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Xiu F, Li X, Liu L, Xi Y, Yi X, Li Y, You X. Mycoplasma invasion into host cells: An integrated model of infection strategy. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:814-830. [PMID: 38293733 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma belong to the genus Mollicutes and are notable for their small genome sizes (500-1300 kb) and limited biosynthetic capabilities. They exhibit pathogenicity by invading various cell types to survive as intracellular pathogens. Adhesion is a crucial prerequisite for successful invasion and is orchestrated by the interplay between mycoplasma surface adhesins and specific receptors on the host cell membrane. Invasion relies heavily on clathrin- and caveolae-mediated internalization, accompanied by multiple activated kinases, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and a myriad of morphological alterations, such as membrane invagination, nuclear hypertrophy and aggregation, cytoplasmic edema, and vacuolization. Once mycoplasma successfully invade host cells, they establish resilient sanctuaries in vesicles, cytoplasm, perinuclear regions, and the nucleus, wherein specific environmental conditions favor long-term survival. Although lysosomal degradation and autophagy can eliminate most invading mycoplasmas, some viable bacteria can be released into the extracellular environment via exocytosis, a crucial factor in the prolonging infection persistence. This review explores the intricate mechanisms by which mycoplasma invades host cells and perpetuates their elusive survival, with the aim of highlighting the challenge of eradicating this enigmatic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feichen Xiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yixuan Xi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinchao Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Li Y, Wang J, Liu B, Yu Y, Yuan T, Wei Y, Gan Y, Shao J, Shao G, Feng Z, Tu Z, Xiong Q. DnaK Functions as a Moonlighting Protein on the Surface of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842058. [PMID: 35308339 PMCID: PMC8927758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a common pathogen of swine and is also associated with various human tumors. It causes systemic inflammation, typically polyserositis and polyarthritis, in some infected pigs. However, the pathogenic mechanism of M. hyorhinis remains unclear. DnaK is a highly conserved protein belonging to the heat-shock protein 70 family of molecular chaperones, which plays important roles as a moonlighting protein in various bacteria. In the present study, we identified the surface exposure of M. hyorhinis DnaK. Two virulent strains expressed more DnaK on their surface than the avirulent strain. Thereafter, the potential moonlighting functions of DnaK were investigated. Recombinant M. hyorhinis DnaK (rMhr-DnaK) was found to be able to adhere to swine PK-15 cells and human NCI-H292 cells. It also bound to four extracellular matrix components-fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and vitronectin-in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA demonstrated an interaction between rMhr-DnaK and plasminogen, which was significantly inhibited by a lysine analog, ε-aminocaproic acid. rMhr-DnaK-bound plasminogen was activated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and the addition of rMhr-DnaK significantly enhanced the activation. Finally, a DnaK-specific antibody was detected in the serum of pigs immunized with inactivated vaccines, which indicated good immunogenicity of it. In summary, our findings imply that DnaK is an important multifunctional moonlighting protein in M. hyorhinis and likely participates extensively in the infection and pathogenesis processes of M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuan Gan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. Bacterial nucleomodulins: A coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009184. [PMID: 33476322 PMCID: PMC7819608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Through long-term interactions with their hosts, bacterial pathogens have evolved unique arsenals of effector proteins that interact with specific host targets and reprogram the host cell into a permissive niche for pathogen proliferation. The targeting of effector proteins into the host cell nucleus for modulation of nuclear processes is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens. These unique pathogen effector proteins have been termed in recent years as "nucleomodulins." The first nucleomodulins were discovered in the phytopathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, where their nucleomodulins functioned as eukaryotic transcription factors or integrated themselves into host cell DNA to promote tumor induction, respectively. Numerous nucleomodulins were recently identified in mammalian pathogens. Bacterial nucleomodulins are an emerging family of pathogen effector proteins that evolved to target specific components of the host cell command center through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include: chromatin dynamics, histone modification, DNA methylation, RNA splicing, DNA replication, cell cycle, and cell signaling pathways. Nucleomodulins may induce short- or long-term epigenetic modifications of the host cell. In this extensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of nucleomodulins from plant and mammalian pathogens. While many nucleomodulins are already identified, continued research is instrumental in understanding their mechanisms of action and the role they play during the progression of pathogenesis. The continued study of nucleomodulins will enhance our knowledge of their effects on nuclear chromatin dynamics, protein homeostasis, transcriptional landscapes, and the overall host cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juanita Von Dwingelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predicative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Demongeot J, Moreira A, Seligmann H. Negative CG dinucleotide bias: An explanation based on feedback loops between Arginine codon assignments and theoretical minimal RNA rings. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000071. [PMID: 33319381 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical minimal RNA rings are candidate primordial genes evolved for non-redundant coding of the genetic code's 22 coding signals (one codon per biogenic amino acid, a start and a stop codon) over the shortest possible length: 29520 22-nucleotide-long RNA rings solve this min-max constraint. Numerous RNA ring properties are reminiscent of natural genes. Here we present analyses showing that all RNA rings lack dinucleotide CG (a mutable, chemically instable dinucleotide coding for Arginine), bearing a resemblance to known CG-depleted genomes. CG in "incomplete" RNA rings (not coding for all coding signals, with only 3-12 nucleotides) gradually decreases towards CG absence in complete, 22-nucleotide-long RNA rings. Presumably, feedback loops during RNA ring growth during evolution (when amino acid assignment fixed the genetic code) assigned Arg to codons lacking CG (AGR) to avoid CG. Hence, as a chemical property of base pairs, CG mutability restructured the genetic code, thereby establishing itself as genetically encoded biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Demongeot
