1
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Heuser-Loy C, Baumgart AK, Hackstein CP, Courrèges CJF, Philipp MS, Thaiss CA, Holland T, Evaristo C, Garbi N, Kurts C. Conditional NKT Cell Depletion in Mice Reveals a Negative Feedback Loop That Regulates CTL Cross-Priming. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:35-42. [PMID: 38019126 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are unconventional T cells whose biological role is incompletely understood. Similar to TH cells, activated NKT cells can cause dendritic cell (DC) maturation, which is required for effective CTL responses. However, it is unclear whether and how NKT cells affect CTLs downstream of the DC maturation phase. This is partially due to the lack of techniques to conditionally deplete NKT cells in vivo. To overcome this problem, we have developed two approaches for this purpose in mice: the first is based on mixed bone marrow chimeras where Jα18 knockout and depletable CD90 congenic bone marrow is combined, and the second used PLZFCre × iDTR bone marrow chimeras, which target innate-like T cells. Using these tools, we found that NKT cell depletion at 20 h, that is, after initial DC activation, did not render CTLs helpless, as CD40L signaling by non-NKT cells sufficed. Instead, NKT cell depletion even augmented CD8 T cell expansion and cytotoxicity by mechanisms distinct from reduced STAT6 signaling. These findings revealed a negative feedback loop by which NKT cells control CTL cross-priming downstream of DC maturation. The techniques described in this study expand the toolbox to study NKT cells and other unconventional T cell subsets in vivo and uncovered a hidden immunoregulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heuser-Loy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Baumgart
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina J F Courrèges
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Sophie Philipp
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - César Evaristo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
- The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Das R. T Cell Receptor-Engaging Monoclonal Antibodies Mobilize the Anti-Tumor Functions of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:69-81. [PMID: 38421715 PMCID: PMC11062185 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023049947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are innate-type T lymphocytes that directly kill tumor cells or tumor-growth promoting immunosuppressive cells such astumor-associated macrophages. Additionally, iNKTs robustly transactivate the antitumor functions of T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells as well as reinvigorate exhausted immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. As such, iNKTs make excellent candidates for inclusion in anti-cancer cellular therapies. However, to capitalize on the potential benefits of iNKT cell-based approaches, it is imperative that we develop new and clinically viable strategies to enhance their antitumor function. To that end, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively bind to the human (NKTT320) or murine (NKT14m) invariant T cell receptor have been recently developed and characterized. Studies using purified human iNKTs (in vitro) and a model of non-human primate (in vivo) reveal that NKTT320 promotes swift, vigorous and sustained iNKT cell activation that is accompanied by robust production of inflammatory mediators and bystander immune cell activation. Furthermore, NKTT320 augments expression of cytotoxic markers and human iNKT cell degranulation. Similarly, NKT14m prompts dramatic murine iNKT cell activation and functional response both in vitro and in vivo. However, antitumor efficacy of a single dose of NKT14m injection in tumor-bearing mice is limited and tumor-model dependent. In contrast, combination treatment of NKT14m with either low dose interleukin (IL)-12 or the chemotherapeutic agent, cyclophosphamide results in a superior antitumor response in vivo. This is evident by activation of both iNKTs and other immune cells, prolonged survival of the tumor-challenged mice, and long-lasting immunity. Collectively, these recent studies justify further development of anti-iTCR mAbs that can be used alone or in conjunction with immunomodulatory agents to enhance iNKT cell antitumor immunity against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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3
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Babes L, Shim R, Kubes P. Imaging α-GalCer-activated iNKT cells in a hepatic metastatic environment. