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Brostrom RJ, Largen A, Nasa JN, Jeadrik G, Yamada S, Yadav S, Ko E, Warkentin JV, Chorba TL. TB-free Ebeye: Results from integrated TB and noncommunicable disease case finding in Ebeye, Marshall Islands. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 35:100418. [PMID: 38356926 PMCID: PMC10863304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates in the Republic of the Marshall Islands are among the highest in the world, 480/100,000 in 2017. In response, the Health Ministry completed islandwide screening in Ebeye Island in 2017. Methods Participants were interviewed to obtain TB history, exposures, and symptoms. TB assessment included chest radiography with sputum collection for GeneXpert® MTB-RIF if indicated. TB diagnosis was made by consensus of visiting TB experts. Participants were also screened for Hansen's disease (HD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). For persons aged ≥21 years, blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose were assessed. Results A total of 5,166 persons (90.0 % of target population) completed screening leading to the identification of 39 new cases of TB (755/100,000) and 14 persons with HD (270/100,000). DM was detected in 1,096 persons (27 %), including in 351 persons not previously diagnosed. The rate of hypertension was 61 % and of hypercholesterolemia was 15 %. New or prevalent TB diagnosis was associated with newly diagnosed or history of DM (aOR 4.68, 2.15-10.20). Conclusions In Ebeye, an integrated TB screening campaign found TB, HD, DM, and hypertension. TB and DM were strongly associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Brostrom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of TB Elimination, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Hawaii Department of Health, TB Control Program, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Angela Largen
- Hawaii Department of Health, TB Control Program, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | | | | | - Seiji Yamada
- University of Hawaii Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Subhash Yadav
- World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region, Suva, Fiji
| | - Eunyoung Ko
- World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jon V. Warkentin
- Formerly of Tennessee Department of Health, TB Control Program, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Terence L. Chorba
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of TB Elimination, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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2
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Oyageshio OP, Myrick JW, Saayman J, van der Westhuizen L, Al-Hindi D, Reynolds AW, Zaitlen N, Uren C, Möller M, Henn BM. Strong Effect of Demographic Changes on Tuberculosis Susceptibility in South Africa. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.02.23297990. [PMID: 37961495 PMCID: PMC10635255 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.23297990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
South Africa is among the world's top eight TB burden countries, and despite a focus on HIV-TB co-infection, most of the population living with TB are not HIV co-infected. The disease is endemic across the country with 80-90% exposure by adulthood. We investigated epidemiological risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa: an understudied TB endemic region with extreme TB incidence (645/100,000) and the lowest provincial population density. We leveraged the population's high TB incidence and community transmission to design a case-control study with population-based controls, reflecting similar mechanisms of exposure between the groups. We recruited 1,126 participants with suspected TB from 12 community health clinics, and generated a cohort of 878 individuals (cases =374, controls =504) after implementing our enrollment criteria. All participants were GeneXpert Ultra tested for active TB by a local clinic. We assessed important risk factors for active TB using logistic regression and random forest modeling. Additionally, a subset of individuals were genotyped to determine genome-wide ancestry components. Male gender had the strongest effect on TB risk (OR: 2.87 [95% CI: 2.1-3.8]); smoking and alcohol consumption did not significantly increase TB risk. We identified two interactions: age by socioeconomic status (SES) and birthplace by residence locality on TB risk (OR = 3.05, p = 0.016) - where rural birthplace but town residence was the highest risk category. Finally, participants had a majority Khoe-San ancestry, typically greater than 50%. Epidemiological risk factors for this cohort differ from other global populations. The significant interaction effects reflect rapid changes in SES and mobility over recent generations and strongly impact TB risk in the Northern Cape of South Africa. Our models show that such risk factors combined explain 16% of the variance (r2) in case/control status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshiomah P. Oyageshio
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Justin W. Myrick
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jamie Saayman
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lena van der Westhuizen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dana Al-Hindi
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caitlin Uren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Brenna M. Henn
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Joslyn LR, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Concomitant immunity to M. tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20731. [PMID: 36456599 PMCID: PMC9713124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some persistent infections provide a level of immunity that protects against reinfection with the same pathogen, a process referred to as concomitant immunity. To explore the phenomenon of concomitant immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, we utilized HostSim, a previously published virtual host model of the immune response following Mtb infection. By simulating reinfection scenarios and comparing with data from non-human primate studies, we propose a hypothesis that the durability of a concomitant immune response against Mtb is intrinsically tied to levels of tissue resident memory T cells (Trms) during primary infection, with a secondary but important role for circulating Mtb-specific T cells. Further, we compare HostSim reinfection experiments to observational TB studies from the pre-antibiotic era to predict that the upper bound of the lifespan of resident memory T cells in human lung tissue is likely 2-3 years. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first estimate of resident memory T-cell lifespan in humans. Our findings are a first step towards demonstrating the important role of Trms in preventing disease and suggest that the induction of lung Trms is likely critical for vaccine success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R. Joslyn
