1
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Wang S, Peng L, Kim KM. Biased Dopamine D 2 Receptors Exhibit Distinct Intracellular Trafficking Properties and ERK Activation in Different Subcellular Domains. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:56-64. [PMID: 37465849 PMCID: PMC10762269 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased signaling or functional selectivity refers to the ability of an agonist or receptor to selectively activate a subset of transducers such as G protein and arrestin in the case of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although signaling through arrestin has been reported from various GPCRs, only a few studies have examined side-by-side how it differs from signaling via G protein. In this study, two signaling pathways were compared using dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mutants engineered via the evolutionary tracer method to selectively transduce signals through G protein or arrestin (D2G and D2Arr, respectively). D2G mediated the inhibition of cAMP production and ERK activation in the cytoplasm. D2Arr, in contrast, mediated receptor endocytosis accompanied by arrestin ubiquitination and ERK activation in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm. D2Arr-mediated ERK activation occurred in a manner dependent on arrestin3 but not arrestin2, accompanied by the nuclear translocation of arrestin3 via importin1. D2R-mediated ERK activation, which occurred in both the cytosol and nucleus, was limited to the cytosol when cellular arrestin3 was depleted. This finding supports the results obtained with D2Arr and D2G. Taken together, these observations indicate that biased signal transduction pathways activate distinct downstream mechanisms and that the subcellular regions in which they occur could be different when the same effectors are involved. These findings broaden our understanding on the relation between biased receptors and the corresponding downstream signaling, which is critical for elucidating the functional roles of biased pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Lulu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liu H, Acharya S, Sudan SK, Hu L, Wu C, Cao Y, Li H, Zhang X. Comparative study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the G protein and β-arrestin-dependent pathways that lead to ERKs activation upon stimulation by dopamine D 2 receptor. FEBS J 2023; 290:5204-5233. [PMID: 37531324 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptor (D2 R) has been shown to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) via distinct pathways dependent on either G-protein or β-arrestin. However, there has not been a systematic study of the regulatory process of D2 R-mediated ERKs activation by G protein- versus β-arrestin-dependent signaling since D2 R stimulation of ERKs reflects the simultaneous action of both pathways. Here, we investigated that differential regulation of D2 R-mediated ERKs activation via these two pathways. Our results showed that G protein-dependent ERKs activation was transient, rapid, reached maximum level at around 2 min, and importantly, the activated ERKs were entirely confined to the cytoplasm. In contrast, β-arrestin-dependent ERKs activation was more sustained, slower, reached maximum level at around 10 min, and phosphorylated ERKs translocated into the nucleus. Src was found to be commonly involved in both the G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent pathway-mediated ERKs activation. Pertussis toxin Gi/o inhibitor, GRK2-CT, AG1478 epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, and wortmannin phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor all blocked G protein-dependent ERKs activation. In contrast, GRK2 and β-Arr2 played a main role in β-arrestin-dependent ERKs activation. Receptor endocytosis showed minimal effect on the activation of ERKs mediated by both pathways. Furthermore, we found that the formation of a complex composed of phospho-ERKs, β-Arr2, and importinβ1 promoted the nuclear translocation of activated ERKs. The differential regulation of various cellular components, as well as temporal and spatial patterns of ERKs activation via these two pathways, suggest the existence of distinct physiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Srijan Acharya
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sarabjeet Kour Sudan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Li Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongkai Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, People's Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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3
