1
|
Liu T, Qin J, Shang W, Chen J, Subbarao KV, Hu X. The Phosphatase VdPtc3 Regulates Virulence in Verticillium dahliae by Interacting with VdAtg1. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1048-1057. [PMID: 36449525 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0320-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2C protein phosphatases regulate various biological processes in eukaryotes. However, their functions in Verticillium dahliae have not been characterized. In this study, homologs VdPtc1, VdPtc3, VdPtc5, VdPtc6, and VdPtc7 were identified in V. dahliae on the basis of homologous comparison with those in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. VdPtc2 and VdPtc4 are missing in the genome of the V. dahliae XJ592 strain. VdPtc3 is the homolog of Ptc2, Ptc3, and Ptc4 proteins in S. cerevisiae, implying that VdPtc3 may play versatile functions in V. dahliae. VdPtc3 promoted conidium development, melanin, and microsclerotium formation in V. dahliae. The ΔVdPtc3 strains showed increased sensitivity to NaCl and sorbitol and augmented the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog Hog1 induced by osmotic stress. Besides, the ΔVdPtc3 strains also showed milder Verticillium wilt symptom on cotton. Furthermore, VdPtc3 interacts with VdAtg1, which modulates melanin and microsclerotium formation, as well as pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, P.R. China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou J, Zhao L, Wu Y, Zhang X, Cheng S, Wei F, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Feng Z, Feng H. A DEK domain-containing protein GhDEK2D mediated Gossypium hirsutum enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2024738. [PMID: 35034577 PMCID: PMC9176258 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2024738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
DEK is associated with DNA replication and break repair, mRNA splicing, and transcriptional regulation, which had been studied in humans and mammals. The function of DEK in plants was poorly understood. In this study, GhDEK2D was identified in Gossypium hirsutum by genome-wide and post-translational modifications. GhDEK2D had been phosphorylated, acetylated and ubiquitylated under Verticillium dahliae (Vd) challenge. The GhDEK2D-silenced cotton decreased resistance against Vd. In GhDEK2D-silenced cotton plants, the reactive oxygen species was activated, the callose, xylogen, hypersensitive reaction (HR) and expression levels of defense-related genes were reduced. Homozygous overexpressing-GhDEK2D transgenic Arabidopsis lines were more resistant to Verticillium wilt (Vw). We propose that GhDEK2D was a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Vw in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Yi Zhou College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Yi Zhou College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yajie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Yi Zhou College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zili Feng State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CONTACT Hongjie Feng
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiménez-Ruiz J, Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Barroso JB, Luque F, Mercado-Blanco J. The Transcriptome of Verticillium dahliae Responds Differentially Depending on the Disease Susceptibility Level of the Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Cultivar. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040251. [PMID: 30934761 PMCID: PMC6523120 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among biotic constraints affecting olive trees cultivation worldwide, the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is considered one of the most serious threats. Olive cultivars display differential susceptibility to the disease, but our knowledge on the pathogen’s responses when infecting varieties differing in susceptibility is scarce. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in olive cultivars Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (tolerant). RNA samples originated from roots during the first two weeks after inoculation with V. dahliae defoliating (D) pathotype. Verticillium dahliae mRNA amount was overwhelmingly higher in roots of the susceptible cultivar, indicating that proliferation of pathogen biomass is favored in ‘Picual’. A significant larger number of V. dahliae unigenes (11 fold) were only induced in this cultivar. Seven clusters of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified according to time-course expression patterns. Unigenes potentially coding for niche-adaptation, pathogenicity, virulence and microsclerotia development were induced in ‘Picual’, while in ‘Frantoio’ expression remained negligible or null. Verticillium dahliae D pathotype transcriptome responses are qualitatively and quantitatively different, and depend on cultivar susceptibility level. The much larger V. dahliae biomass found in ‘Picual’ roots is a consequence of both host and pathogen DEG explaining, to a large extent, the higher aggressiveness exerted over this cultivar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Francisco Luque
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bui TT, Harting R, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Tran VT, Leonard M, Höfer A, Abelmann A, Bakti F, Valerius O, Schlüter R, Stanley CE, Ambrósio A, Braus GH. Verticillium dahliae transcription factors Som1 and Vta3 control microsclerotia formation and sequential steps of plant root penetration and colonisation to induce disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2138-2159. [PMID: 30290010 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae nuclear transcription factors Som1 and Vta3 can rescue adhesion in a FLO8-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Som1 and Vta3 induce the expression of the yeast FLO1 and FLO11 genes encoding adhesins. Som1 and Vta3 are sequentially required for root penetration and colonisation of the plant host by V. dahliae. The SOM1 and VTA3 genes were deleted and their functions in fungus-induced plant pathogenesis were studied using genetic, cell biology, proteomic and plant pathogenicity experiments. Som1 supports fungal adhesion and root penetration and is required