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:12-25. [PMID: 34785505 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer patients frequently develop liver metastases after, and perhaps as a consequence of, lifesaving surgical resection of the primary tumor. This creates a potential opportunity for prophylactic metastatic treatment with novel immunostimulatory molecules. Here, we used state-of-the-art intravital imaging of an experimental liver metastasis model to visualize the early behavior and function of invariant (i)NKT cells stimulated with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Intravenous α-GalCer prior to tumor cell seeding in the liver significantly inhibited tumor growth. However, some seeding tumor cells survived. A multiple dosing regimen reduced tumor burden and prolonged the life of mice, whereas tumors returned within 5 days after a single dose of α-GalCer. With multiple doses of α-GalCer, iNKT cells increased in number and granularity (as did NK cells). As a result, the total number of contacts and time in contact with tumors increased substantially. In the absence of iNKT cells, the beneficial effect of α-GalCer was lost. Robust cytokine production dissipated over time. Repeated therapy, even after cytokine dissipation, led to reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival. Serial transplantation of tumors exposed to α-GalCer-activated iNKT cells did not induce greater resistance, suggesting no obvious epigenetic or genetic immunoediting in tumors exposed to activated iNKT cells. Very few tumor cells expressed CD1d in this model, and as such, adding monomers of CD1d-α-GalCer further reduced tumor growth. The data suggest early and repeated stimulation of iNKT cells with α-GalCer could have direct therapeutic benefit for colorectal cancer patients that develop metastatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Babes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Shim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Guan P, Schaub R, Nichols KE, Das R. Combination of NKT14m and Low Dose IL-12 Promotes Invariant Natural Killer T Cell IFN-γ Production and Tumor Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145085. [PMID: 32708464 PMCID: PMC7404385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes characterized by the expression of an invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC I-like CD1d molecule. Following antigenic stimulation, iNKT cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines that can trans-activate dendritic cells (DC) and promote the anti-tumor functions of cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells. Additionally, iNKT cells can mediate robust and direct cytotoxicity against CD1d+ tumor targets. However, many tumors down-regulate CD1d and evade iNKT cell attack. To circumvent this critical barrier to iNKT cell anti-tumor activity, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), NKT14 has been recently developed. This agonistic antibody binds directly and specifically to the iTCR of murine iNKT cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that NKT14m mediates robust activation, cytokine production and degranulation of murine iNKT cells, in vitro. Consistently, NKT14m also promoted iNKT cell activation and immunomodulatory functions, in vivo. Finally, administration of NKT14m with low dose interleukin (IL)-12 further augmented iNKT cell IFN-γ production in vivo, and this combination conferred superior suppression of tumor cell growth compared to NKT14m or IL-12 alone. Together, these data demonstrate that a combination treatment consisting of low dose IL-12 and iTCR-specific mAb may be an attractive alternative to activate iNKT cell anti-tumor functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guan
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Robert Schaub
- RGS Consulting, 118 Jeremy Hill Road Pelham, Pelham, NH 03076, USA;
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-884-5049; Fax: +1-517-355-5125
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5
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Cancer Immunotherapeutic Potential of NKTT320, a Novel, Invariant, Natural Killer T Cell-Activating, Humanized Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124317. [PMID: 32560408 PMCID: PMC7352964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) directly kill tumor cells and trans-activate the anti-tumor functions of dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B cells. As such, iNKTs serve as a powerful tool for use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. iNKT cell activation commonly requires engagement of the invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) by CD1d presenting glycolipid antigens. However, transformed cells often down-regulate CD1d expression, which results in a reduction of iNKT cell anti-tumor functions. One approach to circumvent this critical barrier to iNKT cell activation is to develop an agonistic antibody that binds directly to the iTCR without the requirement for CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. To this end, we have characterized the iNKT cell stimulatory properties of NKTT320, a novel, recombinant, humanized, monoclonal antibody that binds selectively and with high affinity to human iTCRs. Strikingly, immobilized NKTT320 mediated robust iNKT cell activation (upregulation of CD25 and CD69) and proliferation (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution), as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. Additionally, iNKTs stimulated by plate-bound NKTT320 exhibited increased intracellular levels of granzyme B and degranulation (exposure of CD107 on the cell surface). Furthermore, both soluble and immobilized NKTT320 induced iNKT cell-mediated activation of bystander immune cells, suggesting that this novel anti-iTCR antibody facilitates both direct and indirect iNKT cell cytotoxicity. These studies are significant, as they provide a framework by which iNKT cell anti-cancer functions could be enhanced for therapeutic purposes.
