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Przybylla R, Mullins CS, Krohn M, Oswald S, Linnebacher M. Establishment and Characterization of Novel Human Intestinal In Vitro Models for Absorption and First-Pass Metabolism Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179861. [PMID: 36077251 PMCID: PMC9456142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly used intestinal in vitro models are limited in their potential to predict oral drug absorption. They either lack the capability to form a tight cellular monolayer mimicking the intestinal epithelial barrier or the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The aim of this study was to establish a platform of colorectal cancer patient-derived cell lines for evaluation of human intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. We characterized ten 2D cell lines out of our collection with confluent outgrowth and long-lasting barrier forming potential as well as suitability for high throughput applications with special emphasis on expression and inducibility of CYP3A4. By assessment of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) the cells barrier function capacity can be quantified. Very high TEER levels were detected for HROC60. A high basal CYP3A4 expression and function was found for HROC32. Eight cell lines showed higher CYP3A4 induction by stimulation via the vitamin D receptor compared to Caco-2 cells (5.1- to 16.8-fold change). Stimulation of the pregnane X receptor led to higher CYP3A4 induction in two cell lines. In sum, we identified the two cell lines HROC183 T0 M2 and HROC217 T1 M2 as useful tools for in vitro drug absorption studies. Due to their high TEER values and inducibility by drug receptor ligands, they may be superior to Caco-2 cells to analyze oral drug absorption and intestinal drug–drug interactions. Significance statement: Selecting appropriate candidates is important in preclinical drug development. Therefore, cell models to predict absorption from the human intestine are of the utmost importance. This study revealed that the human cell lines HROC183 T0 M2 and HROC217 T1 M2 may be better suited models and possess higher predictive power of pregnane X receptor- and vitamin D-mediated drug metabolism than Caco-2 cells. Consequently, they represent useful tools for predicting intestinal absorption and simultaneously enable assessment of membrane permeability and first-pass metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Przybylla
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Krohn
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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2
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Maletzki C, Bock S, Fruh P, Macius K, Witt A, Prall F, Linnebacher M. NSG mice as hosts for oncological precision medicine. J Transl Med 2020; 100:27-37. [PMID: 31409886 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been rediscovered as meaningful research tool. By using severely immunodeficient mice, high-engraftment rates can be theoretically achieved, permitting clinical stratification strategies. Apart from engraftment efficacy, tolerability towards certain cytostatic drugs varies among individual mouse strains thus impeding large-scale screenings. Here, we aimed at optimizing an in vivo treatment schedule using the widely applied cytostatic drug 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) for exemplary response prediction in colorectal cancer (CRC) PDX models. Four different individual CRC PDX models were engrafted into NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl (NSG) mice. Mice with established PDX were allocated to different treatment groups, receiving 5-FU, the oral prodrug Capecitabine, or 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) at different doses. Body weight, tumor size, and general behavior were assessed during therapy. Ex vivo analyses were done from blood samples, liver, as well as tumor resection specimen. Engraftment efficacy was high as expected in NSG mice, yielding stable PDX growth for therapy stratification. However, overall tolerability towards 5-FU was unexpectedly low, whereas the prodrug Capecitabine as well as the combination of 5-FU/LV at low doses were well tolerated. Accompanying plasma level determination of DYPD, the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-FU-mediated toxicity, revealed reduced activity in NSG mice compared with other common laboratory mouse strains, offering a likely explanation for the drug incompatibility. Also, the De Ritis quotient was highly elevated in treated mice, reflecting overall organ injury even at low doses. Summarizing these findings, NSG mice are ideal hosts for in vivo engraftment studies. However, the complex immunodeficiency reduces tolerance to certain drugs, thus making those mice especially sensitive. Consequently, such dose finding and tolerance tests constitute a necessity for similar cancer precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bock
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Fruh
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karolis Macius
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Witt
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friedrich Prall
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany.
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Targeting Immune-Related Molecules in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive In Vitro Analysis on Patient-Derived Tumor Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4938285. [PMID: 30891459 PMCID: PMC6390245 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4938285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of immune-related pathway inhibition, among them indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), alone and together with immune cells on growth and viability of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. A panel of patient-derived CRC cell lines with different molecular characteristics (CpG island methylator phenotype, chromosomal, and microsatellite instability) was included. Initial phenotyping of CRC cell lines (n=17) revealed high abundance of immunosuppressive checkpoint-molecules in general, but an individual profile for IDO. Presence of immune-related molecules was independent of the molecular subtype. Selective treatment of CRC cell lines showing high or low IDO expression (n=2 cell lines each) was performed with single agents and combinations of Indoximod, Curcumin, and Gemcitabine with and without the addition of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in an allogeneic setting. All substances affected CRC cell growth in a cell line specific manner. The combination of Curcumin and Gemcitabine proved to be most effective in tumor cell elimination. Functional read-out analyses identified cellular senescence, after both single and combined treatment. Curcumin alone exerted strong cytotoxic effects by inducing early and late apoptosis. Necrosis was not detectable at all. Addition of lymphocytes generally boosted antitumoral effects of all IDO-inhibitors, with up to 80 % cytotoxicity for the Curcumin treatment. Here, no obvious differences became apparent between individual cell lines. Combined application of Curcumin and low-dose chemotherapy is a promising strategy to kill tumor target cells and to stimulate antitumoral immune responses.
