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Association between Psychological Factors and Condom Use with Regular and Nonregular Male Sexual Partners among Chinese MSM: A Quantitative Study Based on the Health Belief Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5807162. [PMID: 33062685 PMCID: PMC7539081 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5807162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective The Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) population is suffering from a high HIV infection rate owing to unprotected anal sex. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been proven to be an effective frame associated with behavior maintenance. Based on HBM, we analyzed the beliefs associated with consistent condom use behavior with regular and nonregular partners among MSM to better provide targeted interventions and services. Methods A study was conducted in Sichuan Province, China, from November 2018 to April 2019, and 801 eligible participants were recruited by snowball sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics, AIDS-related characteristics, sexual behaviors, condom use behavior, and dimensions of HBM were investigated. Univariate, single multivariate, and summary multivariate models were employed to analyze the factors associated with consistent condom use. Results Of all participants, 39.1% and 53.6% had had anal sex with regular and nonregular partners in the last six months, respectively. Only 56.5% of them had used condoms consistently with regular partners, and only 60% of them had used condoms consistently with nonregular partners. When taking consistent condoms use with regular partners as the dependent variable, the dimensions of perceived threats (ORM = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.49), perceived barriers (ORM = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.82), self-efficacy (ORM = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.32), and cues to action (ORM = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.43) showed significant associations with the dependent variable. When taking consistent condoms use with nonregular partners as the dependent variable, the dimensions of perceived barriers (ORM = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.89), self-efficacy (ORM = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.32), and cues to action (ORM = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.80) showed significant associations with the dependent variable. Conclusions More attention should be focused on how to decrease the obstructive factors of condom use, how to improve the confidence of condom use, and how to layout more cues to action to promote consistent condom use behavior with regular and nonregular partners during anal sex among Chinese MSM.
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Smith MK, Stein G, Cheng W, Miller WC, Tucker JD. Identifying high risk subgroups of MSM: a latent class analysis using two samples. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:213. [PMID: 30832592 PMCID: PMC6399860 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Latent class analyses (LCA) are increasingly being used to target specialized HIV interventions, but generalizability of emergent population structures across settings has yet to be considered. We compare LCA performed on two online samples of HIV negative Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) to detect more generalizable latent class structures and to assess the extent to which sampling considerations impact the validity of LCA results. Methods LCAs were performed on an 1) nationwide online survey which involved no in-person contact with study staff and a 2) sentinel surveillance survey in which participants underwent HIV and syphilis testing in the city of Guangzhou, both conducted in 2014. Models for each sample were informed by risk factors for HIV acquisition in MSM that were common to both datasets. Results An LCA of the Guangzhou sentinel surveillance data indicated the presence of two relatively similar classes, differing only by the greater tendency of one to report group sex. In contrast an LCA of the nationwide survey identified three classes, two of which shared many of the same features as those identified in the Guangzhou survey, including the fact that they were mainly distinguished by group sex behaviors. The final latent class in the nationwide survey was composed of members with notably few risk behaviors. Conclusions Comparisons of the latent class structures of each sample lead us to conclude that the nationwide online sample captured a larger, possibly more representative group of Chinese MSM comprised of a larger, higher risk group and a small yet distinct lower group with few reported behaviors. The absence of a lower risk group in the Guangzhou sentinel surveillance dataset suggests that MSM recruited into studies involving free HIV/STI testing may oversample MSM with higher risk behaviors and therefore greater risk perception. Lastly, two types of higher risk MSM were emergent across both samples distinguished largely by their recent group sex behaviors. Higher odds not only of self-reported HIV infection but also of closeted tendencies and gender fluid identities in this highest risk group suggest that interacting factors drive individual and structural facets of HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumi Smith
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 1300 South 2nd Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Gabriella Stein
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7420, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Weibin Cheng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, 1 Jiaochang E Rd, Guangzhou Shi, 510000, Guangdong Sheng, China
| | - William C Miller
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, 1841 Neal Ave., 302 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Road, 2nd Floor, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Li H, Xue L, Tucker JD, Wei C, Durvasula M, Hu W, Kang D, Liao M, Tang W, Ma W. Condom use peer norms and self-efficacy as mediators between community engagement and condom use among Chinese men who have sex with men. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:641. [PMID: 28784172 PMCID: PMC5545844 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community engagement strategies are often integrated in public health interventions designed to promote condom use among men who have sex with men (MSM), a key population for HIV prevention. However, the ways in which condom use peer norms and self-efficacy play a role in the association between community engagement and condom use is unclear. This study examines the potential mediating roles of peer norms and self-efficacy in this association. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Chinese MSM in 2015. Recruitment criteria included being born biologically male, being older than 16 years, having had anal sex with a man at least once during their lifetime, and having had condomless anal or vaginal sex in the past three months. Mplus 6.11 was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and path modeling analysis to examine the structural relationships between HIV/sexual health community engagement (e.g., joining social media and community events related to HIV and sexual health services), condom use peer norms, condom use self-efficacy, and frequency of condom use. Results The study found that HIV/sexual health community engagement, condom use peer norms, condom use self-efficacy, and frequency of condom use were mutually correlated. A good data model was achieved with fit index: CFI = 0.988, TLI = 0.987, RMSEA = 0.032, 90% CI (0.028, 0.036). HIV/sexual health community engagement was associated with frequency of condom use, which was directly mediated by condom use peer norms and indirectly through self-efficacy. Conclusion The study suggests that condom use peer norms and self-efficacy may be mediators in the pathway between community engagement and condom use, and suggests the importance of peer-based interventions to improve condom use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4662-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, China. .,UNC Project-China, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,SESH Global, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- UNC Project-China, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,SESH Global, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya Durvasula
- Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Dianming Kang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Meizhen Liao
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- UNC Project-China, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,SESH Global, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STI Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road Shandong Province, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Crosby RA, Mena L, Arnold T. Disclosure of newly diagnosed HIV infection and condom use at first sex after diagnosis: a study of young Black men who have sex with men. Sex Health 2017; 14:325-330. [PMID: 28423306 PMCID: PMC5800853 DOI: 10.1071/sh16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The first purpose of the present study was to determine whether young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) disclose their newly diagnosed HIV infection to a male or female partner, and to determine whether this disclosure is related to condom use; the second was to identify correlates of disclosing newly diagnosed HIV infection to male sex partners, including a measure of partner-related barriers to condom use. METHODS A sample of 125 HIV-infected YBMSM (age 15-29 years) provided cross-sectional data used for both study purposes. Recruitment occurred in a mid-size city in the southern US experiencing inordinately high prevalence and incidence rates of HIV among YBMSM. Significance was defined by an α level of <0.05. RESULTS Eighty-eight YBMSM (70.4%) indicated disclosing their newly diagnosed HIV status to the first male partner they had sex with after being diagnosed. Of these, nine (9.1%) reported that condoms were not used during ensuing sex with that partner. However, of the men not disclosing, 27.0% reported not using condoms for ensuing sex (P=0.009). Similar findings were observed relative to sex with females (P=0.057). Regarding the second study purpose, in addition to a protective effect of advancing age, men scoring at or above the median on a measure of partner-related barriers to condom use were 2.4-fold more likely to not disclose compared with men scoring below the median (P=0.04). CONCLUSION For YBMSM, a beneficial counselling objective relative to disclosing newly diagnosed HIV may be to help men resolve perceptions of partner-related barriers to condom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Crosby
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY 40506-0003, USA
- Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, 303 Morrison Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Leandro Mena
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Trisha Arnold
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Li H, Tucker J, Holroyd E, Zhang J, Jiang B. Suicidal Ideation, Resilience, and Healthcare Implications for Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A Qualitative Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1025-1034. [PMID: 28028668 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, suicidal ideation and behavior have been widely reported among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Knowledge gaps exist regarding the longer life and resilience-related experiences of people living with HIV (PLWH). Specifically, there is a dearth of data about the interaction of perceived risk and resilient factors resulting in a wide spectrum of intentional suicidal ideation outcomes in a Chinese cultural context. This qualitative research drew from a larger ethnographic study of newly diagnosed HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Mainland China. Interviews were conducted with 31 MSM within 6 months of diagnosis of HIV infection. Initial suicidal ideation was commonly reported with participants subsequently feeling more resilient to these thoughts through gaining a greater understanding of their prognosis and treatment. Post-HIV diagnosis, some participants reported forming new relationships and receiving increased support from their partners, friends, peers, families, and community-based organizations. At follow-up, these participants generally reported suicidal ideation had declined. However, participants who continued to express suicidal ideation perceived extended pressure from their families' expectations for them to engage in heterosexual marriages and parenthood. Furthermore, these men reported ongoing hardships in their daily life, unemployment, lack of social support, and isolation. Among this Mainland Chinese cohort of HIV-positive MSM, suicidal ideation may be a transient phenomenon experienced initially following HIV diagnosis that resolves with increased and specific familial, social, and service-based support. It is crucial to identify the causes of stress and social suffering associated with HIV diagnosis in order to reduce suicidal ideation. In China, action is needed to develop routine mental health screening and to increase services that support PLWH. Important services mechanism to accomplish this are promoting resilience through intentional activities as well as continued public health campaigns to reduce stigma toward HIV-positive MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochu Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
- UNC Project-China, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joseph Tucker
- UNC Project-China, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eleanor Holroyd
- School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Northcote, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
- Department of Sociology, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Baofa Jiang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
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Wang Z, Wu X, Lau J, Mo P, Mak W, Wang X, Yang X, Gross D, Jiang H. Prevalence of and factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse with regular and nonregular male sexual partners among newly diagnosed HIV-positive men who have sex with men in China. HIV Med 2017; 18:635-646. [PMID: 28230311 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the prevalence of, and multi-dimensional factors associated with, unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with regular male sexual partners ('regular partners') and nonregular male sexual partners ('nonregular partners') among newly diagnosed HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, China. METHODS A total of 225 newly diagnosed HIV-positive MSM were interviewed using a combined interviewer-computer-assisted method in Chengdu, China. RESULTS The prevalence of UAI with regular and nonregular partners since diagnosis was 27.7% and 33.8% among participants reporting having sex with regular and nonregular partners (n = 159 and 133), respectively. Adjusted analysis showed that: (1) cognitive variables based on the Health Belief Model (perceived susceptibility to HIV transmission and perceived severity of the consequences of HIV transmission, perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy related to consistent condom use), (2) emotion-related variables (worry about transmitting HIV to others), (3) psychological factors (post-traumatic growth) and (4) socio-structural factors (perceived partners' responsibility for condom use) were significantly associated with UAI with regular and/or nonregular partners. CONCLUSIONS Interventions are warranted, and should be designed with consideration of multi-dimensional factors and be partner type-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - X Wu
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jtf Lau
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pkh Mo
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wws Mak
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - X Wang
- Chengdu Tongle Health Counselling Service Center, Chengdu, China
| | - X Yang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - D Gross
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - H Jiang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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