earlier than Vta3 in the colonisation of plant root surfaces and tomato plant infection. Som1 controls septa positioning and the size of vacuoles, and subsequently hyphal development including aerial hyphae formation and normal hyphal branching. Som1 and Vta3 control conidiation, microsclerotia formation, and antagonise in oxidative stress responses. The molecular function of Som1 is conserved between the plant pathogen V. dahliae and the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Som1 controls genes for initial steps of plant root penetration, adhesion, oxidative stress response and VTA3 expression to allow subsequent root colonisation. Both Som1 and Vta3 regulate developmental genetic networks required for conidiation, microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tri-Thuc Bui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Susanna A Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annalena Höfer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anja Abelmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Bakti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alinne Ambrósio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo X, Xie C, Dong J, Yang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory networks and key genes of microsclerotia formation in the cotton vascular wilt pathogen. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:25-36. [PMID: 30710746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne, hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes Verticillium wilt in a broad range of economic crops. The microsclerotia (MS), which act as the main host inoculum, can survive long-term in soil resulting in uncontrollable disease. In order to clarify the mechanism of MS formation, we sequenced the whole genome-wide expression profile of V. dahliae strain V991. Compared with M1 (no MS formation), during the process of MS formation and maturation, 1354, 1571, and 1521 unique tags were significantly regulated in M2, M3, and M4 library, respectively. During MS formation, melanin synthesis-related genes were preferentially upregulated. The process is more likely to regulated by transcription factors (TFs) including C2H2, Zn2Cys6, bZIP, and fungal-specific TF domain-containing proteins; additionally, G-protein coupled receptors, Ca2+, small GTPases, and cAMP were involved in signalling transduction. Protein kinase-encoding (VDAG_06474) and synthase-encoding (VDAG_05314) genes were demonstrated to negatively and positively influence MS production, respectively. The gene expression dynamics revealed during MS formation provide comprehensive theoretical knowledge to further understanding of the metabolism and regulation of MS development in V. dahliae, potentially providing targets to control Verticillium wilt through interfering MS formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; The School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jinyan Dong
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Specialty Crop Resources and The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song Z. Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9873-9880. [PMID: 30255231 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) consist of an outer layer of pigment parenchyma cells and an inner layer of colorless medulla cells. In nature, MS are formed as overwintering and spreading structures in phytopathogenic fungi. For biological applications, MS can be induced in artificial liquid medium. To understand the complicated structure of MS and molecular mechanism of MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi, data from different studies can be integrated. In this review, the essential prerequisites, environmental cues, and internal stimulating factors for MS development are explored. Emerging knowledges about the association between transcriptional regulatory circuits and signaling pathways involved in MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Santamarina S, Festa RA, Smith AD, Yu CH, Probst C, Ding C, Homer CM, Yin J, Noonan JP, Madhani H, Perfect JR, Thiele DJ. Genome-wide analysis of the regulation of Cu metabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:473-494. [PMID: 29608794 PMCID: PMC5980777 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans to adapt to variable copper (Cu) environments within the host is key for successful dissemination and colonization. During pulmonary infection, host alveolar macrophages compartmentalize Cu into the phagosome and C. neoformans Cu-detoxifying metallothioneins, MT1 and MT2, are required for survival of the pathogen. In contrast, during brain colonization the C. neoformans Cu+ importers Ctr1 and Ctr4 are required for virulence. Central for the regulation and expression of both the Cu detoxifying MT1/2 and the Cu acquisition Ctr1/4 proteins is the Cu-metalloregulatory transcription factor Cuf1, an established C. neoformans virulence factor. Due to the importance of the distinct C. neoformans Cu homeostasis mechanisms during host colonization and virulence, and to the central role of Cuf1 in regulating Cu homeostasis, we performed a combination of RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq experiments to identify differentially transcribed genes between conditions of high and low Cu. We demonstrate that the transcriptional regulation exerted by Cuf1 is intrinsically complex and that Cuf1 also functions as a transcriptional repressor. The Cu- and Cuf1-dependent regulon in C. neoformans reveals new adaptive mechanisms for Cu homeostasis in this pathogenic fungus and identifies potential new pathogen-specific targets for therapeutic intervention in fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarela Garcia-Santamarina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard A. Festa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron D. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chen-Hsin Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corinna Probst
