis to identify putative GPATs in B. napus and its diploid progenitors B. rapa and B oleracea. The 32 B. napus BnGPATs are phylogenetically divided into three major groups, cutin, suberin, and diverse ancient groups. Analysis of transcriptomes of different tissues and seeds at different developmental stages revealed the spatial and temporal expression profiles of BnGPATs. The yield and oil quality of B. napus are adversely affected by the necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that several BnGPATs, including cutin-related BnGPAT19 and 21, were upregulated in the S. sclerotiorum resistant line. RNAi-mediated suppression of BnGPAT19 and 21 in B. napus resulted in thinner cuticle, leading to rapid water and chlorophyll loss in toluidine blue staining and leaf bleaching assays. In addition, the RNAi plants also developed severe necrotic lesions following fungal inoculation compared to the wild-type plants, indicating that BnGPAT19 and 21 are likely involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis that is critical for initial pathogen defense. Taken together, we provided a comprehensive account of GPATs B. napus and characterized BnGPAT19 and 21 for their potential roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Siyu Geng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Sugarcane in Response to Infection by Xanthomonas albilineans Using iTRAQ Quantitative Proteomics. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010076. [PMID: 31947808 PMCID: PMC7023244 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane can suffer severe yield losses when affected by leaf scald, a disease caused by Xanthomonas albilineans. This bacterial pathogen colonizes the vascular system of sugarcane, which can result in reduced plant growth and plant death. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of sugarcane to leaf scald, a comparative proteomic study was performed with two sugarcane cultivars inoculated with X. albilineans: one resistant (LCP 85-384) and one susceptible (ROC20) to leaf scald. The iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) approach at 0 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) was used to identify and annotate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). A total of 4295 proteins were associated with 1099 gene ontology (GO) terms by GO analysis. Among those, 285 were DEPs during X. albilineans infection in cultivars LCP 85-384 and ROC20. One hundred seventy-two DEPs were identified in resistant cultivar LCP 85-384, and 113 of these proteins were upregulated and 59 were downregulated. One hundred ninety-two DEPs were found in susceptible cultivar ROC20 and half of these (92) were upregulated, whereas the other half corresponded to downregulated proteins. The significantly upregulated DEPs in LCP 85-384 were involved in metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, the expression of seven candidate genes related to photosynthesis and glycolytic pathways, plant innate immune system, glycosylation process, plant cytochrome P450, and non-specific lipid transfer protein was verified based on transcription levels in sugarcane during infection by X. albilineans. Our findings shed new light on the differential expression of proteins in sugarcane cultivars in response to infection by X. albilineans. The identification of these genes provides important information for sugarcane variety improvement programs using molecular breeding strategies.
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25
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Huai D, Xue X, Li Y, Wang P, Li J, Yan L, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu N, Kang Y, Wang Z, Huang Y, Jiang H, Lei Y, Liao B. Genome-Wide Identification of Peanut KCS Genes Reveals That AhKCS1 and AhKCS28 Are Involved in Regulating VLCFA Contents in Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:406. [PMID: 32457765 PMCID: PMC7221192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Compared to other common edible vegetable oils, peanut oil contains a higher content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), approximately 20-40% of which are very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). To understand the basis for this oil profile, we interrogated genes for peanut β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), which is known to be a key enzyme in VLCFA biosynthesis. A total of 30 AhKCS genes were identified in the assembled genome of the peanut. Based on transcriptome data, nine AhKCS genes with high expression levels in developing seeds were cloned and expressed in yeast. All these AhKCSs could produce VLCFAs but result in different profiles, indicating that the AhKCSs catalyzed fatty acid elongation with different substrate specificities. Expression level analysis of these nine AhKCS genes was performed in developing seeds from six peanut germplasm lines with different VLCFA contents. Among these genes, the expression levels of AhKCS1 or AhKCS28 were, 4-10-fold higher than that of any other AhKCS. However, only the expression levels of AhKCS1 and AhKCS28 were significantly and positively correlated with the VLCFA content, suggesting that AhKCS1 and AhKCS28 were involved in the regulation of VLCFA content in the peanut seed. Further subcellular localization analysis indicated that AhKCS1 and AhKCS28 were located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Overexpression of AhKCS1 or AhKCS28 in Arabidopsis increased the contents of VLCFAs in the seed, especially for very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs). Taken together, this study suggests that AhKCS1 and AhKCS28 could be key genes in regulating VLCFA biosynthesis in the seed, which could be applied to improve the health-promoting and nutritional qualities of the peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Huai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou, China
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Lei,
