1
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Mejia ME, Robertson CM, Patras KA. Interspecies Interactions within the Host: the Social Network of Group B Streptococcus. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0044022. [PMID: 36975791 PMCID: PMC10112235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pervasive neonatal pathogen accounting for a combined half a million deaths and stillbirths annually. The most common source of fetal or neonatal GBS exposure is the maternal microbiota. GBS asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa of 1 in 5 individuals globally, although its precise role in these niches is not well understood. To prevent vertical transmission, broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered to GBS-positive mothers during labor in many countries. Although antibiotics have significantly reduced GBS early-onset neonatal disease, there are several unintended consequences, including an altered neonatal microbiota and increased risk for other microbial infections. Additionally, the incidence of late-onset GBS neonatal disease remains unaffected and has sparked an emerging hypothesis that GBS-microbe interactions in developing neonatal gut microbiota may be directly involved in this disease process. This review summarizes our current understanding of GBS interactions with other resident microbes at the mucosal surface from multiple angles, including clinical association studies, agriculture and aquaculture observations, and experimental animal model systems. We also include a comprehensive review of in vitro findings of GBS interactions with other bacterial and fungal microbes, both commensal and pathogenic, along with newly established animal models of GBS vaginal colonization and in utero or neonatal infection. Finally, we provide a perspective on emerging areas of research and current strategies to design microbe-targeting prebiotic or probiotic therapeutic intervention strategies to prevent GBS disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyd E. Mejia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Clare M. Robertson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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da Conceição Mendonça J, Sobral Pena JM, Dos Santos Macêdo N, de Souza Rodrigues D, de Oliveira DA, Spencer BL, Lopes-Torres EJ, Burcham LR, Doran KS, Nagao PE. Enhanced Vulnerability of Diabetic Mice to Hypervirulent Streptococcus agalactiae ST-17 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040580. [PMID: 37111466 PMCID: PMC10142174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis but has been recently isolated from non-pregnant adults with underlying medical conditions like diabetes. Despite diabetes being a key risk factor for invasive disease, the pathological consequences during GBS infection remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate the pathogenicity of the GBS90356-ST17 and COH1-ST17 strains in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We show that GBS can spread through the bloodstream and colonize several tissues, presenting a higher bacterial count in diabetic-infected mice when compared to non-diabetic-infected mice. Histological sections of the lungs showed inflammatory cell infiltration, collapsed septa, and red blood cell extravasation in the diabetic-infected group. A significant increase in collagen deposition and elastic fibers were also observed in the lungs. Moreover, the diabetic group presented red blood cells that adhered to the valve wall and disorganized cardiac muscle fibers. An increased expression of KC protein, IL-1β, genes encoding immune cell markers, and ROS (reactive oxygen species) production was observed in diabetic-infected mice, suggesting GBS promotes high levels of inflammation when compared to non-diabetic animals. Our data indicate that efforts to reverse the epidemic of diabetes could considerably reduce the incidence of invasive infection, morbidity and mortality due to GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica da Conceição Mendonça
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - João Matheus Sobral Pena
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Noemi Dos Santos Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dayane de Souza Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dayane Alvarinho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Department of Immunology, Microbiology e Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brady L Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 12800, USA
| | - Eduardo José Lopes-Torres
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Department of Immunology, Microbiology e Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lindsey R Burcham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 12800, USA
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Sullivan MJ, Goh KGK, Thapa R, Chattopadhyay D, Ipe DS, Duell BL, Katupitiya L, Gosling D, Acharya D, Ulett GC. Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) elicits multiple cytokines from human cells and has a minor effect on bacterial persistence in the murine female reproductive tract. Virulence 2021; 12:3015-3027. [PMID: 34643172 PMCID: PMC8667900 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1989252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), encoded by gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that is associated with virulence and immune-mediated protection. However, the role of GAPDH in cellular cytokine responses to S. agalactiae, bacterial phagocytosis and colonization of the female reproductive tract, a central host niche, is unknown. We expressed and studied purified recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) of S. agalactiae in cytokine elicitation assays with human monocyte-derived macrophage, epithelial cell, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) co-culture infection models. We also generated a S. agalactiae mutant that over-expresses GAPDH (oeGAPDH) from gapC using a constitutively active promoter, and analysed the mutant in murine macrophage antibiotic protection assays and in virulence assays in vivo, using a colonization model that is based on experimental infection of the reproductive tract in female mice. Human cell co-cultures produced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 within 24 h of exposure to rGAPDH. PMNs were required for several of these cytokine responses. However, over-expression of GAPDH in S. agalactiae did not significantly affect measures of phagocytic uptake compared to an empty vector control. In contrast, oeGAPDH-S. agalactiae showed a small but statistically significant attenuation for persistence in the reproductive tract of female mice during the chronic phase of infection (10-28 days post-inoculation), relative to the vector control. We conclude that S. agalactiae GAPDH elicits production of multiple cytokines from human cells, and over-expression of GAPDH renders the bacterium more susceptible to host clearance in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | | | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Lahiru Katupitiya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Dean Gosling