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620 USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620 USA
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136 USA
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Cox SR, Kadam A, Atre S, Gupte AN, Sohn H, Gupte N, Sawant T, Mhadeshwar V, Thompson R, Kendall E, Hoffmann C, Suryavanshi N, Kerrigan D, Tripathy S, Kakrani A, Barthwal MS, Mave V, Golub JE. Tuberculosis (TB) Aftermath: study protocol for a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation non-inferiority randomized trial in India comparing two active case finding (ACF) strategies among individuals treated for TB and their household contacts. Trials 2022; 23:635. [PMID: 35932062 PMCID: PMC9354295 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 7% of all reported tuberculosis (TB) cases each year are recurrent, occurring among people who have had TB in the recent or distant past. TB recurrence is particularly common in India, which has the largest TB burden worldwide. Although patients recently treated for TB are at high risk of developing TB again, evidence around effective active case finding (ACF) strategies in this population is scarce. We will conduct a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation non-inferiority randomized trial to compare the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility of two ACF strategies among individuals who have completed TB treatment and their household contacts (HHCs). METHODS We will enroll 1076 adults (≥ 18 years) who have completed TB treatment at a public TB unit (TU) in Pune, India, along with their HHCs (averaging two per patient, n = 2152). Participants will undergo symptom-based ACF by existing healthcare workers (HCWs) at 6-month intervals and will be randomized to either home-based ACF (HACF) or telephonic ACF (TACF). Symptomatic participants will undergo microbiologic testing through the program. Asymptomatic HHCs will be referred for TB preventive treatment (TPT) per national guidelines. The primary outcome is rate per 100 person-years of people diagnosed with new or recurrent TB by study arm, within 12 months following treatment completion. The secondary outcome is proportion of HHCs < 6 years, by study arm, initiated on TPT after ruling out TB disease. Study staff will collect socio-demographic and clinical data to identify risk factors for TB recurrence and will measure post-TB lung impairment. In both arms, an 18-month "mop-up" visit will be conducted to ascertain outcomes. We will use the RE-AIM framework to characterize implementation processes and explore acceptability through in-depth interviews with index patients, HHCs and HCWs (n = 100). Cost-effectiveness will be assessed by calculating the incremental cost per TB case detected within 12 months and projected for disability-adjusted life years averted based on modeled estimates of morbidity, mortality, and time with infectious TB. DISCUSSION This novel trial will guide India's scale-up of post-treatment ACF and provide an evidence base for designing strategies to detect recurrent and new TB in other high burden settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04333485 , registered April 3, 2020. CTRI/2020/05/025059 [Clinical Trials Registry of India], registered May 6 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra R Cox
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Abhay Kadam
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Sachin Atre
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Akshay N Gupte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hojoon Sohn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Trupti Sawant
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Vishal Mhadeshwar
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emily Kendall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Christopher Hoffmann
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nishi Suryavanshi
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Deanna Kerrigan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- George Washington University, 2121 I St NW, Washington, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Arjunlal Kakrani
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Madhusudan S Barthwal
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri Colony, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, G-4 & G-5, PHOENIX Building, OPP. to Residency Club, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Jonathan E Golub
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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5
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Khan H, Gupta M, Bou-Akl T, Markel D. Tuberculosis Screening via Chest X-Ray is Financially Burdensome in Previously Independently Living Elective Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients. Spartan Med Res J 2022; 7:30158. [PMID: 35291702 PMCID: PMC8873440 DOI: 10.51894/001c.30158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1995, to reduce the transmission of Tuberculosis (TB) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that all patients discharged from hospitals be required to have chest x-rays (i.e., radiography) performed before admission to long term care facilities (LTCFs). Previously independently living patients (PILPs) who undergo elective total knee replacement (TKA) surgery are a population at higher risk to end up in LTCFs for rehabilitation. By 2017, the incidence of TB was 9,105 cases compared to 22,762 in 1995. However, the recommendations that hospitals be required to perform a chest x-ray in all patients (including PILPs) being transferred to LTCF's have remained in place. The purposes of this study were to: a) determine the incidence of TB-positive chest x-rays in PILPS discharged to LTCFs after undergoing elective TKA surgery, and b) assess the cost (i.e., both financial and possible exposure to unnecessary radiation) of mandated chest x-rays before hospital discharge to LTCF for PILPs. METHODS Retrospective 2012-2017 patient chart data were collected from the Michigan Arthroplasty Registry Collaborative Quality Initiative (MARCQI) to identify all elective TKAs for PILPs performed at two Ascension participating centers. Study data included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), length of stay, comorbidities, and chest x-ray results before discharge. Patients who underwent surgery for fracture, infection, trauma, or malignancy were excluded from the study. Categorical