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Boshou Liao,
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26
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Qasim MU, Zhao Q, Shahid M, Samad RA, Ahmar S, Wu J, Fan C, Zhou Y. Identification of QTLs Containing Resistance Genes for Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Brassica napus Using Comparative Transcriptomic Studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:776. [PMID: 32655594 PMCID: PMC7325899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot is a major disease in Brassica napus that causes yield losses of 10-20% and reaching 80% in severely infected fields. SSR not only causes yield reduction but also causes low oil quality by reducing fatty acid content. There is a need to identify resistant genetic sources with functional significance for the breeding of SSR-resistant cultivars. In this study, we identified 17 QTLs involved in SSR resistance in three different seasons using SNP markers and disease lesion development after artificial inoculation. There were no common QTLs in all 3 years, but there were three QTLs that appeared in two seasons covering all seasons with a shared QTL. The QTLs identified in the 2 years were SRA9a, SRC2a and SRC3a with phenotypic effect variances of 14.75 and 11.57% for SRA9a, 7.49 and 10.38% for SRC3a and 7.73 and 6.81% for SRC2a in their 2 years, respectively. The flowering time was also found to have a negative correlation with disease resistance, i.e., early-maturing lines were more susceptible to disease. The stem width has shown a notably weak effect on disease development, causing researchers to ignore its effect. Given that flowering time is an important factor in disease resistance, we used comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of resistant and susceptible lines with consistent performance in 3 years with almost the same flowering time to identify the resistance genes directly involved in resistance within the QTL regions. Overall, there were more genes differentially expressed in resistant lines 19,970 than in susceptible lines 3936 compared to their mock-inoculated lines, demonstrating their tendency to cope with disease. We identified 36 putative candidate genes from the resistant lines that were upregulated in resistant lines compared to resistant mock and susceptible lines that might be involved in resistance to SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Uzair Qasim
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rana Abdul Samad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongming Zhou,
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27
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Nugroho ABD, Han N, Pervitasari AN, Kim DH, Kim J. Differential expression of major genes involved in the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates in intergeneric Baemoochae (Brassicaceae) and its parents during development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:171-184. [PMID: 31792713 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thus study found the temporal and spatial relationship between production of aliphatic glucosinolate compounds and the expression profile of glucosinolate-related genes during growth and development in radish, Chinese cabbage, and their intergeneric hybrid baemoochae plants. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are one of major bioactive compounds in Brassicaceae plants. GSLs play a role in defense against microbes as well as chemo-preventative activity against cancer, which draw attentions from plant scientists. We investigated the temporal relationship between production of aliphatic Glucosinolate (GSLs) compounds and the expression profile of GSL related genes during growth and development in radish, Chinese cabbage, and their intergeneric hybrid, baemoochae. Over the complete life cycle, Glucoraphasatin (GRH) and glucoraphanin (GRE) predominated in radish, whereas gluconapin (GNP), glucobrassicanapin (GBN), and glucoraphanin (GRA) abounded in Chinese cabbage. Baemoochae contained intermediate levels of all GSLs studied, indicating inheritance from both radish and Chinese cabbage. Expression patterns of BCAT4, CYP79F1, CYP83A1, UGT74B1, GRS1, FMOgs-ox1, and AOP2 genes showed a correlation to their corresponding encoded proteins in radish, Chinese cabbage, and baemoochae. Interestingly, there is a sharp change in gene expression pattern involved in side chain modification, particularly GRS1, FMOgs-ox1, and AOP2, among these plants during the vegetative and reproductive stage. For instance, the GRS1 was strongly expressed during leaf development, while both of FMOgs-ox1 and AOP2 was manifested high in floral tissues. Furthermore, expression of GRS1 gene which is responsible for GRH production was predominantly expressed in leaf tissues of radish and baemoochae, whereas it was only slightly detected in Chinese cabbage root tissue, explaining why radish has an abundance of GRH compared to other Brassica plants. Altogether, our comprehensive and comparative data proved that aliphatic GSLs biosynthesis is dynamically and precisely regulated in a tissue- and development-dependent manner in Brassicaceae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adji Baskoro Dwi Nugroho