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Rauch A, Carlstedt A, Emmerich C, Mustafa AHM, Göder A, Knauer SK, Linnebacher M, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Survivin antagonizes chemotherapy-induced cell death of colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27835-27850. [PMID: 29963241 PMCID: PMC6021236 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11) and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) are among the most frequently used drugs against colorectal tumors. Therefore, it is important to define the molecular mechanisms that these agents modulate in colon cancer cells. Here we demonstrate that CPT-11 stalls such cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, induces an accumulation of the tumor suppressor p53, the replicative stress/DNA damage marker γH2AX, phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR, and an ATR-dependent accumulation of the pro-survival molecule survivin. L-OHP reduces the number of cells in S-phase, stalls cell cycle progression, transiently triggers an accumulation of low levels of γH2AX and phosphorylated checkpoint kinases, and L-OHP suppresses survivin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Compared to CPT-11, L-OHP is a stronger inducer of caspases and p53-dependent apoptosis. Overexpression and RNAi against survivin reveal that this factor critically antagonizes caspase-dependent apoptosis in cells treated with CPT-11 and L-OHP. We additionally show that L-OHP suppresses survivin through p53 and its downstream target p21, which stalls cell cycle progression as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi). These data shed new light on the regulation of survivin by two clinically significant drugs and its biological and predictive relevance in drug-exposed cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Rauch
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Annemarie Carlstedt
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Emmerich
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Göder
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Maletzki C, Beyrich F, Hühns M, Klar E, Linnebacher M. The mutational profile and infiltration pattern of murine MLH1-/- tumors: concurrences, disparities and cell line establishment for functional analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53583-53598. [PMID: 27447752 PMCID: PMC5288207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lines homozygous negative for one of the four DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6) were generated as models for MMR deficient (MMR-D) diseases. Clinically, hereditary forms of MMR-D include Lynch syndrome (characterized by a germline MMR gene defect) and constitutional MMR-D, the biallelic form. MMR-D knockout mice may be representative for both diseases. Here, we aimed at characterizing the MLH1-/- model focusing on tumor-immune microenvironment and identification of coding microsatellite mutations in lymphomas and gastrointestinal tumors (GIT). All tumors showed microsatellite instability (MSI) in non-coding mononucleotide markers. Mutational profiling of 26 coding loci in MSI+ GIT and lymphomas revealed instability in half of the microsatellites, two of them (Rfc3 and Rasal2) shared between both entities. MLH1-/- tumors of both entities displayed a similar phenotype (high CD71, FasL, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression). Additional immunofluorescence verified the tumors’ natural immunosuppressive character (marked CD11b/CD200R infiltration). Vice versa, CD3+ T cells as well as immune checkpoints molecules were detectable, indicative for an active immune microenvironment. For functional analysis, a permanent cell line from an MLH1-/- GIT was established. The newly developed MLH1-/- A7450 cells exhibit stable in vitro growth, strong invasive potential and heterogeneous drug response. Moreover, four additional MSI target genes (Nktr1, C8a, Taf1b, and Lig4) not recognized in the primary were identified in this cell line. Summing up, molecular and immunological mechanisms of MLH1-/- driven carcinogenesis correlate well with clinical features of MMR-D. MLH1-/- knockout mice combine characteristics of Lynch syndrome and constitutional MMR-D, making them suitable models for preclinical research aiming at MMR-D related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Beyrich
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Hühns
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Maletzki C, Huehns M, Bauer I, Ripperger T, Mork MM, Vilar E, Klöcking S, Zettl H, Prall F, Linnebacher M. Frameshift mutational target gene analysis identifies similarities and differences in constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency and Lynch syndrome. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1753-1764. [PMID: 28218421 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch-repair deficient (MMR-D) malignancies include Lynch Syndrome (LS), which is secondary to germline mutations in one of the MMR genes, and the rare childhood-form of constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency (CMMR-D); caused by bi-allelic MMR gene mutations. A hallmark of LS-associated cancers is microsatellite instability (MSI), characterized by coding frameshift mutations (cFSM) in target genes. By contrast, tumors arising in CMMR-D patients are thought to display a somatic mutation pattern differing from LS. This study has the main goal to identify cFSM in MSI target genes relevant in CMMR-D and to compare the spectrum of common somatic mutations, including alterations in DNA polymerases POLE and D1 between LS and CMMR-D. CMMR-D-associated tumors harbored more somatic mutations compared to LS cases, especially in the TP53 gene and in POLE and POLD1, where novel mutations were additionally identified. Strikingly, MSI in classical mononucleotide markers BAT40 and CAT25 was frequent in CMMR-D cases. MSI-target gene analysis revealed mutations in CMMR-D-associated tumors, some of them known to be frequently hit in LS, such as RNaseT2, HT001, and TGFβR2. Our results imply a general role for these cFSM as potential new drivers of MMR-D tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Huehns
