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Fierro C, Weidenthaler H, Vidojkovic S, Schmidt D, Gafoor Z, Stroukova D, Zwiers S, Müller J, Volkmann A. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel trivalent recombinant MVA-based equine encephalitis virus vaccine: A Phase 1 clinical trial. Vaccine 2024; 42:2695-2706. [PMID: 38494412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three encephalitic alphaviruses-western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (WEEV, EEEV and VEEV)-can cause severe disease and have the potential to be used as biological weapons. There are no approved vaccines for human use. A novel multivalent MVA-BN-WEV vaccine encodes the envelope surface proteins of the 3 viruses and is thereby potentially able to protect against them all, as previously demonstrated in animal models. This first-in-human study assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of MVA-BN-WEV vaccine in healthy adult participants. METHODS Forty-five participants were enrolled into 3 dose groups (1 × 10E7 Inf.U, 1 × 10E8 Inf.U, and 2 × 10E8 Inf.U), received 2 doses 4 weeks apart, and were then monitored for 6 months. RESULTS The safety profile of MVA-BN-WEV was acceptable at all administered doses, with incidence of local solicited AEs increased with increasing dose and no other clinically meaningful differences between dose groups. One SAE (Grade 2 pleural effusion) was reported in the lowest dose group and assessed as possibly related. No AEs resulted in death or led to withdrawal from the second vaccination or from the trial. The most common local solicited AE was injection site pain, and general solicited AEs were headache, fatigue, and myalgia. MVA-BN-WEV induced humoral immune responses; WEEV-, EEEV- and VEEV-specific neutralizing antibody responses peaked 2 weeks following the second vaccination, and the magnitude of these responses increased with dose escalation. The highest dose resulted in seroconversion of all (100 %) participants for WEEV and VEEV and 92.9 % for EEEV, 2 weeks following second vaccination, and durability was observed for 6 months. MVA-BN-WEV induced cellular immune responses to VEEV E1 and E2 (EEEV and WEEV not tested) and a dose effect for peptide pool E2. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that MVA-BN-WEV is well tolerated, induces immune responses, and is suitable for further development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT04131595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fierro
- Johnson County Clin-Trials (JCCT), 16400 College Blvd., Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | | | - Sanja Vidojkovic
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Darja Schmidt
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zarina Gafoor
- Bavarian Nordic Inc, 1005 Slater Road, Suite 101, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Daria Stroukova
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susan Zwiers
- Bavarian Nordic Inc, 1005 Slater Road, Suite 101, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Jutta Müller
- Immunic AG, Lochhamer Schlag 21, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Malone SM, Mitra AK, Onumah NA, Brown A, Jones LM, Tresvant D, Brown CS, Onyia AU, Iseguede FO. Safety and Efficacy of Post-Eradication Smallpox Vaccine as an Mpox Vaccine: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2963. [PMID: 36833653 PMCID: PMC9957080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, 83,339 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 72 deaths, of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), have been reported from 110 locations globally as of 20 December 2022, making the disease a public health concern. Most of the cases (56,171, 67.4%) were reported from countries in North America. Limited data on vaccine effectiveness in the current mpox outbreak are available. However, the modified vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) has been predicted to prevent or reduce the severity of the mpox infection. The present study of systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the modified vaccinia vaccine's safety and efficacy on mpox by using reported randomized clinical trials. Following guidelines from the Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA, multiple databases including PubMed, PLOS ONE, Google Scholar, British Medical Journal, and the U. S. National Library of Medicine were searched. Out of 13,294 research articles initially identified, 187 were screened after removing duplicates. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the meta-analysis included ten studies with 7430 patients. Three researchers independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study. The pooled results suggest that the vaccinia-exposed group had fewer side effects when compared to the vaccinia naïve group (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.07-2.57; p = 0.03). Overall, the modified vaccinia has proven safe and effective in both vaccinia naïve and previously exposed groups, with higher efficacy in the previously exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelia M. Malone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Orlova OV, Glazkova DV, Bogoslovskaya EV, Shipulin GA, Yudin SM. Development of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Vaccines: Advantages and Applications. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091516. [PMID: 36146594 PMCID: PMC9503770 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector for vaccine development. MVA is well studied and has been widely used for vaccination against smallpox in Germany. This review describes the history of the origin of the virus and its properties as a vaccine, including a high safety profile. In recent years, MVA has found its place as a vector for the creation of vaccines against various diseases. To date, a large number of vaccine candidates based on the MVA vector have already been developed, many of which have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. We discuss data on the immunogenicity and efficacy of some of these vaccines.