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina M. Homer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James P. Noonan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hiten Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John R. Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis J. Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang W, Gui Y, Short DPG, Li T, Zhang D, Zhou L, Liu C, Bao Y, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Verticillium dahliae transcription factor VdFTF1 regulates the expression of multiple secreted virulence factors and is required for full virulence in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:841-857. [PMID: 28520093 PMCID: PMC6638078 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal transcription factors (TFs) implicated in the regulation of virulence gene expression have been identified in a number of plant pathogens. In Verticillium dahliae, despite its agricultural importance, few regulators of transcription have been characterized. In this study, a T-DNA insertion mutant with significantly reduced virulence towards cotton was identified. The T-DNA was traced to VdFTF1, a gene encoding a TF containing a Fungal_trans domain. Transient expression in onion epidermal cells indicated that VdFTF1 is localized to the nucleus. The VdFTF1-deletion strains displayed normal vegetative growth, mycelial pigmentation and conidial morphology, but exhibited significantly reduced virulence on cotton, suggesting that VdFTF1 is required exclusively for pathogenesis. Comparisons of global transcription patterns of wild-type and VdFTF1-deletion strains indicated that VdFTF1 affected the expression of 802 genes, 233 of which were associated with catalytic processes. These genes encoded 69 potentially secreted proteins, 43 of which contained a carbohydrate enzyme domain known to participate in pathogenesis during infection of cotton. Targeted gene deletion of one VdFTF1-regulated gene resulted in significantly impaired vascular colonization, as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, as well as aggressiveness and symptom severity in cotton. In conclusion, VdFTF1, which encodes a TF containing a Fungal_trans domain, regulates the gene expression of plant cell wall degradation enzymes in V. dahliae, which are required for full virulence on cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Yue‐Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA
| | - Ting‐Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Chun Liu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenGuangdong 518083China
| | - Yu‐Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | | | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng XX, Zhao LH, Klosterman SJ, Feng HJ, Feng ZL, Wei F, Shi YQ, Li ZF, Zhu HQ. The endochitinase VDECH from Verticillium dahliae inhibits spore germination and activates plant defense responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 259:12-23. [PMID: 28483050 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases function in the digestion of chitin molecules, which are present principally in insects and fungi. In plants, chitinase genes play important roles in defense, and their expression can be triggered in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we cloned and characterized an endochitinase (VDECH) from Verticillium dahliae, strain Vd080. The VDECH coding region consists of 1845bp with two exons and one 54bp intron, encoding a 615 amino acid protein with the predicted molecular weight (MW) of 63.9kDa. The VDECH cDNA without signal peptide-encoding region was introduced into pCold-TF vector and the recombinant protein HIS-VDECH with a predicted MW of ∼114kDa was expressed. HIS-VDECH showed high tolerance to extreme temperature, exhibiting efficient chitinolytic activity at 50°C. In addition, VDECH triggered typical plant defense responses, including a hypersensitive response, oxidative burst, and elicited increased expression of defense-related genes in both Arabidopsis and cotton. VDECH-treatment of the conidial spores of V. dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum resulted in marked reductions in the germination of these spores in both fungi. After 36h of incubation with VDECH, the inhibition rate of germination was recorded at 99.57% for V. dahliae, and 96.89% for F. oxysporum. These results provide evidence that VDECH is recognized by the plant to elicit defense responses, and also that VDECH is an effective inhibitor of conidia germination, both of which may be exploited for disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | | | - Hong-Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zi-Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
| | - He-Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang DD, Wang XY, Chen JY, Kong ZQ, Gui YJ, Li NY, Bao YM, Dai XF. Identification and characterization of a pathogenicity-related gene VdCYP1 from Verticillium dahliae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27979. [PMID: 27329129 PMCID: PMC4916405 DOI: 10.1038/srep27979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in a wide variety of crop plants, thereby causing extensive economic loss. In present study, one V. dahliae T-DNA mutant M01C06 showed the pathogenicity loss on cotton, and the expression of a flanking gene encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450, VdCYP1) was strongly repressed. P450s of fungi could affect the fungal pathogenicity by involving in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. However, there was no report about the pathogenic function of P450s in V. dahliae. VdCYP1 gene deletion and complementation experiments confirmed that VdCYP1 was the pathogenicity-related gene in V. dahliae. A comparison of culture supernatants of the VdCYP1 deletion mutants and wild-type strains indicates that at least 14 kinds of secondary metabolites syntheses were affected due to VdCYP1 gene deletion. One of these compounds, sulfacetamide, had the ability to induce the necrosis and wilting symptoms in cotton. Above results indicate that VdCYP1 could participate in pathogenesis by involving the secondary metabolism in V. dahliae, such as the compound sulfacetamide. In conclusion, VdCYP1 acts as an important pathogenicity-related factor to involve in secondary metabolism that likely contributes to the pathogenic process in V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Wang
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Jing Gui
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Yang Li
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|