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6
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Bovens AA, Wesselink TH, Behr FM, Kragten NAM, van Lier RAW, van Gisbergen KPJM, Stark R. Murine iNKT cells are depleted by liver damage via activation of P2RX7. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1515-1524. [PMID: 32390174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) constitute up to 50% of liver lymphocytes and contribute to immunosurveillance as well as pathogenesis of the liver. Systemic activation of iNKT cells induces acute immune-mediated liver injury. However, how tissue damage events regulate iNKT cell function and homeostasis remains unclear. We found that specifically tissue-resident iNKT cells in liver and spleen express the tissue-damage receptor P2RX7 and the P2RX7-activating ectoenzyme ARTC2. P2RX7 expression restricted formation of iNKT cells in the liver suggesting that liver iNKT cells are actively restrained under homeostatic conditions. Deliberate activation of P2RX7 in vivo by exogenous NAD resulted in a nearly complete iNKT cell ablation in liver and spleen in a P2RX7-dependent manner. Tissue damage generated by acetaminophen-induced liver injury reduced the number of iNKT cells in the liver. The tissue-damage-induced iNKT cell depletion was driven by P2RX7 and localized to the site of injury, as iNKT cells in the spleen remained intact. The depleted liver iNKT cells reconstituted only slowly compared to other lymphocytes such as regulatory T cells. These findings suggest that tissue-damage-mediated depletion of iNKT cells acts as a feedback mechanism to limit iNKT cell-induced pathology resulting in the establishment of a tolerogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid A Bovens
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wesselink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Boulassel MR, Al-Zubaidi A, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Qarni Z, Al-Naamany N, Al-Yarabi A, Elshinawy M, Wali Y. Elevated levels of circulating invariant natural killer cell subsets are skewed toward Th2-like phenotype in children with sickle cell disease. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108308. [PMID: 31726101 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are being considered as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies in a variety of conditions including sickle cell disease (SCD). However, relatively little is known about the fate of iNKT cell subsets in children with SCD. Herein, quantitative and qualitative analyses of circulating iNKT cell subsets were carried out in 120 children in steady state and 30 healthy controls. Children with SCD displayed significantly elevated levels of circulating iNKT cell subsets with a preferential polarization toward Th2-like cells. The known SCD modifiers did not influence levels of iNKT cell subsets, except that children carrying the Bantu haplotype exhibited elevated levels of CD4iNKT cells, and to a lesser degree CD8iNKT cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that circulating iNKT cell subsets are significantly increased in children with SCD, and highlight the existence of imbalanced production of cytokines toward Th2-like phenotype, which seems to be associated with genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Rachid Boulassel
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
| | - Abeer Al-Zubaidi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Shoaib Al-Zadjali
- Department of Haematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
| | - Zahra Al-Qarni
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Nidaa Al-Naamany
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Yarabi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
| | - Mohamed Elshinawy
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman; Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yasser Wali
- Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Oman
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8
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Abstract
NKT cells are a small but influential member of the T cell family, recognizing lipids presented by the non-classical MHC-like molecule CD1d rather than peptides presented by classical MHC molecules. They bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, serving as rapid responders but also allowing the T cell immune system to recognize lipid antigens, for example derived from tumors or bacteria. They also serve as potent regulatory cells, controlling other immune responses. Type I NKT cells use a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) whereas type II use diverse TCRs. Most often, type I NKT cells promote tumor immunity whereas type II tend to suppress it, and the two subtypes crossregulate each other, forming an immunoregulatory axis. Lack of tools to study these important cells has limited the understanding of these, but newer tools have allowed great advances, especially in mouse models. These range from transgenic and knock-out mice to CD1d tetramers carrying ligands for type I or II NKT cells, to antibodies and NKT cell hybridomas. Here we describe these complementary tools and approaches and their use to study NKT cells and their role in the immunology and immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Purevdorj B Olkhanud