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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4
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Teran-Navarro H, Salcines-Cuevas D, Calderon-Gonzalez R, Tobes R, Calvo-Montes J, Pérez-Del Molino Bernal IC, Yañez-Diaz S, Fresno M, Alvarez-Dominguez C. A Comparison Between Recombinant Listeria GAPDH Proteins and GAPDH Encoding mRNA Conjugated to Lipids as Cross-Reactive Vaccines for Listeria, Mycobacterium, and Streptococcus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632304. [PMID: 33953709 PMCID: PMC8092121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive vaccines recognize common molecular patterns in pathogens and are able to confer broad spectrum protection against different infections. Antigens common to pathogenic bacteria that induce broad immune responses, such as the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of the genera Listeria, Mycobacterium, or Streptococcus, whose sequences present more than 95% homology at the N-terminal GAPDH1-22 peptide, are putative candidates for universal vaccines. Here, we explore vaccine formulations based on dendritic cells (DC) loaded with two molecular forms of Listeria monocytogenes GAPDH (LM-GAPDH), such as mRNA carriers or recombinant proteins, and compare them with the same molecular forms of three other antigens used in experimental vaccines, listeriolysin O of Listeria monocytogeness, Ag85A of Mycobacterium marinum, and pneumolysin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. DC loaded with LM-GAPDH recombinant proteins proved to be the safest and most immunogenic vaccine vectors, followed by mRNA encoding LM-GAPDH conjugated to lipid carriers. In addition, macrophages lacked sufficient safety as vaccines for all LM-GAPDH molecular forms. The ability of DC loaded with LM-GAPDH recombinant proteins to induce non-specific DC activation explains their adjuvant potency and their capacity to trigger strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses explains their high immunogenicity. Moreover, their capacity to confer protection in vaccinated mice against challenges with L. monocytogenes, M. marinum, or S. pneumoniae validated their efficiency as cross-reactive vaccines. Cross-protection appears to involve the induction of high percentages of GAPDH1-22 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stained for intracellular IFN-γ, and significant levels of peptide-specific antibodies in vaccinated mice. We concluded that DC vaccines loaded with L. monocytogenes GAPDH recombinant proteins are cross-reactive vaccines that seem to be valuable tools in adult vaccination against Listeria, Mycobacterium, and Streptococcus taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Grupo de Oncología y Nanovacunas, Santander, Spain
| | - Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Grupo de Oncología y Nanovacunas, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Calvo-Montes
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Sonsoles Yañez-Diaz
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- DIOMUNE S.L., Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Facultad de Educación y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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5
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Schormann N, Campos J, Motamed R, Hayden KL, Gould JR, Green TJ, Senkovich O, Banerjee S, Ulett GC, Chattopadhyay D. Chlamydia trachomatis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Enzyme kinetics, high-resolution crystal structure, and plasminogen binding. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2446-2458. [PMID: 33058314 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an evolutionarily conserved essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. GAPDH is also involved in a wide spectrum of non-catalytic cellular 'moonlighting' functions. Bacterial surface-associated GAPDHs engage in many host interactions that aid in colonization, pathogenesis, and virulence. We have structurally and functionally characterized the recombinant GAPDH of the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial and ocular infections. Contrary to earlier speculations, recent data confirm the presence of glucose-catabolizing enzymes including GAPDH in both stages of the biphasic life cycle of the bacterium. The high-resolution crystal structure described here provides a close-up view of the enzyme's active site and surface topology and reveals two chemically modified cysteine residues. Moreover, we show for the first time that purified C. trachomatis GAPDH binds to human plasminogen and plasmin. Based on the versatility of GAPDH's functions, data presented here emphasize the need for investigating the Chlamydiae GAPDH's involvement in biological functions beyond energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schormann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachael Motamed
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine L Hayden
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph R Gould
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Todd J Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olga Senkovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
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6
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Lin SM, Jang AY, Zhi Y, Gao S, Lim S, Lim JH, Song JY, Sullam PM, Rhee JH, Seo HS. Vaccination With a Latch Peptide Provides Serotype-Independent Protection Against Group B Streptococcus Infection in Mice. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:93-102. [PMID: 29106586 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) is a leading cause of invasive diseases in neonates and severe infections in elderly individuals. GBS serine-rich repeat glycoprotein 1 (Srr1) acts as a critical virulence factor by facilitating GBS invasion into the central nervous system through interaction with the fibrinogen Aα chain. This study revealed that srr1 is highly conserved, with 86.7% of GBS clinical isolates expressing the protein. Vaccination of mice with different Srr1 truncated peptides revealed that only Srr1 truncates containing the latch domain protected against GBS meningitis. Furthermore, the latch peptide alone was immunogenic and elicited protective antibodies, which efficiently enhanced antibody-mediated opsonophagocytic killing of GBS by HL60 cells and provided heterogeneous protection against 4 different GBS serogroups. Taken together, these findings indicated that the latch domain of Srr1 may constitute an effective peptide vaccine candidate for GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Mei Lin
