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Yifrach E, Holbrook-Smith D, Bürgi J, Othman A, Eisenstein M, van Roermund CW, Visser W, Tirosh A, Rudowitz M, Bibi C, Galor S, Weill U, Fadel A, Peleg Y, Erdmann R, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA, Wilmanns M, Zamboni N, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E. Systematic multi-level analysis of an organelle proteome reveals new peroxisomal functions. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e11186. [PMID: 36164978 PMCID: PMC9513677 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy years following the discovery of peroxisomes, their complete proteome, the peroxi‐ome, remains undefined. Uncovering the peroxi‐ome is crucial for understanding peroxisomal activities and cellular metabolism. We used high‐content microscopy to uncover peroxisomal proteins in the model eukaryote – Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This strategy enabled us to expand the known peroxi‐ome by ~40% and paved the way for performing systematic, whole‐organellar proteome assays. By characterizing the sub‐organellar localization and protein targeting dependencies into the organelle, we unveiled non‐canonical targeting routes. Metabolomic analysis of the peroxi‐ome revealed the role of several newly identified resident enzymes. Importantly, we found a regulatory role of peroxisomes during gluconeogenesis, which is fundamental for understanding cellular metabolism. With the current recognition that peroxisomes play a crucial part in organismal physiology, our approach lays the foundation for deep characterization of peroxisome function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Yifrach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carlo Wt van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Visser
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asa Tirosh
- Life Sciences Core Facilities (LSCF), The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Rudowitz
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Chen Bibi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shahar Galor
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Weill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Fadel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Life Sciences Core Facilities (LSCF), The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg, Germany.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Galiani S, Reglinski K, Carravilla P, Barbotin A, Urbančič I, Ott J, Sehr J, Sezgin E, Schneider F, Waithe D, Hublitz P, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Eggeling C. Diffusion and interaction dynamics of the cytosolic peroxisomal import receptor PEX5. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36299769 PMCID: PMC9586885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions rely on proper actions of organelles such as peroxisomes. These organelles rely on the import of proteins from the cytosol. The peroxisomal import receptor PEX5 takes up target proteins in the cytosol and transports them to the peroxisomal matrix. However, its cytosolic molecular interactions have so far not directly been disclosed. Here, we combined advanced optical microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy with biochemical tools to present a detailed characterization of the cytosolic diffusion and interaction dynamics of PEX5. Among other features, we highlight a slow diffusion of PEX5, independent of aggregation or target binding, but associated with cytosolic interaction partners via its N-terminal domain. This sheds new light on the functionality of the receptor in the cytosol as well as highlighting the potential of using complementary microscopy tools to decipher molecular interactions in the cytosol by studying their diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K. Reglinski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technologies e.V., Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optic and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - P. Carravilla
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technologies e.V., Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optic and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - A. Barbotin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I. Urbančič
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J. Ott
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Systems Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Sehr
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Systems Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - E. Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - F. Schneider
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- WIMM Centre for Computational Biology , MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P. Hublitz
- WIMM Genome Engineering Services, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W. Schliebs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Systems Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - R. Erdmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Systems Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - C. Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technologies e.V., Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optic and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Jena, Germany
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3
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Li Z, Du X, Wen L, Li Y, Qin J, Chen Z, Huang Y, Wu X, Luo H, Lin Y, Ye H. Transcriptome analysis reveals the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the regulation of muscle growth of rice flower carp. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 41:100948. [PMID: 34942523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth mechanism of economically important aquaculture species has aroused widespread interest among scholars. Rice flower carp (Cyprinus carpio), commonly cultured in rice-fish farming systems, shows wide variation in body mass at the same age, which limits the development of commercial aquaculture. In this study, muscle tissues from 20-month-old fish of different sizes were used for transcriptome analysis and muscle histological studies. The muscle histological analysis showed the muscle growth in rice flower carp main depends on the hypertrophic growth of muscle fibers. A total of 30,590 unigenes were generated by muscle trancriptome analysis, including 403 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Of these, 157 DEGs were upregulated and 246 DEGs were downregulated. Nine unigenes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were identified using differential expression analysis. This study initially revealed that the differences in growth of rice flower carp could be due to hypertrophic growth of muscle fibers caused by higher protein deposition, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was an important factor affecting the growth rate of rice flower carp. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ari7, g2e3, Neurl1 and rnf144ab were upregulated in the slow-growing fish, indicating the binding of ubiquitin to target protein was enhanced. Foxo3 was upregulated in the slow-growing fish, which could promote the muscle loss. Eif4a2 was upregulated in the fast-growing fish, increasing protein translation efficiency. Some genes related to active muscle contraction such as actb, actg, camk2a, and camk2b were upregulated in the fast-growing rice flower carp muscle. In summary, these results provide valuable information about the key genes for use as biomarkers of growth in selective breeding programs for rice flower carp and provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xuesong Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Luting Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Junqi Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xia Wu