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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9
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Escribà-Garcia L, Alvarez-Fernández C, Caballero AC, Schaub R, Sierra J, Briones J. The novel agonistic iNKT-cell antibody NKT14m induces a therapeutic antitumor response against B-cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1546543. [PMID: 30713807 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1546543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a small population of T lymphocytes that expresses an invariant T cell receptor with a unique specificity for glycolipid antigens. Their activation using the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) triggers innate and adaptive immune responses. The use of α-GalCer in preclinical models as a single antitumor treatment showed moderate effect, but its efficacy in cancer patients was less effective. In addition, this glycolipid induces long-term iNKT-cell anergy precluding the possibility of retreatment. Recently, the first murine iNKT-cell agonistic antibody, NKT14m, has been developed. Here, we analyzed, for the first time, the antitumor efficacy of NKT14m in a B-cell lymphoma model. In a therapeutic setting, a single dose of NKT14m had a moderate antitumor efficacy that was associated with an increase of IFN-γ producing iNKT cells even after a second dose of the NKT14m antibody. Importantly, the combination of a single dose of NKT14m with cyclophosphamide had a potent antitumor efficacy and long-lasting immunity in vivo. Our findings provide the first evidence of the in vivo antitumor efficacy of NKT14m antibody, showing that, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, induces an effective antitumor response. These results open new opportunities for iNKT-cell mediated immunotherapy to treat B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escribà-Garcia
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Fernández
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Caballero
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Sierra
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Briones
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Iwamura C, Nakayama T. Role of CD1d- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1942. [PMID: 30210497 PMCID: PMC6121007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate T lymphocytes are a group of relatively recently identified T cells that are not involved in either innate or adaptive immunity. Unlike conventional T cells, most innate T lymphocytes express invariant T cell receptor to recognize exogenous non-peptide antigens presented by a family of non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecules, such as CD1d and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1). Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells quickly respond to the antigens bound to CD1d and MR1 molecules, respectively, and immediately exert effector functions by secreting various cytokines and granules. This review describes the detrimental and beneficial roles of iNKT cells in animal models of asthma and in human asthmatic patients and also addresses the mechanisms through which iNKT cells are activated by environmental or extracellular factors. We also discuss the potential for therapeutic interventions of asthma by specific antibodies against NKT cells. Furthermore, we summarize the recent reports on the role of MAIT cells in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Iwamura
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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12
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Altered thymic differentiation and modulation of arthritis by invariant NKT cells expressing mutant ZAP70. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2627. [PMID: 29980684 PMCID: PMC6035278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with different cytokine productions develop in the mouse thymus, but the factors driving their differentiation remain unclear. Here we show that hypomorphic alleles of Zap70 or chemical inhibition of Zap70 catalysis leads to an increase of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells (NKT1 cells), suggesting that NKT1 cells may require a lower TCR signal threshold. Zap70 mutant mice develop IL-17-dependent arthritis. In a mouse experimental arthritis model, NKT17 cells are increased as the disease progresses, while NKT1 numbers negatively correlates with disease severity, with this protective effect of NKT1 linked to their IFN-γ expression. NKT1 cells are also present in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients. Our data therefore suggest that TCR signal strength during thymic differentiation may influence not only IFN-γ production, but also the protective function of iNKT cells in arthritis. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can be subsetted based on their cytokine productions. Here the authors show, using Zap70 mutant mice, that interferon-γ secreting (IFN-γ) iNKT cells may be induced by hampered T cell receptor signallings to help ameliorate interleukin-17-mediated joint inflammation.