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongkee Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Madloo P, Lema M, Francisco M, Soengas P. Role of Major Glucosinolates in the Defense of Kale Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1246-1256. [PMID: 30920356 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0340-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites present in Brassicaceae species implicated in their defense against plant pathogens. When a pathogen causes tissue damage, the enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs into diverse products that exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and fungi in vitro. It was demonstrated that modulation of GSL content in vivo affects plant resistance to infection by pathogens in Arabidopsis. However, the roles of specific metabolites and how they interact with pathogens are poorly understood in Brassica crops. We previously developed a set of populations of Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (kale) differing in content of three GSLs: the aliphatics sinigrin (2-propenyl [SIN]) and glucoiberin (3-methylsulphinylpropyl [GIB]) and the indolic glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl [GBS]). These populations can be used to study the effects of major GSLs in kale, with the advantage that genotypes within each selection have the same genetic background. This research aimed to explore the role of SIN, GIB, and GBS in the defense of kale against the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Results showed that increasing the amount of a particular GSL did not always result in disease resistance. The effects of GSLs were apparently dependent on the pathogen and the type of GSL. Thus, the aliphatic SIN was inhibitory to infection by S. sclerotiorum and the indolic GBS was inhibitory to infection by X. campestris pv. campestris. Other factors, including the quantity and proportion of other metabolites modified during the pathogen infection process, could also modulate the degree of inhibition to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Madloo
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Francisco
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
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29
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Chiu YC, Juvik JA, Ku KM. Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of "Red Russian" Kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) Following Methyl Jasmonate Treatment and Larval Infestation by the Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1058. [PMID: 29614820 PMCID: PMC5979517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, has been found to upregulate glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis in plant species of the Brassicaceae family. Exogenous application of MeJA has shown to increase tissue GS concentrations and the formation of myrosinase-mediated GS hydrolysis products (GSHPs). In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effects of certain GSHPs. MeJA is also known to elicit and induce genes associated with defense mechanisms to insect herbivory in Brassica species. To investigate the relationship between MeJA-induced GS biosynthesis and insect defense, three treatments were applied to "Red Russian" kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) seedlings: (1) a 250 µM MeJA leaf spray treatment; (2) leaf infestation with larvae of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)); (3) control treatment (neither larval infestation nor MeJA application). Samples of leaf tissue from the three treatments were then assayed for changes in GS and GSHP concentrations, GS gene biosynthesis expression, and myrosinase activity. Major differences were observed between the three treatments in the levels of GS accumulation and GS gene expression. The insect-damaged samples showed significantly lower aliphatic GS accumulation, while both MeJA and T. ni infestation treatments induced greater accumulation of indolyl GS. The gene expression levels of CYP81F4, MYB34, and MYB122 were significantly upregulated in samples treated with MeJA and insects compared to the control group, which explained the increased indolyl GS concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic changes promoted by MeJA application and the insect herbivory response share common mechanisms of induction. This work provides potentially useful information for kale pest control and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chiu
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Rehman HM, Nawaz MA, Shah ZH, Ludwig-Müller J, Chung G, Ahmad MQ, Yang SH, Lee SI. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of Family-1 UDP glycosyltransferase in three Brassica species and Arabidopsis indicates stress-responsive regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1875. [PMID: 29382843 PMCID: PMC5789830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, UGTs (UDP-glycosyltransferases) glycosylate various phytohormones and metabolites in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Little is known about stress-responsive glycosyltransferases in plants. Therefore, it is important to understand the genomic and transcriptomic portfolio of plants with regard to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we identified 140, 154, and 251 putative UGTs in Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica napus, respectively, and clustered them into 14 major phylogenetic groups (A–N). Fourteen major KEGG pathways and 24 biological processes were associated with the UGTs, highlighting them as unique modulators against environmental stimuli. Putative UGTs from B. rapa and B. oleracea showed a negative selection pressure and biased gene fractionation pattern during their evolution. Polyploidization increased the intron proportion and number of UGT-containing introns among Brassica. The putative UGTs were preferentially expressed in developing tissues and at the senescence stage. Differential expression of up- and down-regulated UGTs in response to phytohormone treatments, pathogen responsiveness and abiotic stresses, inferred from microarray and RNA-Seq data in Arabidopsis and Brassica broaden the glycosylation impact at the molecular level. This study identifies unique candidate UGTs for the manipulation of biotic and abiotic stress pathways in Brassica and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Korea
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qadir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 6000, Pakistan
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Korea.