- College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yong Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Science, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Hua Ye
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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Nadolny C, Zhang X, Chen Q, Hashmi SF, Ali W, Hemme C, Ahsan N, Chen Y, Deng R. Dysregulation and activities of ubiquitin specific peptidase 2b in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4746-4767. [PMID: 34765291 PMCID: PMC8569343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific peptidase-2 (USP2) plays important roles in a myriad of cellular activities through deubiquitinating target proteins and its implications in various diseases, especially cancers, are starting to emerge. Our current understanding on USP2 expression in subjects with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its roles in the pathogenesis of HCC is limited. In this study, we found that USP2 protein and mRNA levels were significantly dysregulated in HCC tumor (HCC-T) when compared to adjacent non-tumor (HCC-NT) or normal liver tissues from both human and mouse HCC model. Among the USP2 isoforms, USP2b was the predominant isoform in the normal liver and markedly down-regulated in HCC-T tissues in both human and mice. Data from overexpression, chemical inhibition and knockout studies consistently demonstrated that USP2b promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and wound healing in HepG2 and Huh 7 cells. On the other hand, USP2b exhibited proapoptotic and pronecrtotic activities through enhancing bile acid-induced apoptosis and necrosis in both HepG2 and Huh 7 cells. Unbiased proteomic analysis of USP2-knockout (KO) and parental HepG2 cells resulted in identification of USP2-regulated downstream target proteins involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis, including serine/threonine kinase 4 (STK4), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1). In conclusion, USP2b expression was dysregulated in subjects with HCC and contributed to the pathogenesis of HCC by promoting cell proliferation and exerting proapoptotic and pronecrotic activities. The findings provide the molecular basis for developing therapies for HCC through modulating USP2b expression or activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nadolny
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Xinmu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Qiwen Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Syed F Hashmi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Winifer Ali
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Christopher Hemme
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island HospitalProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Kitamura H, Hashimoto M. USP2-Related Cellular Signaling and Consequent Pathophysiological Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1209. [PMID: 33530560 PMCID: PMC7865608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease (USP) 2 is a multifunctional deubiquitinating enzyme. USP2 modulates cell cycle progression, and therefore carcinogenesis, via the deubiquitination of cyclins and Aurora-A. Other tumorigenic molecules, including epidermal growth factor and fatty acid synthase, are also targets for USP2. USP2 additionally prevents p53 signaling. On the other hand, USP2 functions as a key component of the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex and participates in rhythmic gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and liver. USP2 variants influence energy metabolism by controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic cholesterol uptake, adipose tissue inflammation, and subsequent systemic insulin sensitivity. USP2 also has the potential to promote surface expression of ion channels in renal and intestinal epithelial cells. In addition to modifying the production of cytokines in immune cells, USP2 also modulates the signaling molecules that are involved in cytokine signaling in the target cells. Usp2 knockout mice exhibit changes in locomotion and male fertility, which suggest roles for USP2 in the central nervous system and male genital tract, respectively. In this review, we summarize the cellular events with USP2 contributions and list the signaling molecules that are upstream or downstream of USP2. Additionally, we describe phenotypic differences found in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan;
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Farmahin R, Gannon AM, Gagné R, Rowan-Carroll A, Kuo B, Williams A, Curran I, Yauk CL. Hepatic transcriptional dose-response analysis of male and female Fischer rats exposed to hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 133:110262. [PMID: 30594549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant found in the environment and human tissues. The toxicological effects of HBCD exposure are not clearly understood. We employed whole-genome RNA-sequencing on liver samples from male and female Fischer rats exposed to 0, 250, 1250, and 5000 mg technical mixture of HBCD/kg diet for 28 days to gain further insight into HBCD toxicity. HBCD altered 428 and 250 gene transcripts in males and females, respectively, which were involved in metabolism of xenobiotics, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolism of glucose and lipids, circadian regulation, cell cycle, fibrotic activity, and hormonal balance. Signature analysis supported that HBCD operates through the constitutive androstane and pregnane X receptors. The median transcriptomic benchmark dose (BMD) for the lowest statistically significant pathway was within 1.5-fold of the BMD for increased liver weight, while the BMD for the lowest pathway with at least three modeled genes (minimum 5% of pathway) was similar to the lowest apical endpoint BMD. The results show how transcriptional analyses can inform mechanisms underlying chemical toxicity and the doses at which potentially adverse effects occur. This experiment is part of a larger study exploring the use of toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farmahin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Gannon
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ivan Curran
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Zhu HQ, Gao FH. The Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation on USP2's Alternative Splicing and the Significance of Its Products. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1489-1496. [PMID: 29230097 PMCID: PMC5723915 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) has a regulatory function in cell growth or death and is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. USP2 gene can generate 7 splicing variants through alternative splicing, and 5 variants respectively as USP2-201, USP2-202, USP2-204, USP2-205, USP2-206 can encode proteins. The influence of circadian rhythm, nutrition and androgen on specific signaling molecules or cytokines can regulate the alternative splicing of USP2. Specifically, PKC activator, IL-1β, TNF-α, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1 are all regulatory factors for USP2's alternative splicing. USP2-201 plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression, and is also of great significance in EGFR recycling. USP2-202 can activate apoptosis signaling pathway to participate in cell apoptosis, and USP2-204 can induce cell anti-virus reaction to decrease. In general, we collect and summarize the factors involved in the alternative splicing of USP2 in this review to further understand the mechanism behind the USP2's alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng-Hou Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Rd, Shanghai, China
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