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Shen S, Prame Kumar K, Stanley D, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Wen SW, Hickey MJ, Wong CHY. Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Shape the Gut Microbiota and Regulate Neutrophil Recruitment and Function During Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:999. [PMID: 29867976 PMCID: PMC5949322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and neutrophils play an increasingly important part in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, but their precise roles in modulating colitis remain unclear. Previous studies have shown important interplays between host immune system and the gut microbiota, and the resulting modulation of inflammation. However, the interactions between iNKT cells, neutrophil and gut microbiota in regulating colitis pathology are poorly understood. Here, we show iNKT cell-deficient Jα18−/− mice display reduced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colonic inflammation compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. We reveal that there is a distinct gut microbiota shaped by the absence of iNKT cells, which comprises of microorganisms that are associated with protection from colonic inflammation. Additionally, the reduced inflammation in Jα18−/− mice was correlated with increased expressions of neutrophil chemoattractant (Cxcl1 and Cxcl2) and increased neutrophil recruitment. However, these neutrophils were recruited to the colon at day 3 of our model, prior to observable clinical signs at day 5. Further analysis shows that these neutrophils, primed by the microbiota shaped by the lack of iNKT cells, exhibit anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties. Indeed, depletion of neutrophils in DSS-treated Jα18−/− mice demonstrates that neutrophils confer an anti-colitogenic effect in the absence of iNKT cells. Thus, our data supports a changing dogma that neutrophils possess important regulatory roles in inflammation and highlights the complexity of the iNKT cell–microbiota–neutrophil axis in regulating colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sj Shen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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14
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McKnight CG, Morris SC, Perkins C, Zhu Z, Hildeman DA, Bendelac A, Finkelman FD. NKT cells contribute to basal IL-4 production but are not required to induce experimental asthma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188221. [PMID: 29182669 PMCID: PMC5705134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-deficiency results in a selective deletion of NKT cells in mice that is reported to prevent murine allergic airway disease (AAD). Because we find 2–3 fold lower basal IL-4 production in CD1d- mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, we hypothesized that the contribution made by NKT cells to AAD would depend on the strength of the stimulus used to induce the disease. Consequently, we compared CD1d-deficient mice to WT mice in the development of AAD, using several models of disease induction that differed in the type and dose of allergen, the site of sensitization and the duration of immunization. Surprisingly we found equivalent allergic inflammation and airway disease in WT and CD1d- mice in all models investigated. Consistent with this, NKT cells constituted only ~2% of CD4+ T cells in the lungs of mice with AAD, and IL-4-transcribing NKT cells did not expand with disease induction. Concerned that the congenital absence of NKT cells might have caused a compensatory shift within the immune response, we administered an anti-CD1d monoclonal Ab (mAb) to block NKT function before airway treatments, before or after systemic sensitization to antigen. Such Ab treatment did not affect disease severity. We suggest that the differences reported in the literature regarding the significance of NKT cells in the induction of allergic airway disease may have less to do with the methods used to study the disease and more to do with the animals themselves and/or the facilities used to house them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. McKnight
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Suzanne C. Morris
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charles Perkins
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhenqi Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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15
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Liew PX, Kim JH, Lee WY, Kubes P. Antibody-dependent fragmentation is a newly identified mechanism of cell killing in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10515. [PMID: 28874772 PMCID: PMC5585239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing view is that therapeutic antibodies deplete cells through opsonization and subsequent phagocytosis, complement-dependent lysis or antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity. We used high resolution in vivo imaging to identify a new antibody-dependent cell death pathway where Kupffer cells ripped large fragments off crawling antibody-coated iNKT cells. This antibody-dependent fragmentation process resulted in lethality and depletion of crawling iNKT cells in the liver sinusoids and lung capillaries. iNKT cell depletion was Fcy-receptor dependent and required iNKT cell crawling. Blood, spleen or joint iNKT cells that did not crawl were not depleted. The antibody required high glycosylation for sufficiently strong binding of the iNKT cells to the Fc Receptors on Kupffer cells. Using an acetaminophen overdose model, this approach functionally depleted hepatic iNKT cells and affected the severity of liver injury. This study reveals a new mechanism of antibody-dependent killing in vivo and raises implications for the design of new antibodies for cancer and auto-reactive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong Liew
- Snyder institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jung Hwan Kim
- Snyder institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Woo-Yong Lee
- Snyder institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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16
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The role of iNKT cells on the phenotypes of allergic airways in a mouse model. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:80-89. [PMID: 28483562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells and mast cells have both been implicated in the syndrome of allergic asthma through their activation-induced release of Th2 type cytokines and secretion of histamine and other mediators, respectively, which can promote airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to agents such as methacholine. However, a mechanistic link between iNKT cells and mast cell recruitment or activation has never been explored. Our objective was to determine whether iNKT cells are necessary for the recruitment of mast cells and if iNKT cells can influence the acute allergen induced bronchoconstriction (AIB) caused by mast cell mediator release. To do so, we pharmacologically eliminated iNKT cells using a specific antibody (NKT-14) and examined its impact on airway inflammation and physiological phenotype. In mice treated with NKT-14, the elimination of iNKT cells was sufficient to prevent AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation elicited by administration of the iNKT cell agonist αGalCer. In mice treated with NKT-14 and then sensitized and challenged with house dust mite extract (HDM), eliminating the iNKT cells significantly reduced both AHR and AIB but did not affect pulmonary inflammation, the mast cell population, nor the release of the mast cell mediators mast cell protease-1 and prostaglandin D2. We conclude that while iNKT cells contribute to the phenotype of allergic airways disease through the manifestation of AIB and AHR, their presence is not required for mast cell recruitment and activation, or to generate the characteristic inflammatory response subsequent to allergen challenge.