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Liu H, Ma H, Zeng X, Wu C, Acharya S, Sudan SK, Zhang X. Ubiquitination of GRK2 Is Required for the β-Arrestin-Biased Signaling Pathway of Dopamine D2 Receptors to Activate ERK Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10031. [PMID: 37373182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A class-A GPCR dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) plays a critical role in the proper functioning of neuronal circuits through the downstream activation of both G-protein- and β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. Understanding the signaling pathways downstream of D2R is critical for developing effective therapies with which to treat dopamine (DA)-related disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Extensive studies have focused on the regulation of D2R-mediated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling; however, the manner in which ERKs are activated upon the stimulation of a specific signaling pathway of D2R remains unclear. The present study conducted a variety of experimental techniques, including loss-of-function experiments, site-directed mutagenesis, and the determination of protein interactions, in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying β-arrestin-biased signaling-pathway-mediated ERK activation. We found that the stimulation of the D2R β-arrestin signaling pathway caused Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and interact with tyrosine phosphorylated G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), which was facilitated by Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. This interaction led to the ubiquitination of GRK2, which then moved to the plasma membrane and interacted with activated D2R, followed by the phosphorylation of D2R as well as the mediation of ERK activation. In conclusion, Mdm2-mediated GRK2 ubiquitination, which is selectively triggered by the stimulation of the D2R β-arrestin signaling pathway, is necessary for GRK2 membrane translocation and its interaction with D2R, which in turn mediates downstream ERK signaling. This study is primarily novel and provides essential information with which to better understand the detailed mechanisms of D2R-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haixiang Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xingyue Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chengyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Srijan Acharya
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Sarabjeet Kour Sudan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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4
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Kim KM. Unveiling the Differences in Signaling and Regulatory Mechanisms between Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors and Their Impact on Behavioral Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076742. [PMID: 37047716 PMCID: PMC10095578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, with D2R and D3R playing a crucial role in regulating mood, motivation, reward, and movement. Whereas D2R are distributed widely across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions, D3R are primarily found in specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions, such as the nucleus accumbens, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. Despite their high sequence homology and similar signaling pathways, D2R and D3R have distinct regulatory properties involving desensitization, endocytosis, posttranslational modification, and interactions with other cellular components. In vivo, D3R is closely associated with behavioral sensitization, which leads to increased dopaminergic responses. Behavioral sensitization is believed to result from D3R desensitization, which removes the inhibitory effect of D3R on related behaviors. Whereas D2R maintains continuous signal transduction through agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, arrestin recruitment, and endocytosis, which recycle and resensitize desensitized receptors, D3R rarely undergoes agonist-induced endocytosis and instead is desensitized after repeated agonist exposure. In addition, D3R undergoes more extensive posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation and palmitoylation, which are needed for its desensitization. Overall, a series of biochemical settings more closely related to D3R could be linked to D3R-mediated behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sanchez-Soto M, Verma RK, Willette BKA, Gonye EC, Moore AM, Moritz AE, Boateng CA, Yano H, Free RB, Shi L, Sibley DR. A structural basis for how ligand binding site changes can allosterically regulate GPCR signaling and engender functional selectivity. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/617/eaaw5885. [PMID: 32019899 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signaling bias is the propensity for some agonists to preferentially stimulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling through one intracellular pathway versus another. We previously identified a G protein-biased agonist of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) that results in impaired β-arrestin recruitment. This signaling bias was predicted to arise from unique interactions of the ligand with a hydrophobic pocket at the interface of the second extracellular loop and fifth transmembrane segment of the D2R. Here, we showed that residue Phe189 within this pocket (position 5.38 using Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering) functions as a microswitch for regulating receptor interactions with