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingrid Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tim Ripperger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maureen M Mork
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,, Texas.,Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,, Texas.,Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sabine Klöcking
- Rostock Cancer Registry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heike Zettl
- Rostock Cancer Registry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friedrich Prall
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Wiegering A, Matthes N, Mühling B, Koospal M, Quenzer A, Peter S, Germer CT, Linnebacher M, Otto C. Reactivating p53 and Inducing Tumor Apoptosis (RITA) Enhances the Response of RITA-Sensitive Colorectal Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Agents 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin. Neoplasia 2017; 19:301-309. [PMID: 28284059 PMCID: PMC5345961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract with frequently dysregulated intracellular signaling pathways, including p53 signaling. The mainstay of chemotherapy treatment of CRC is 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and oxaliplatin. The two anticancer drugs mediate their therapeutic effect via DNA damage-triggered signaling. The small molecule reactivating p53 and inducing tumor apoptosis (RITA) is described as an activator of wild-type and reactivator of mutant p53 function, resulting in elevated levels of p53 protein, cell growth arrest, and cell death. Additionally, it has been shown that RITA can induce DNA damage signaling. It is expected that the therapeutic benefits of 5FU and oxaliplatin can be increased by enhancing DNA damage signaling pathways. Therefore, we highlighted the antiproliferative response of RITA alone and in combination with 5FU or oxaliplatin in human CRC cells. A panel of long-term established CRC cell lines (n = 9) including p53 wild-type, p53 mutant, and p53 null and primary patient-derived, low-passage cell lines (n = 5) with different p53 protein status were used for this study. A substantial number of CRC cells with pronounced sensitivity to RITA (IC50< 3.0 μmol/l) were identified within established (4/9) and primary patient-derived (2/5) CRC cell lines harboring wild-type or mutant p53 protein. Sensitivity to RITA appeared independent of p53 status and was associated with an increase in antiproliferative response to 5FU and oxaliplatin, a transcriptional increase of p53 targets p21 and NOXA, and a decrease in MYC mRNA. The effect of RITA as an inducer of DNA damage was shown by a strong elevation of phosphorylated histone variant H2A.X, which was restricted to RITA-sensitive cells. Our data underline the primary effect of RITA, inducing DNA damage, and demonstrate the differential antiproliferative effect of RITA to CRC cells independent of p53 protein status. We found a substantial number of RITA-sensitive CRC cells within both panels of established CRC cell lines and primary patient-derived CRC cell lines (6/14) that provide a rationale for combining RITA with 5FU or oxaliplatin to enhance the antiproliferative response to both chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Niels Matthes
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Bettina Mühling
- Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Monika Koospal
- Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Quenzer
- Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Peter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, D-18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany; Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Generation of Xenotransplants from Human Cancer Biopsies to Assess Anti-cancer Activities of HDACi. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1510:217-229. [PMID: 27761824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6527-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor in vivo cancer models raised in immunodeficient mice, the so-called patient-derived xenografts, are increasingly in use in preclinical development and evaluation of novel drug candidates including HDAC inhibitors. Here, we describe the techniques needed to generate novel patient-derived xenografts. The focus lies on vitally frozen tumor biopsies as starting material. First, the preparative steps on the animals, followed by the engraftment procedure itself, the tumor growth surveillance, the explantation procedure, and finally the handling of obtained xenograft tissues are described step by step. This technical description is completed by numerous tips and alternatives designed to allow for an easy adaptation and transfer to other laboratories.