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Field JJ, Majerus E, Ataga KI, Vichinsky EP, Schaub R, Mashal R, Nathan DG. NNKTT120, an anti-iNKT cell monoclonal antibody, produces rapid and sustained iNKT cell depletion in adults with sickle cell disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171067. [PMID: 28152086 PMCID: PMC5289534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells can be activated to stimulate a broad inflammatory response. In murine models of sickle cell disease (SCD), interruption of iNKT cell activity prevents tissue injury from vaso-occlusion. NKTT120 is an anti-iNKT cell monoclonal antibody that has the potential to rapidly and specifically deplete iNKT cells and, potentially, prevent vaso-occlusion. We conducted an open-label, multi-center, single-ascending-dose study of NKTT120 to determine its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety in steady-state patients with SCD. Doses were escalated in a 3+3 study design over a range from 0.001 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg. Twenty-one adults with SCD were administered NKTT120 as part of 7 dose cohorts. Plasma levels of NKTT120 predictably increased with higher doses. Median half-life of NKTT120 was 263 hours. All subjects in the higher dose cohorts (0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg) demonstrated decreased iNKT cells below the lower limit of quantification within 6 hours after infusion, the earliest time point at which they were measured. In those subjects who received the two highest doses of NKTT120 (0.3, 1 mg/kg), iNKT cells were not detectable in the peripheral blood for a range of 2 to 5 months. There were no serious adverse events in the study deemed to be related to NKTT120. In adults with SCD, NKTT120 produced rapid, specific and sustained iNKT cell depletion without any infusional toxicity or attributed serious adverse events. The next step is a trial to determine NKTT120’s ability to decrease rate of vaso-occlusive pain episodes. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01783691.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Field
- Medical Sciences Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elaine Majerus
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kenneth I. Ataga
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Schaub
- NKT Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Mashal
- NKT Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David G. Nathan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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18
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Levine AG, Hemmers S, Baptista AP, Schizas M, Faire MB, Moltedo B, Konopacki C, Schmidt-Supprian M, Germain RN, Treuting PM, Rudensky AY. Suppression of lethal autoimmunity by regulatory T cells with a single TCR specificity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:609-622. [PMID: 28130403 PMCID: PMC5339675 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Levine et al. investigate the extent to which regulatory T cells with either a monoclonal T cell receptor (TCR) or random TCR repertoire in place of their developmentally selected specificities maintain TCR-dependent gene expression and immunosuppressive function. The regulatory T cell (T reg cell) T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is highly diverse and skewed toward recognition of self-antigens. TCR expression by T reg cells is continuously required for maintenance of immune tolerance and for a major part of their characteristic gene expression signature; however, it remains unknown to what degree diverse TCR-mediated interactions with cognate self-antigens are required for these processes. In this study, by experimentally switching the T reg cell TCR repertoire to a single T reg cell TCR, we demonstrate that T reg cell function and gene expression can be partially uncoupled from TCR diversity. An induced switch of the T reg cell TCR repertoire to a random repertoire also preserved, albeit to a limited degree, the ability to suppress lymphadenopathy and T helper cell type 2 activation. At the same time, these perturbations of the T reg cell TCR repertoire led to marked immune cell activation, tissue inflammation, and an ultimately severe autoimmunity, indicating the importance of diversity and specificity for optimal T reg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Levine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Antonio P Baptista
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michail Schizas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mehlika B Faire
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bruno Moltedo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Catherine Konopacki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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19
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Haeryfar SMM, Mallevaey T. Editorial: CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:611. [PMID: 26697007 PMCID: PMC4666986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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