β-arrestin. This residue is relatively conserved among class A GPCRs, and analogous mutations within other GPCRs similarly impaired β-arrestin recruitment while maintaining G protein signaling. To investigate the mechanism of this signaling bias, we used an active-state structure of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2R) to build β2R-WT and β2R-Y1995.38A models in complex with the full β2R agonist BI-167107 for molecular dynamics simulations. These analyses identified conformational rearrangements in β2R-Y1995.38A that propagated from the extracellular ligand binding site to the intracellular surface, resulting in a modified orientation of the second intracellular loop in β2R-Y1995.38A, which is predicted to affect its interactions with β-arrestin. Our findings provide a structural basis for how ligand binding site alterations can allosterically affect GPCR-transducer interactions and result in biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchez-Soto
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, NIDA, NIH, TRIAD Technology Center, 333 Cassell Drive, Room 1121, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Blair K A Willette
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Gonye
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Annah M Moore
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Comfort A Boateng
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Hideaki Yano
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, NIDA, NIH, TRIAD Technology Center, 333 Cassell Drive, Room 1121, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, NIDA, NIH, TRIAD Technology Center, 333 Cassell Drive, Room 1121, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, NINDS, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 3A201, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Toth K, Nagi K, Slosky LM, Rochelle L, Ray C, Kaur S, Shenoy SK, Caron MG, Barak LS. Encoding the β-Arrestin Trafficking Fate of Ghrelin Receptor GHSR1a: C-Tail-Independent Molecular Determinants in GPCRs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:230-246. [PMID: 32259059 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can bias signaling through distinct biochemical pathways that originate from G-protein/receptor and β-arrestin/receptor complexes. Receptor conformations supporting β-arrestin engagement depend on multiple receptor determinants. Using ghrelin receptor GHR1a, we demonstrate by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence microscopy a critical role for its second intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) domain in stabilizing β-arrestin/GHSR1a core interactions and determining receptor trafficking fate. We validate our findings in ICL2 gain- and loss-of-function experiments assessing β-arrestin and ubiquitin-dependent internalization of the CC chemokine receptor, CCR1. Like all CC and CXC subfamily chemokine receptors, CCR1 lacks a critical proline residue found in the ICL2 consensus domain of rhodopsin-family GPCRs. Our study indicates that ICL2, C-tail determinants, and the orthosteric binding pocket that regulates β-arrestin/receptor complex stability are sufficient to encode a broad repertoire of the trafficking fates observed for rhodopsin-family GPCRs, suggesting they provide the essential elements for regulating a large fraction of β-arrestin signaling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Toth
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina 27506, United States
| | - Karim Nagi
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lauren M Slosky
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Lauren Rochelle
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Caroline Ray
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Larry S Barak
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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7
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Bonifazi A, Yano H, Guerrero AM, Kumar V, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR, Shi L, Newman AH. Novel and Potent Dopamine D 2 Receptor Go-Protein Biased Agonists. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:52-65. [PMID: 30775693 PMCID: PMC6371206 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
discovery of functionally biased and physiologically beneficial
ligands directed toward G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has provided
the impetus to design dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) targeted molecules that may be therapeutically advantageous for
the treatment of certain neuropsychiatric or basal ganglia related
disorders. Here we describe the synthesis of a novel series of D2R agonists linking the D2R unbiased agonist sumanirole
with privileged secondary molecular fragments. The resulting ligands
demonstrate improved D2R affinity and selectivity over
sumanirole. Extensive in vitro functional studies
and bias factor analysis led to the identification of a novel class
of highly potent Go-protein biased full D2R agonists with
more than 10-fold and 1000-fold bias selectivity toward activation
of specific G-protein subtypes and β-arrestin, respectively.