data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test were used for continuous data. RESULTS The authors identified 4,041 total elective TKA's, from which 500 PILPs were discharged to a LTCF due to functional, medical and/or social concerns. Chest x-rays were associated with 500 (100%) negative findings for TB. Overall hospital costs for chest x-rays for patient's being discharged to an extended care facility totaled $90,848. CONCLUSIONS The mandated use of chest x-rays for TB screening of PILPs undergoing elective surgery TKA prior to discharge to LTCFs appear to place an unnecessary financial burden on the healthcare system. The mandatory use of x-rays for assessment of possible TB infection before transfer to LTCFs appears to also expose PILPs unnecessarily to radiation. Although further studies are needed to verify these results, the authors recommend that perhaps instead chest x-rays should be reserved for patients with specific comorbidities (e.g., patients on immunosuppressive therapy, with HIV, etc.) or for those patients residing in LTCFs prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Khan
- College of Human MedicineMichigan State University
| | - Mayank Gupta
- College of Human MedicineMichigan State University
| | | | - David Markel
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Ascension Providence Hospital; The CORE Institute
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6
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Cardona PJ, Català M, Prats C. The Origin and Maintenance of Tuberculosis Is Explained by the Induction of Smear-Negative Disease in the Paleolithic. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030366. [PMID: 35335692 PMCID: PMC8955375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Is it possible that the origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection was around 70,000 years before the common era? At that time Homo sapiens was just another primate species with discrete growth and a very low-density geographic occupation. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the origin of a highly virulent obligate human pathogen. We have designed a new SEIR model (TBSpectr) that allows the differentiation of smear-positive and -negative tuberculosis. The model reconciles currently accepted growth rates for the Middle Paleolithic (0.003%/year) and Neolithic (0.1%/year). The obtained data link the origin of Mtb infection in the Middle Paleolithic to the induction of smear-negative TB, and reveal that its persistence required interrelations among hunter–gatherer groups, while the risk of human extinction was negligible. It also highlights the number of people infected per case and the fast progression to disease for Mtb infection maintenance, as well as the link between poor health in the Neolithic with the increased incidence of more severe forms of TB (smear-positive). In conclusion, our data support the origin of TB as a well-tolerated, highly persistent disease, even in low-density populations, showing the difficulty of its eradication and highlighting the necessity for providing better health conditions to humans to reduce its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, North Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, ‘Germans Trias i Pujol’ University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Martí Català
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.C.); (C.P.)
- Departament de Física, Escola d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i de Biosistemes de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTech, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.C.); (C.P.)
- Departament de Física, Escola d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i de Biosistemes de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTech, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Qiu B, Wu Z, Tao B, Li Z, Song H, Tian D, Wu J, Zhan M, Wang J. Risk factors for types of recurrent tuberculosis (reactivation versus reinfection): A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 116:14-20. [PMID: 34954094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this meta-analysis (PROSPERO number: CRD42021243204) is to perform extensive and penetrating analyses on the risk factors associated with reactivation or reinfection. METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase using search terms. Risk factors (including sex, length of time between first onset and recurrent diagnosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, sputum smear, pulmonary cavity, Beijing family strains, diabetes, HIV infection, history of imprisonment, and immigration) were analyzed. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with STATA 15.1. Heterogeneity was evaluated by I2 and P values. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 25 studies with a total of 1,477 patients. After subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and testing for publication bias, it was concluded that time spanning less than two years (RR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.33-1.85) was a risk factor for endogenous reactivation, while coinfection with HIV (RR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.63-0.83), Beijing family genotype (RR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.32-0.67), history of imprisonment (RR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.16-0.81) and immigration (RR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.53-0.82) were associated with exogenous reinfection. CONCLUSIONS The recurrence interval is a risk factor for the endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis. Infection with Beijing family strains, coinfection with HIV, imprisonment, and immigration contribute to the risk of exogenous reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhuchao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bilin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huan Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jizhou Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mengyao Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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8