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Corwin JA, Kliebenstein DJ. Quantitative Resistance: More Than Just Perception of a Pathogen. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:655-665. [PMID: 28302676 PMCID: PMC5435431 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular plant pathology has focused on studying large-effect qualitative resistance loci that predominantly function in detecting pathogens and/or transmitting signals resulting from pathogen detection. By contrast, less is known about quantitative resistance loci, particularly the molecular mechanisms controlling variation in quantitative resistance. Recent studies have provided insight into these mechanisms, showing that genetic variation at hundreds of causal genes may underpin quantitative resistance. Loci controlling quantitative resistance contain some of the same causal genes that mediate qualitative resistance, but the predominant mechanisms of quantitative resistance extend beyond pathogen recognition. Indeed, most causal genes for quantitative resistance encode specific defense-related outputs such as strengthening of the cell wall or defense compound biosynthesis. Extending previous work on qualitative resistance to focus on the mechanisms of quantitative resistance, such as the link between perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and growth, has shown that the mechanisms underlying these defense outputs are also highly polygenic. Studies that include genetic variation in the pathogen have begun to highlight a potential need to rethink how the field considers broad-spectrum resistance and how it is affected by genetic variation within pathogen species and between pathogen species. These studies are broadening our understanding of quantitative resistance and highlighting the potentially vast scale of the genetic basis of quantitative resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Olsen CE, Huang XC, Hansen CIC, Cipollini D, Ørgaard M, Matthes A, Geu-Flores F, Koch MA, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate diversity within a phylogenetic framework of the tribe Cardamineae (Brassicaceae) unraveled with HPLC-MS/MS and NMR-based analytical distinction of 70 desulfoglucosinolates. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 132:33-56. [PMID: 27743600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a basis for future investigations of evolutionary trajectories and biosynthetic mechanisms underlying variations in glucosinolate structures, we screened members of the crucifer tribe Cardamineae by HPLC-MS/MS, isolated and identified glucosinolates by NMR, searched the literature for previous data for the tribe, and collected HPLC-MS/MS data for nearly all glucosinolates known from the tribe as well as some related structures (70 in total). This is a considerable proportion of the approximately 142 currently documented natural glucosinolates. Calibration with authentic references allowed distinction (or elucidation) of isomers in many cases, such as distinction of β-hydroxyls, methylthios, methylsulfinyls and methylsulfonyls. A mechanism for fragmentation of secondary β-hydroxyls in MS was elucidated, and two novel glucosinolates were discovered: 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentylglucosinolate in roots of Cardamine pratensis and 2-hydroxy-8-(methylsulfinyl)octylglucosinolate in seeds of Rorippa amphibia. A large number of glucosinolates (ca. 54 with high structural certainty and a further 28 or more suggested from tandem MS), representing a wide structural variation, is documented from the tribe. This included glucosinolates apparently derived from Met, Phe, Trp, Val/Leu, Ile and higher homologues. Normal side chain elongation and side chain decoration by oxidation or methylation was observed, as well as rare abnormal side chain decoration (hydroxylation of aliphatics at the δ rather than β-position). Some species had diverse profiles, e.g. R. amphibia and C. pratensis (19 and 16 individual glucosinolates, respectively), comparable to total diversity in literature reports of Armoracia rusticana (17?), Barbarea vulgaris (20-24), and Rorippa indica (>20?). The ancestor or the tribe would appear to have used Trp, Met, and homoPhe as glucosinolate precursor amino acids, and to exhibit oxidation of thio to sulfinyl, formation of alkenyls, β-hydroxylation of aliphatic chains and hydroxylation and methylation of indole glucosinolates. Two hotspots of apparent biochemical innovation and loss were identified: C. pratensis and the genus Barbarea. Diversity in other species mainly included structures also known from other crucifers. In addition to a role of gene duplication, two contrasting genetic/biochemical mechanisms for evolution of such combined diversity and redundancy are discussed: (i) involvement of widespread genes with expression varying during evolution, and (ii) mutational changes in substrate specificities of CYP79F and GS-OH enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Chen Huang
- Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilie I C Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Marian Ørgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Fernando Geu-Flores
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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