Intracellular electrophysiological recordings from midbrain dopamine
neurons demonstrated that Go-protein selective agonists can elicit
prolonged ligand-induced GIRK activity via D2Rs, which
may be beneficial in the treatment of dyskinesias associated with
dopamine system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Adrian M Guerrero
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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8
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Du RH, Zhou Y, Xia ML, Lu M, Ding JH, Hu G. α-Synuclein disrupts the anti-inflammatory role of Drd2 via interfering β-arrestin2-TAB1 interaction in astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:258. [PMID: 30200997 PMCID: PMC6131810 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-induced neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) has been regarded as a potential anti-inflammatory target in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of astrocytic Drd2 in α-Syn-induced neuroinflammation remains unclear. Methods The effect of Drd2 on neuroinflammation was examined in mouse primary astrocyte in vitro and A53T transgenic mice in vivo. The inflammatory responses of astrocyte were detected using immunofluorescence, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. The details of molecular mechanism were assessed using Western blotting and protein-protein interaction assays. Results We showed that the selective Drd2 agonist quinpirole suppressed inflammation in the midbrain of wild-type mice, but not in α-Syn-overexpressed mice. We also found that Drd2 agonists significantly alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response in astrocytes, but failed to suppress α-Syn-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammation effect of Drd2 was dependent on β-arrestin2-mediated signaling, but not classical G protein pathway. α-Syn reduced the expression of β-arrestin2 in astrocytes. Increased the β-arrestin2 expression restored in the anti-inflammation of Drd2 in α-Syn-induced inflammation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that α-Syn disrupted the anti-inflammation of Drd2 via inhibiting the association of β-arrestin2 with transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein 1 (TAB1) and promoting TAK1-TAB1 interaction in astrocytes. Conclusions Our study illustrates that astrocytic Drd2 inhibits neuroinflammation through a β-arrestin2-dependent mechanism and provides a new strategy for treatment of PD. Our findings also reveal that α-Syn disrupts the function of β-arrestin2 and inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zhu J, Hu Z, Han X, Wang D, Jiang Q, Ding J, Xiao M, Wang C, Lu M, Hu G. Dopamine D2 receptor restricts astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation via enhancing the interaction of β-arrestin2 and NLRP3. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:2037-2049. [PMID: 29786071 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are involved in the neuroinflammation of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Among the numerous inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) produced by astrocytic Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP) inflammasome is crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. β-arrestin2-mediated dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) signal transduction has been regarded as a potential anti-inflammatory target. Our previous study revealed that astrocytic Drd2 suppresses neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. However, the role of Drd2 in astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production remains unclear. In the present study, we used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse model to investigate whether Drd2 could suppress astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We showed that Drd2 agonist inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, evidenced by decreased caspase-1 expression and reduced IL-1β release in the midbrain of wild type mice. The anti-inflammasome effect of Drd2 was abolished in β-arrestin2 knockout and β-arrestin2 small interfering RNA-injected mice, suggesting a critical role of β-arrestin2 in Drd2-regulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also found that Drd2 agonists suppressed the upregulation of caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in primary cultured mouse astrocytes in response to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by lipopolysaccharide plus adenosine triphosphate. Furthermore, we demonstrated that β-arrestin2 mediated the inhibitory effect of Drd2 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation via interacting with NLRP3 and interfering the inflammasome assembly. Collectively, our study illustrates that astrocytic Drd2 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation through a β-arrestin2-dependent mechanism, and provides a new strategy for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhaoli Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Dongshuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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10
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Pack TF, Orlen MI, Ray C, Peterson SM, Caron MG. The dopamine D2 receptor can directly recruit and activate GRK2 without G protein activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6161-6171. [PMID: 29487132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is critical for many central nervous system functions. The D2R carries out these functions by signaling through two transducers: G proteins and β-arrestins (βarrs). Selectively engaging either the G protein or βarr pathway may be a way to improve drugs targeting GPCRs. The current model of GPCR signal transduction posits a chain of events where G protein activation ultimately leads to βarr recruitment. GPCR kinases (GRKs), which are regulated by G proteins and whose kinase action facilitates βarr recruitment, bridge these pathways. Therefore, βarr recruitment appears to be intimately tied to G protein activation via GRKs. Here we sought to understand how GRK2 action at the D2R would be disrupted when G protein activation is eliminated and the effect of this on βarr recruitment. We used two recently developed biased D2R mutants that can preferentially interact either with G proteins or βarrs as well as a βarr-biased D2R ligand, UNC9994. With these functionally selective tools, we investigated the mechanism whereby the βarr-preferring D2R achieves βarr pathway activation in the complete absence of G protein activation. We describe how direct, G protein-independent recruitment of GRK2 drives interactions at the βarr-preferring D2R and also contributes to βarr recruitment at the WT D2R. Additionally, we found an additive interaction between the βarr-preferring D2R mutant and UNC9994. These results reveal that the D2R can directly recruit GRK2 without G protein activation and that this mechanism may have relevance to achieving βarr-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Pack