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Picco G, Petti C, Sassi F, Grillone K, Migliardi G, Rossi T, Isella C, Di Nicolantonio F, Sarotto I, Sapino A, Bardelli A, Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Medico E. Efficacy of NEDD8 Pathway Inhibition in Preclinical Models of Poorly Differentiated, Clinically Aggressive Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 109:djw209. [PMID: 27771609 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NEDD8 conjugation pathway modulates the ubiquitination and activity of a wide range of intracellular proteins, and its blockade by pevonedistat is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach in various cancer settings. However, systematic characterization of pevonedistat efficacy in specific tumor types and definition of response predictors are still missing. Methods We investigated in vitro sensitivity to pevonedistat in 122 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines by an ATP-based proliferation assay and evaluated apoptosis and DNA content by flow cytometry. Associations between pevonedistat sensitivity and CRC molecular features were assessed by Student's t test. A 184-gene transcriptional predictor was generated in cell lines and applied to 87 metastatic CRC samples for which patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were available. In vivo reponse to pevonedistat was assessed in PDX models (≥5 mice per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Sixteen (13.1%) cell lines displayed a marked response to pevonedistat, featuring DNA re-replication, proliferative block, and increased apoptosis. Pevonedistat sensitivity did not statistically significantly correlate with microsatellite instability or mutations in KRAS or BRAF and was functionally associated with low EGFR pathway activity. While ineffective on predicted resistant PDXs, in vivo administration of pevonedistat statistically significantly impaired growth of five out of six predicted sensitive models (P < .01). In samples from CRC patients, transcriptional prediction of pevonedistat sensitivity was associated with poor prognosis after surgery (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34 to 4.62, P = .003) and early progression under cetuximab treatment (HR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.60 to 8.04, P < .001). Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the pevonedistat sensitivity signature captures transcriptional traits of poor differentiation and high-grade mucinous adenocarcinoma. Conclusions These results highlight NEDD8-pathway inhibition by pevonedistat as a potentially effective treatment for poorly differentiated, clinically aggressive CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Picco
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Consalvo Petti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Katia Grillone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Rossi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Isella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Sarotto
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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10
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Mullins CS, Hühns M, Krohn M, Peters S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Guillotte M, Ducrot S, Mallet F, Linnebacher M. Generation, Characterization and Application of Antibodies Directed against HERV-H Gag Protein in Colorectal Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153349. [PMID: 27119520 PMCID: PMC4847760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A substantial part of the human genome originates from transposable elements, remnants of ancient retroviral infections. Roughly 8% of the human genome consists of about 400,000 LTR elements including human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences. Mainly, the interplay between epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms is thought to silence HERV expression in most physiological contexts. Interestingly, aberrant reactivation of several HERV-H loci appears specific to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results The expression of HERV-H Gag proteins (Gag-H) was assessed using novel monoclonal mouse anti Gag-H antibodies. In a flow cytometry screen four antibody clones were tested on a panel of primary CRC cell lines and the most well performing ones were subsequently validated in western blot analysis. Finally, Gag-H protein expression was analyzed by immune histology on cell line cytospins and on clinical samples. There, we found a heterogeneous staining pattern with no background staining of endothelial, stromal and infiltrating immune cells but diffuse staining of the cytoplasm for positive tumor and normal crypt cells of the colonic epithelium. Conclusion Taken together, the Gag-H antibody clone(s) present a valuable tool for staining of cells with colonic origin and thus form the basis for future more detailed investigations. The observed Gag-H protein staining in colonic epithelium crypt cells demands profound analyses of a potential role for Gag-H in the normal physiology of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Mullins
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Hühns
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Pathology, Strempelstraße 14, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Peters
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Valérie Cheynet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Oriol
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Ducrot
- R&D Immunoassay, bioMérieux, Raw Material Department, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
- EA Pathophysiology of injury-induced immunosuppression, University of Lyon1–Hospices Civils de Lyon–bioMérieux,Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 LYON Cedex 3, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kuehn F, Mullins CS, Krohn M, Harnack C, Ramer R, Krämer OH, Klar E, Huehns M, Linnebacher M. Establishment and characterization of HROC69 - a Crohn´s related colonic carcinoma cell line and its matched patient-derived xenograft. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24671. [PMID: 27087592 PMCID: PMC4834534 DOI: 10.1038/srep24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) seems to be a rather unique entity and differs in its genetic alterations, tumour formation capacities, and clinical features from sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Most descriptions about tumour biology of CAC refer to ulcerative colitis; data about Crohn´s colitis related carcinomas are scarce. The majority of patients with Crohn´s disease are under immunosuppression which generates a different environment for tumour growth. We first describe the clinical case of a fast growing CAC in a long-term immunosuppressed patient with Crohn´s disease and successful establishment and characterization of carcinoma cell lines along with their corresponding patient-derived xenograft. Subsequently, these tumor models were molecularly and functionally analysed. Beside numerous chromosomal alterations, mutations in TP53, APC, PTEN and SMAD3 were identified. The cell lines express numerous cancer testis antigens, surface molecules involved in immune evasion but low levels of HLA class I molecules. They show strong invasive but in comparison weak migratory activity. The present work is the first description of patient-derived in vitro and in vivo models for CAC from a Crohn´s disease patient. They might be valuable tools for analysis of genetic and epigenetic alterations, biomarker identification, functional testing, including response prediction, and the development of specific therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kuehn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina S Mullins
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Harnack
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Ramer
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Toxicology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General-, Thoracic-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Huehns
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Pathology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock, Germany
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