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Tabone O, Verma R, Singhania A, Chakravarty P, Branchett WJ, Graham CM, Lee J, Trang T, Reynier F, Leissner P, Kaiser K, Rodrigue M, Woltmann G, Haldar P, O'Garra A. Blood transcriptomics reveal the evolution and resolution of the immune response in tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212624. [PMID: 34491266 PMCID: PMC8493863 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transcriptomics have revealed major characteristics of the immune response in active TB, but the signature early after infection is unknown. In a unique clinically and temporally well-defined cohort of household contacts of active TB patients that progressed to TB, we define minimal changes in gene expression in incipient TB increasing in subclinical and clinical TB. While increasing with time, changes in gene expression were highest at 30 d before diagnosis, with heterogeneity in the response in household TB contacts and in a published cohort of TB progressors as they progressed to TB, at a bulk cohort level and in individual progressors. Blood signatures from patients before and during anti-TB treatment robustly monitored the treatment response distinguishing early and late responders. Blood transcriptomics thus reveal the evolution and resolution of the immune response in TB, which may help in clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Tabone
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Raman Verma
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Akul Singhania
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - William J Branchett
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christine M Graham
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jo Lee
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Tran Trang
- Bioaster Microbiology Technology Institute, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Karine Kaiser
- Medical Diagnostic Discovery Department, bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marc Rodrigue
- Global Medical Affairs, bioMérieux SA, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Gerrit Woltmann
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Pranabashis Haldar
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Cudahy PGT, Wilson D, Cohen T. Risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis after successful treatment in a high burden setting: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:789. [PMID: 33097000 PMCID: PMC7585300 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People successfully completing treatment for tuberculosis remain at elevated risk for recurrent disease, either from relapse or reinfection. Identifying risk factors for recurrent tuberculosis may help target post-tuberculosis screening and care. METHODS We enrolled 500 patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa and collected baseline data on demographics, clinical presentation and sputum mycobacterial cultures for 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. We used routinely-collected administrative data to identify recurrent episodes of tuberculosis occurring over a median of six years after successful treatment completion. RESULTS Of 500 patients initially enrolled, 333 (79%) successfully completed treatment for tuberculosis. During the follow-up period 35 patients with successful treatment (11%) experienced a bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis recurrence. In our Cox proportional hazards model, a 3+ AFB sputum smear grade was significantly associated with recurrent tuberculosis with a hazard ratio of 3.33 (95% CI 1.44-7.7). The presence of polyclonal M. tuberculosis infection at baseline had a hazard ratio for recurrence of 1.96 (95% CI 0.86-4.48). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AFB smear grade is independently associated with tuberculosis recurrence after successful treatment for an initial episode while the association between polyclonal M. tuberculosis infection and increased risk of recurrence appears possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick George Tobias Cudahy
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 5th Floor, Private Bag X 509, Plessislaer, KZN, Pietermaritzburg, 3216, South Africa.
| | - Douglas Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 5th Floor, Private Bag X 509, Plessislaer, KZN, Pietermaritzburg, 3216, South Africa.
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Cardona PJ, Català M, Prats C. Origin of tuberculosis in the Paleolithic predicts unprecedented population growth and female resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:42. [PMID: 31913313 PMCID: PMC6949267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data estimate the origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MtbC) infection around 73,000 years before the common era (BCE), and its evolution to “modern” lineages around 46,000 BCE. Being MtbC a major killer of humanity, the question is how both species could persist. To answer this question, we have developed two new epidemiological models (SEIR type), adapted to sex dimorphism and comparing coinfection and superinfection for different MtbC lineages. We have attributed a higher resistance/tolerance to females to explain the lower incidence noted in this sex, a better health status in the Paleolithic compared to the Neolithic, and a higher dissemination of “modern” lineages compared to “ancient” ones. Our findings show the extraordinary impact caused by “modern” lineages, provoking the extinction of the groups infected. This could only be overcomed by an unprecedented population increase (x20 times in 100 years) and helped with the protection generated by previous infection with “ancient” lineages. Our findings also suggest a key role of female resistance against MtbC. This data obliges us to rethink the growth population parameters in the Paleolithic, which is crucial to understanding the survival of both MtbC and humans, and to decipher the nature of human female resistance against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Martí Català
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB). Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-BarcelonaTech, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Since 1921, the Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine continues to be the most widely used vaccine for the prevention of Tuberculosis (TB). However, the immunity induced by BCG wanes out after some time making the vaccinated individual susceptible to TB infection. In this work, we formulate a mathematical model that incorporates the vaccination of newly born children and older susceptible individuals in the transmission dynamics of TB in a population, with a vaccine that can confer protection on older susceptible individuals. In the absence of disease-induced deaths, the model is shown to undergo the phenomenon of backward bifurcation where a stable disease-free equilibrium (DFE) co-exists with a stable positive (endemic) equilibrium when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. It is shown that this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of imperfect vaccine, exogenous reinfection, and reinfection of previously treated individuals. It is further shown that a special case of the model has a unique endemic equilibrium point (EEP), which is globally asymptotically stable when the associated reproduction number exceeds unity. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are carried out to identify key parameters that have the greatest influence on the transmission dynamics of TB in the population using the total population of latently infected individuals, total number of actively infected individuals, disease incidence, and the effective reproduction number as output responses. The analysis shows that the top five parameters of the model that have the greatest influence on the effective reproduction number of the model are the transmission rate, the fraction of fast disease progression, modification parameter which accounts for reduced likelihood to infection by vaccinated individuals due to imperfect vaccine, rate of progression from latent to active TB, and the treatment rate of actively infected individuals, with other key parameters influencing the outcomes of the other output responses. Numerical simulations suggest that with higher vaccination rate of older susceptible individuals, fewer new born children need to be vaccinated, in order to achieve disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Egonmwan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - D. Okuonghae
- Department of Mathematics, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
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12
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The value of transcriptomics in advancing knowledge of the immune response and diagnosis in tuberculosis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1159-1168. [PMID: 30333612 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood transcriptomics analysis of tuberculosis has revealed an interferon-inducible gene signature that diminishes in expression after successful treatment; this promises improved diagnostics and treatment monitoring, which are essential for the eradication of tuberculosis. Sensitive radiography revealing lung abnormalities and blood transcriptomics have demonstrated heterogeneity in patients with active tuberculosis and exposed asymptomatic people with latent tuberculosis, suggestive of a continuum of infection and immune states. Here we describe the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed through the use of transcriptomics, as well as differences among clinical phenotypes of infection that might provide information on temporal changes in host immunity associated with evolving infection. We also review the diverse blood transcriptional signatures, composed of small sets of genes, that have been proposed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and the identification of at-risk asymptomatic people and suggest novel approaches for the development of such biomarkers for clinical use.
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13
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Coll P, García de Viedma D. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36:233-240. [PMID: 29463429 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of genotyping tools allowed us to discriminate between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained in the laboratory. The differentiation between single strains opened the door to molecular epidemiology studies, which had helped us to progress in our knowledge of how this pathogen is transmitted in the progressively more complex socio-epidemiological scenario. The genetic stability of this microorganism led to develop specific methodologies, which are thoroughly revised in this chapter. In addition to their application in epidemiology, we review, how they can offer a response to different diagnostic and clinical challenges. Finally, we focus on describing the novel genomic revolution we are experiencing in the analysis of tuberculosis, the methodology in which it is based and the novel possibilities it offers, including new routes of integrating both the molecular and genomic languages in innovative post-genomic proposals, better suited to our real-life context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Coll
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona, , Bellaterra, España; Institut de Recerca, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Servicio Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, España.
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14
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Brooks-Pollock E, Jacobson KR. Rethinking tuberculosis control by targeting previously treated individuals. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2018; 6:e361-e362. [PMID: 29472017 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brooks-Pollock
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Karen R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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16
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Cardona PJ. Reactivation or reinfection in adult tuberculosis: Is that the question? Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:400-407. [PMID: 27931680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Looking at the chapter on "natural history" in any tuberculosis (TB) reference book, there is a kind of certainty regarding TB in adults. That is the concept of "post-primary" TB described as the reactivation of dormant bacilli hidden in an old lesion developed during infancy due to a type of local immunosuppression. Intriguingly, this concept involves at least two major uncertainties: how can dormant bacilli remain for such a long period, almost a lifetime, in an old lesion, taking into account granuloma dynamism; and what sort of local immunosuppression is the one that facilitates reactivation? The controversy between reactivation and exogenous reinfection as the cause of active TB started very soon in TB research. Interestingly, this "balance" was disturbed in the 1960s when the "Unitary Concept" became very successful in supporting the reactivation dogma. The "Unitary Concept" was mainly based on the data of tuberculin surveillance during the pre-antibiotic era as well as the data obtained from experimental modelling in animals. At the same time, the "Three-risks model" appeared to explain the relationship between the risk of infection and TB incidence, granting reinfection a key role in adult TB together with primary infection. This role was reinforced by the studies of recurrence based on molecular epidemiology, and a better knowledge of the immune response, granuloma dynamics, and lung physiology. Now it is a matter of taking it into account when designing new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies and also reflecting it in text books to better illustrate to our students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
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