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology.,Cell Biology
| | | | | | | | - Marc G Caron
- Cell Biology, .,Neurobiology, and.,Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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11
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Dobbs LK, Lemos JC, Alvarez VA. Restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry and associated behaviors triggered by low striatal D2 receptor expression: implications for substance use disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:56-70. [PMID: 27860248 PMCID: PMC5243158 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) consistently emerge as a critical substrate for the etiology of some major psychiatric disorders. Indeed, a central theory of substance use disorders (SUDs) postulates that a reduction in D2R levels in the striatum is a determining factor that confers vulnerability to abuse substances. A large number of clinical and preclinical studies strongly support this link between SUDs and D2Rs; however, identifying the mechanism by which low D2Rs facilitate SUDs has been hindered by the complexity of circuit connectivity, the heterogeneity of D2R expression and the multifaceted constellation of phenotypes observed in SUD patient. Animal models are well‐suited for understanding the mechanisms because they allow access to the circuitry and the genetic tools that enable a dissection of the D2R heterogeneity. This review discusses recent findings on the functional role of D2Rs and highlights the distinctive contributions of D2Rs expressed on specific neuronal subpopulations to the behavioral responses to stimulant drugs. A circuit‐wide restructuring of local and long‐range inhibitory connectivity within the basal ganglia is observed in response to manipulation of striatal D2R levels and is accompanied by multiple alterations in dopamine‐dependent behaviors. Collectively, these new findings provide compelling evidence for a critical role of striatal D2Rs in shaping basal ganglia connectivity; even among neurons that do not express D2Rs. These findings from animal models have deep clinical implications for SUD patients with low levels D2R availability where a similar restructuring of basal ganglia circuitry is expected to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dobbs
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J C Lemos
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V A Alvarez
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Männel B, Dengler D, Shonberg J, Hübner H, Möller D, Gmeiner P. Hydroxy-Substituted Heteroarylpiperazines: Novel Scaffolds for β-Arrestin-Biased D2R Agonists. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4693-4713. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Männel
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dengler
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeremy Shonberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Möller
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Olson KM, Lei W, Keresztes A, LaVigne J, Streicher JM. Novel Molecular Strategies and Targets for Opioid Drug Discovery for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:97-110. [PMID: 28356897 PMCID: PMC5369049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Opioid drugs like morphine and fentanyl are the gold standard for treating moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. However, opioid drug use can be limited by serious side effects, including constipation, tolerance, respiratory suppression, and addiction. For more than 100 years, we have tried to develop opioids that decrease or eliminate these liabilities, with little success. Recent advances in understanding opioid receptor signal transduction have suggested new possibilities to activate the opioid receptors to cause analgesia, while reducing or eliminating unwanted side effects. These new approaches include designing functionally selective ligands, which activate desired signaling cascades while avoiding signaling cascades that are thought to provoke side effects. It may also be possible to directly modulate downstream signaling through the use of selective activators and inhibitors. Separate from downstream signal transduction, it has also been found that when the opioid system is stimulated, various negative feedback systems are upregulated to compensate, which can drive side effects. This has led to the development of multi-functional molecules that simultaneously activate the opioid receptor while blocking various negative feedback receptor systems including cholecystokinin and neurokinin-1. Other novel approaches include targeting heterodimers of the opioid and other receptor systems which may drive side effects, and making endogenous opioid peptides druggable, which may also reduce opioid mediated side effects. Taken together, these advances in our molecular understanding provide a path forward to break the barrier in producing an opioid with reduced or eliminated side effects, especially addiction, which may provide relief for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: John M. Streicher, Ph.D., University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Life Sciences North 563, Box 245050, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, 520-626-7495,
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14