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Gore DJ, Schueler K, Ramani S, Uvin A, Phillips G, McNulty M, Fujimoto K, Schneider J. HIV Response Interventions that Integrate HIV Molecular Cluster and Social Network Analysis: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1750-1792. [PMID: 34779940 PMCID: PMC9842229 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to improved efficiency and reduced cost of viral sequencing, molecular cluster analysis can be feasibly utilized alongside existing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention strategies. The goal of this paper is to elucidate how HIV molecular cluster and social network analyses are being integrated to implement HIV response interventions. We searched PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies incorporating both HIV molecular cluster and social network data. We identified 32 articles that combined analyses of HIV molecular sequences and social or sexual networks. All studies were descriptive. Six studies described network interventions informed by molecular and social data but did not fully evaluate their efficacy. There is no current standard for incorporating molecular and social network analyses to inform interventions or data demonstrating its utility. More research must be conducted to delineate benefits and best practices for leveraging molecular data for network-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gore
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kellie Schueler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Santhoshini Ramani
- The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC5065, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Arno Uvin
- The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC5065, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gregory Phillips
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Moira McNulty
- The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC5065, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kayo Fujimoto
- Department of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Schneider
- The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC5065, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Astawesegn FH, Stulz V, Conroy E, Mannan H. Trends and effects of antiretroviral therapy coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from panel data analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:134. [PMID: 35135474 PMCID: PMC8822759 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy for pregnant women infected with HIV has evolved significantly over time, from single dosage antiretroviral and zidovudine alone to lifelong combination of antiretroviral therapy, but the effect of the intervention on population-level child HIV infection has not been well studied in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the trend and effect of ART coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa from 2010 to 2019. Methods Country-level longitudinal ecological study design was used. Forty-one sub-Saharan Africa countries were included using publicly available data from the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, and World Bank. We created a panel dataset of 410 observations for this study from the years 2010–2019. Linear fixed effects dummy variable regression models were conducted to measure the effect of ART coverage during pregnancy on MTCT rate. Regression coefficients with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each variable from the fixed effects model. Results ART coverage during pregnancy increased from 32.98 to 69.46% between 2010 and 2019. Over the same period, the rate of HIV transmission from mother to child reduced from 27.18 to 16.90% in sub-Saharan Africa. A subgroup analysis found that in southern Africa and upper-middle-income groups, higher ART coverage, and lower MTCT rates were recorded. The fixed-effects model result showed that ART coverage during pregnancy (β = − 0.18, 95% CI − 0.19–− 0.16) (p < 0.001) and log-transformed HIV incidence-to-prevalence ratio (β = 5.41, 95% CI 2.18–8.65) (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with mother-to-child HIV transmission rate. Conclusions ART coverage for HIV positive pregnant women and HIV incidence-to-prevalence ratio were significantly associated with MTCT rate in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on these findings we suggest countries scale up ART coverage by implementing varieties of proven strategies and control the HIV epidemic to achieve the global target of eliminating MTCT of HIV in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feleke Hailemichael Astawesegn
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown campus, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Virginia Stulz
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Research, Western Sydney University, Nepean Hospital 1st Level Court Building, Derby Street, Kingswood, NSW, 2340, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Conroy
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown campus, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Haider Mannan
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown campus, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Simonetti O, Radi G, Molinelli E, Rizzetto G, Diotallevi F, Offidani A. Recommendations for dermatologists treating patients with atopic dermatitis during the Covid-19 pandemic: a look into the past for a conscious vaccination management. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3268-3275. [PMID: 34170791 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1925502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 20% of children and 10% of adults. The implication of vaccines as a trigger for the de novo onset of AD in children or as a cause of exacerbation in individuals with a history of AD has long been debated. We present a brief review of the literature on AD and traditional vaccinations, proposing in addition the main recommendations for the management of patients with AD undergoing the vaccine against the SARS-COV-2 virus. Live attenuated vaccines seem to be associated with a relapse of AD and/or complications, such as eczema vaccinatum. For non-live vaccines, no adverse events are noted in atopic subjects. Since the Covid-19 vaccine is mRNA or viral vectored vaccine and there are no other currently used vaccines of this type, the same recommendations are applied as for all other non-live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Simonetti
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Radi
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulio Rizzetto
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Diotallevi
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Dermatological Clinic Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Julander JG, Testori M, Cheminay C, Volkmann A. Immunogenicity and Protection After Vaccination With a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Vectored Yellow Fever Vaccine in the Hamster Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1756. [PMID: 30116244 PMCID: PMC6082969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly efficacious live-attenuated 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccine is occasionally associated with rare life-threatening adverse events. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a non-replicating poxvirus, has been used as a vaccine platform to safely deliver various antigens. A MVA-based YF vaccine (MVA-BN-YF) was tested with and without a non-mineral oil adjuvant in a hamster model of lethal YF disease and protective efficacy of this vaccine was compared with the 17D vaccine. The vaccine candidate MVA-BN-YF generated a protective response in hamsters infected with YFV that was comparable to protection by the live 17D vaccine. Similar levels of neutralizing antibody were observed in animals vaccinated with either vaccine alone or vaccine with adjuvant. Significant improvement in survival, weight change, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in vaccinated hamsters when administered 42 and 14 days prior to challenge with Jimenez YF virus (YFV). Neutralizing antibodies induced by MVA-BN-YF were transferred to naïve hamsters prior to virus challenge. Passive administration of neutralizing antibody 24 h prior to virus infection resulted in significantly improved survival and weight change. A trend toward reduced liver enzyme levels was also observed. MVA-BN-YF, therefore, represents a safe alternative to vaccination with live-attenuated YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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