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students, Department of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju
| | - A-Yeung Jang
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Department of Biological Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju
| | - Yong Zhi
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon
| | - Shuang Gao
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students, Department of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon
| | - Joon Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul M Sullam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students, Department of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju.,Clinical Vaccine Research and Development Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon
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7
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Ebner P, Götz F. Bacterial Excretion of Cytoplasmic Proteins (ECP): Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Zhou K, Fan X, Li Y, Zhang C, Jin T. High-resolution crystal structure of Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:236-244. [PMID: 29633972 PMCID: PMC5894109 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays critical roles in bacterial pathogenesis in some pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the crystal structure of group B streptococcus GAPDH was determined at 1.36 Å resolution. The structure contained an asymmetric mixed holo tetramer, with two NAD ligands bound to two protomers. Further structural analysis identified interesting phosphate ion-binding sites, which shed light on its catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Fan
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Li
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Schormann N, Ayres CA, Fry A, Green TJ, Banerjee S, Ulett GC, Chattopadhyay D. Crystal Structures of Group B Streptococcus Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: Apo-Form, Binary and Ternary Complexes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165917. [PMID: 27875551 PMCID: PMC5119734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or GAPDH is an evolutionarily conserved glycolytic enzyme. It catalyzes the two step oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate using inorganic phosphate and NAD+ as cofactor. GAPDH of Group B Streptococcus is a major virulence factor and a potential vaccine candidate. Moreover, since GAPDH activity is essential for bacterial growth it may serve as a possible drug target. Crystal structures of Group B Streptococcus GAPDH in the apo-form, two different binary complexes and the ternary complex are described here. The two binary complexes contained NAD+ bound to 2 (mixed-holo) or 4 (holo) subunits of the tetrameric protein. The structure of the mixed-holo complex reveals the effects of NAD+ binding on the conformation of the protein. In the ternary complex, the phosphate group of the substrate was bound to the new Pi site in all four subunits. Comparison with the structure of human GAPDH showed several differences near the adenosyl binding pocket in Group B Streptococcus GAPDH. The structures also reveal at least three surface-exposed areas that differ in amino acid sequence compared to the corresponding areas of human GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Chapelle A. Ayres
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Fry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- North-Eastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States of America
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Exploitation of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Pathways: Alternate Roles of Viral and Cellular IL-10 in Rhesus Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:9920-9930. [PMID: 27558431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00635-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10) ortholog of both human and rhesus cytomegalovirus (HCMV and RhCMV, respectively) suppresses the functionality of cell types that are critical to contain virus dissemination and help shape long-term immunity during the earliest virus-host interactions. In particular, exposure of macrophages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells to vIL-10 suppresses multiple effector functions including, notably, those that link innate and adaptive immune responses. Further, vaccination of RhCMV-uninfected rhesus macaques with nonfunctional forms of RhCMV vIL-10 greatly restricted parameters of RhCMV infection following RhCMV challenge of the vaccinees. Vaccinees exhibited significantly reduced shedding of RhCMV in saliva and urine following RhCMV challenge compared to shedding in unvaccinated controls. Based on the evidence that vIL-10 is critical during acute infection, the role of vIL-10 during persistent infection was analyzed in rhesus macaques infected long term with RhCMV to determine whether postinfection vaccination against vIL-10 could change the virus-host balance. RhCMV-seropositive macaques, which shed RhCMV in saliva, were vaccinated with nonfunctional RhCMV vIL-10, and shedding levels of RhCMV in saliva were evaluated. Following robust increases in vIL-10-binding and vIL-10-neutralizing antibodies, shedding levels of RhCMV modestly declined, consistent with the interpretation that vIL-10 may play a functional role during persistent infection. However, a more significant association was observed between the levels of cellular IL-10 secreted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to RhCMV antigens and shedding of RhCMV in saliva. This result implies that RhCMV persistence is associated with the induction of cellular IL-10 receptor-mediated signaling pathways. IMPORTANCE Human health is adversely impacted by viruses that establish lifelong infections that are often accompanied with increased morbidity and mortality (e.g., infections with HIV, hepatitis C virus, or human cytomegalovirus). A longstanding but unfulfilled goal has been to develop postinfection vaccine strategies that could "reboot" the immune system of an infected individual in ways that would enable the infected host to develop immune responses that clear reservoirs of persistent virus infection, effectively curing the host of infection. This concept was evaluated in rhesus macaques infected long term with rhesus cytomegalovirus by repeatedly immunizing infected animals with nonfunctional versions of the rhesus cytomegalovirus-encoded viral interleukin-10 immune-modulating protein. Following vaccine-mediated boosting of antibody titers to viral interleukin-10, there was modest evidence for increased immunological control of the virus following vaccination. More significantly, data were also obtained that indicated that rhesus cytomegalovirus is able to persist due to upregulation of the cellular interleukin-10 signaling pathway.
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