- Laboratory AGEIS EA 7407, Team Tools for e-Gnosis Medical & Labcom CNRS/UGA/OrangeLabs Telecom4Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Andrés Moreira
- Departamento de Informática, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hervé Seligmann
- Laboratory AGEIS EA 7407, Team Tools for e-Gnosis Medical & Labcom CNRS/UGA/OrangeLabs Telecom4Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France.,The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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5
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Denzer L, Schroten H, Schwerk C. From Gene to Protein-How Bacterial Virulence Factors Manipulate Host Gene Expression During Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103730. [PMID: 32466312 PMCID: PMC7279228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria evolved many strategies to survive and persist within host cells. Secretion of bacterial effectors enables bacteria not only to enter the host cell but also to manipulate host gene expression to circumvent clearance by the host immune response. Some effectors were also shown to evade the nucleus to manipulate epigenetic processes as well as transcription and mRNA procession and are therefore classified as nucleomodulins. Others were shown to interfere downstream with gene expression at the level of mRNA stability, favoring either mRNA stabilization or mRNA degradation, translation or protein stability, including mechanisms of protein activation and degradation. Finally, manipulation of innate immune signaling and nutrient supply creates a replicative niche that enables bacterial intracellular persistence and survival. In this review, we want to highlight the divergent strategies applied by intracellular bacteria to evade host immune responses through subversion of host gene expression via bacterial effectors. Since these virulence proteins mimic host cell enzymes or own novel enzymatic functions, characterizing their properties could help to understand the complex interactions between host and pathogen during infections. Additionally, these insights could propose potential targets for medical therapy.
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6
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Role of Mycoplasma Chaperone DnaK in Cellular Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041311. [PMID: 32075244 PMCID: PMC7072988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the human microbiome have elucidated an array of complex interactions between prokaryotes and their hosts. However, precise bacterial pathogen-cancer relationships remain largely elusive, although several bacteria, particularly those establishing persistent intra-cellular infections, like mycoplasmas, can alter host cell cycles, affect apoptotic pathways, and stimulate the production of inflammatory substances linked to DNA damage, thus potentially promoting abnormal cell growth and transformation. Consistent with this idea, in vivo experiments in several chemically induced or genetically deficient mouse models showed that germ-free conditions reduce colonic tumor formation. We demonstrate that mycoplasma DnaK, a chaperone protein belonging to the Heath shock protein (Hsp)-70 family, binds Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP)-1, a protein that plays a critical role in the pathways involved in recognition of DNA damage and repair, and reduces its catalytic activity. It also binds USP10, a key p53 regulator, reducing p53 stability and anti-cancer functions. Finally, we showed that bystander, uninfected cells take up exogenous DnaK-suggesting a possible paracrine function in promoting cellular transformation, over and above direct mycoplasma infection. We propose that mycoplasmas, and perhaps certain other bacteria with closely related DnaK, may have oncogenic activity, mediated through the inhibition of DNA repair and p53 functions, and may be involved in the initiation of some cancers but not necessarily involved nor necessarily even be present in later stages.
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Rambo IM, Marsh A, Biddle JF. Cytosine Methylation Within Marine Sediment Microbial Communities: Potential Epigenetic Adaptation to the Environment. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1291. [PMID: 31244806 PMCID: PMC6579885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sediments harbor a vast amount of Earth's microbial biomass, yet little is understood regarding how cells subsist in this low-energy, presumably slow-growth environment. Cells in marine sediments may require additional methods for genetic regulation, such as epigenetic modification via DNA methylation. We investigated this potential phenomenon within a shallow estuary sediment core spanning 100 years of age. Here, we provide evidence of dynamic community m5-cytosine methylation within estuarine sediment metagenomes. The methylation states of individual CpG sites were reconstructed and quantified across three depths within the sediment core. A total of 6,254 CpG sites were aligned for direct comparison of methylation states between samples, and 4,235 of these sites mapped to taxa and genes. Our results demonstrate the presence of differential methylation within environmental CpG sites across an age gradient of sediment. We show that epigenetic modification can be detected via Illumina sequencing within complex environmental communities. The change in methylation state of environmentally relevant genes across depths may indicate a dynamic role of DNA methylation in regulation of biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer F. Biddle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We wished to overview recent data on a subset of epigenetic changes elicited by intracellular bacteria in human cells. Reprogramming the gene expression pattern of various host cells may facilitate bacterial growth, survival, and spread. RECENT FINDINGS DNA-(cytosine C5)-methyltransferases of Mycoplasma hyorhinis targeting cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis methyltransferase targeting non-CpG sites methylated the host cell DNA and altered the pattern of gene expression. Gene silencing by CpG methylation and histone deacetylation, mediated by cellular enzymes, also occurred in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis elicited cell type-specific epigenetic changes: it caused increased DNA methylation in macrophages, but induced demethylation, deposition of euchromatic histone marks and activation of immune-related genes in dendritic cells. A secreted transposase of Acinetobacter baumannii silenced a cellular gene, whereas Mycobacterium leprae altered the epigenotype, phenotype, and fate of infected Schwann cells. The 'keystone pathogen' oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis induced local DNA methylation and increased the level of histone acetylation in host cells. These epigenetic changes at the biofilm-gingiva interface may contribute to the development of periodontitis. SUMMARY Epigenetic regulators produced by intracellular bacteria alter the epigenotype and gene expression pattern of host cells and play an important role in pathogenesis.