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New Concepts in Dopamine D 2 Receptor Biased Signaling and Implications for Schizophrenia Therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:78-85. [PMID: 27832841 PMCID: PMC5702557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is a common target for antipsychotic drugs. Antagonism of D2R signaling in the striatum is thought to be the primary mode of action of antipsychotic drugs in alleviating psychotic symptoms. However, antipsychotic drugs are not clinically effective at reversing cortical-related symptoms, such as cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. While the exact mechanistic underpinnings of these cognitive deficits are largely unknown, deficits in cortical dopamine function likely play a contributing role. It is now recognized that similar to most G protein-coupled receptors, D2Rs signal not only through canonical G protein pathways but also through noncanonical beta-arrestin2-dependent pathways. We review the current mechanistic bases for this dual signaling mode of D2Rs and how these new concepts might be leveraged for therapeutic gain to target both cortical and striatal dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission and hence have the potential to correct both positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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15
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Distinct cortical and striatal actions of a β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor ligand reveal unique antipsychotic-like properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8178-E8186. [PMID: 27911814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614347113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates striatal hyperdopaminergia and cortical hypodopaminergia. Although partial agonists at DA D2 receptors (D2Rs), like aripiprazole, were developed to simultaneously target both phenomena, they do not effectively improve cortical dysfunction. In this study, we investigate the potential for newly developed β-arrestin2 (βarr2)-biased D2R partial agonists to simultaneously target hyper- and hypodopaminergia. Using neuron-specific βarr2-KO mice, we show that the antipsychotic-like effects of a βarr2-biased D2R ligand are driven through both striatal antagonism and cortical agonism of D2R-βarr2 signaling. Furthermore, βarr2-biased D2R agonism enhances firing of cortical fast-spiking interneurons. This enhanced cortical agonism of the biased ligand can be attributed to a lack of G-protein signaling and elevated expression of βarr2 and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 in the cortex versus the striatum. Therefore, we propose that βarr2-biased D2R ligands that exert region-selective actions could provide a path to develop more effective antipsychotic therapies.
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16
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Jones-Tabah J, Clarke PB, Hébert TE. Measuring G protein-coupled receptor signalling in the brain with resonance energy transfer based biosensors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:44-48. [PMID: 27837687 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) triggers downstream signalling pathways whose identity is determined not only by the genetic background of the cell, but also by the interacting ligand. Assays that measure endogenous GPCR signalling in vivo are needed to specify the intracellular signalling pathways leading to therapeutic vs. adverse outcomes in animal models. To this end, genetically encoded biosensors can be expressed in vivo with cell type specificity to report GPCR signalling in real time. Biosensor imaging is facilitated by novel microscopic and photometric techniques developed for imaging in behaving animals. The techniques discussed here herald a new wave of in vivo signalling studies that will help identify therapeutically relevant signalling, and design functionally selective drugs for neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace Jones-Tabah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Bs Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Muneer A. Pharmacotherapy of Acute Bipolar Depression in Adults: An Evidence Based Approach. Korean J Fam Med 2016; 37:137-48. [PMID: 27274384 PMCID: PMC4891315 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the majority of cases of bipolar disorder, manic episodes are usually brief and typically responsive to currently available psychopharmacological agents. In contrast, depressive manifestations are more prevalent and persistent, and can present as major depressive/mixed episodes or residual interepisode symptoms. The depressive phase is often associated with other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety spectrum disorders, substance use disorders, stressor-related disorders, and eating disorders. It is viewed as a systemic disease with associated ailments such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. There is an increased rate of mortality not only from suicide, but also from concomitant physical illness. This scenario is made worse by the fact that depressive symptoms, which represent the main disease burden, are often refractory to existing psychotropic drugs. As such, there is a pressing need for novel agents that are efficacious in acute depressive exacerbations, and also have applicable value in preventing recurrent episodes. The rationale of the present review is to delineate the pharmacotherapy of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder with medications for which there is evidence in the form of observational, open-label, or double-blind randomized controlled studies. In the treatment of acute bipolar depression in adults, a comprehensive appraisal of the extant literature reveals that among mood stabilizers, the most robust proof of efficacy exists for divalproex sodium; while atypical antipsychotics, which include olanzapine, quetiapine, lurasidone, and cariprazine, are also effective, as demonstrated in controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Department of Psychiatry, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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