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Sesso A, Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Arruda LB, Kawakami J, Higuchi MDL, Orii NM, Taniwaki NN, Carvalho FMDC, Brito MP, Gottardi M, Carneiro SM, Taga R. Bacteria arise at the border of mycoplasma-infected HeLa cells, containing cytoplasm with either malformed cytosol, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum or tightly adjoined smooth vacuoles. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e84. [PMID: 29267592 PMCID: PMC5738769 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study with transmission electron microscopy of mycoplasma-contaminated HeLa cells using five cell donors referred to as donors A, B, C, D and E, observations are herein presented. Experiments performed with cells from donors B, C and D, revealed the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis after PCR and sequencing experiments. Bacteria probably originated from a cytoplasm with compacted tiny granular particles replacing the normal cytosol territories, or from the contact with the cytoplasm through a clear semi-solid material. The compact granularity (CG) of the cytoplasm was crossed by stripes of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Among apparently normal mitochondria, it was noted, in variable proportions, mitochondria with crista-delimited lucent central regions that expand to and occupied the interior of a crista-less organelle, which can undergo fission. Other components of the scenarios of mycoplasma-induced cell demolition are villus-like structures with associated 80-200 nm vesicles and a clear, flexible semi-solid, process-sensitive substance that we named jam-like material. This material coated the cytoplasmic surface, its recesses, irregular protrusions and detached cytoplasmic fragments. It also cushioned forming bacteria. Cyst-like structures were often present in the cytoplasm. Cells, mainly apoptotic, exhibiting ample cytoplasmic sectors with characteristic net-like profile due to adjoined vacuoles, as well as ovoid or elongated profiles, consistently appeared in all cells from the last four cell donors. These cells were named “modified host cells” because bacteria arose in the vacuoles. The possibility that, in some samples, there was infection and/or coinfection of the host cell by another organism(s) cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sesso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edite Hatsumi Yamashiro-Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM-48, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liã Bárbara Arruda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Kawakami
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemia Mie Orii
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Mendes da Cunha Carvalho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Pereira Brito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Gottardi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rumio Taga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Disciplinas de Histologia e Embriologia, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Matyushkina D, Pobeguts O, Butenko I, Vanyushkina A, Anikanov N, Bukato O, Evsyutina D, Bogomazova A, Lagarkova M, Semashko T, Garanina I, Babenko V, Vakhitova M, Ladygina V, Fisunov G, Govorun V. Phase Transition of the Bacterium upon Invasion of a Host Cell as a Mechanism of Adaptation: a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35959. [PMID: 27775027 PMCID: PMC5075909 DOI: 10.1038/srep35959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What strategies do bacteria employ for adaptation to their hosts and are these strategies different for varied hosts? To date, many studies on the interaction of the bacterium and its host have been published. However, global changes in the bacterial cell in the process of invasion and persistence, remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated phase transition of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum upon invasion of the various types of eukaryotic cells (human, chicken, and mouse) which was stable during several passages after isolation of intracellular clones and recultivation in a culture medium. It was shown that this phase transition is manifested in changes at the proteomic, genomic and metabolomic levels. Eukaryotic cells induced similar proteome reorganization of M. gallisepticum during infection, despite different origins of the host cell lines. Proteomic changes affected a broad range of processes including metabolism, translation and oxidative stress response. We determined that the activation of glycerol utilization, overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and the upregulation of the SpxA regulatory protein occurred during intracellular infection. We propose SpxA as an important regulator for the adaptation of M. gallisepticum to an intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Matyushkina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Olga Pobeguts
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Ivan Butenko
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Anna Vanyushkina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Nicolay Anikanov
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Bukato
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Daria Evsyutina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Alexandra Bogomazova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Stem Cell Laboratory, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Tatiana Semashko
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Irina Garanina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladislav Babenko
- Laboratory of Post-Genomic Research in Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Maria Vakhitova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Valentina Ladygina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Gleb Fisunov
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
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