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Moreira RC, Leonardi GR, Bicas JL. Lipase-mediated alcoholysis for in situ production of ester bioaromas in licuri oil for cosmetic applications. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:25-33. [PMID: 38876312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Bioaromas can be produced by lipases either through their hydrolytic or (trans)esterifying activities. Therefore, this work reports the development of a lipase-catalyzed biotransformed licuri oil, forming volatile ethyl esters with odor notes resembling tropical fruits. Ethyl octanoate formation was promoted when 7.0 % (m/v) Lipozyme 435® was used to convert a grain alcohol:licuri oil mixture (51:49, v/v) at 58ºC and 70 rpm for 6 hours. The biotransformed oil has shown antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus hominis, S. epidermidis, and Corynebacterium xerosis, bacteria associated with bad skin odor. Finally, this biotransformed oil was used without further treatments (e.g., recovery or purification procedures) to prepare two cosmetic formulations (in a dosage of 1.5 %), aiming for both fragrant and deodorant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chelala Moreira
- University of Campinas, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Ricci Leonardi
- University of Campinas, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Candido Portinari Street, 200, Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Juliano Lemos Bicas
- University of Campinas, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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Klopper KB, Bester E, van Schalkwyk M, Wolfaardt GM. Highlighting the limitations of static microplate biofilm assays for industrial biocide effectiveness compared to dynamic flow conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13214. [PMID: 38015101 PMCID: PMC10866068 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of planktonic populations (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) remains the 'gold standard' even though biofilms are acknowledged to be recalcitrant to concentrations that greatly exceed the MIC. As a result, most studies focus on biofilm tolerance to high antimicrobial concentrations, whereas the effect of environmentally relevant sub-MIC on biofilms is neglected. The effect of the MIC and sub-MIC of an isothiazolinone biocide on a microbial community isolated from an industrial cooling system was assessed under static and flow conditions. The differential response of planktonic and sessile populations to these biocide concentrations was discerned by modifying the broth microdilution assay. However, the end-point analysis of biofilms cultivated in static microplates obscured the effect of sub-MIC and MIC on biofilms. A transition from batch to the continuous flow system revealed a more nuanced response of biofilms to these biocide concentrations, where biofilm-derived planktonic cell production was maintained despite an increase in the frequency and extent of biofilm sloughing. A holistic, 'best of both worlds' approach that combines the use of static and continuous flow systems is useful to investigate the potential for the development of persistent biofilms under conditions where exposure to sub-MIC and MIC may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Klopper
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Elanna Bester
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Gideon M. Wolfaardt
- Department of MicrobiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyToronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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Romero LC, Silva LP, Teixeira NB, de Camargo KV, Del Masso Pereira MA, Corrente JE, Pereira VC, Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha MDL. Staphylococcus capitis Bloodstream Isolates: Investigation of Clonal Relationship, Resistance Profile, Virulence and Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:147. [PMID: 38391533 PMCID: PMC10885910 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus capitis has been recognized as a relevant opportunistic pathogen, particularly its persistence in neonatal ICUs around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of clinical isolates of S. capitis and to characterize the factors involved in the persistence and pathogenesis of these strains isolated from blood cultures collected in a hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 141 S. capitis strains were submitted to detection of the mecA gene and SCCmec typing by multiplex PCR. Genes involved in biofilm production and genes encoding enterotoxins and hemolysins were detected by conventional PCR. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the polystyrene plate adherence test and phenotypic resistance was investigated by the disk diffusion method. Finally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyze the clonal relationship between isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 99 (70.2%) isolates, with this percentage reaching 100% in the neonatal ICU. SCCmec type III was the most prevalent type, detected in 31 (31.3%) isolates and co-occurrence of SCCmec was also observed. In vitro biofilm formation was detected in 46 (32.6%) isolates but was not correlated with the presence of the ica operon genes. Furthermore, biofilm production in ICU isolates was favored by hyperosmotic conditions, which are common in ICUs because of the frequent parenteral nutrition. Analysis of the clonal relationship between the isolates investigated in the present study confirms a homogeneous profile of S. capitis and the persistence of clones that are prevalent in the neonatal ICU and disseminated across the hospital. This study highlights the adaptation of isolates to specific hospital environments and their high clonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Calixto Romero
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Lucas Porangaba Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Bibiana Teixeira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil
| | - Karen Vilegas de Camargo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Corrente
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cataneli Pereira
- Microbiology Laboratory, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 18618-970, Brazil
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Molina-Menor E, Carlotto N, Vidal-Verdú À, Pérez-Ferriols A, Pérez-Pastor G, Porcar M. Ecology and resistance to UV light and antibiotics of microbial communities on UV cabins in the dermatology service of a Spanish hospital. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14547. [PMID: 37666842 PMCID: PMC10477284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms colonize all possible ecological habitats, including those subjected to harsh stressors such as UV radiation. Hospitals, in particular the UV cabins used in phototherapy units, constitute an environment in which microbes are intermittently subjected to UV irradiation. This selective pressure, in addition to the frequent use of antibiotics by patients, may represent a threat in the context of the increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance. In this work, a collection of microorganisms has been established in order to study the microbiota associated to the inner and outer surfaces of UV cabins and to assess their resistance to UV light and the antibiotics frequently used in the Dermatology Service of a Spanish hospital. Our results show that UV cabins harbor a relatively diverse biocenosis dominated by typically UV-resistant microorganisms commonly found in sun-irradiated environments, such as Kocuria, Micrococcus or Deinococcus spp., but also clinically relevant taxa, such as Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas spp. The UV-radiation assays revealed that, although some isolates displayed some resistance, UV is not a major factor shaping the biocenosis living on the cabins, since a similar pool of resistant microorganisms was identified on the external surface of the cabins. Interestingly, some Staphylococcus spp. displayed resistance to one or more antibiotics, although the hospital reported no cases of antibiotic-resistance infections of the patients using the cabins. Finally, no association between UV and antibiotic resistances was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Molina-Menor
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Carlotto
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngela Vidal-Verdú
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Pérez-Pastor
- Servicio de Dermatología, Consorcio Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Porcar
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
- Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SL (Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, Paterna, Spain.
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Mishra RAK, Muthukaliannan GK, Rathinasabapathi P. Effects of Flavonoids and Antibiotics Combination on Preformed Biofilms and Small RNA of Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:307-316. [PMID: 37781018 PMCID: PMC10533456 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus has considerably increased among non-clinical or asymptomatic individuals. The formation of biofilms denies antimicrobial access to its targets present on the surface and inside the cell. The present study tested the effect of the combination of flavonoids and antibiotics over the preformed biofilms of S. aureus. The eradication of the preformed biofilms was analyzed using the crystal violet method. It has shown that 2500 µg mL-1 Rutin and 100 µg mL-1 Erythromycin (MIC Concentration) combination efficiently reduced the growth of the cells, which were adhered to the surfaces forming the biofilms. Fluorescence microscopic analysis indicated that the Rutin and Erythromycin (MIC value) combinations could eradicate the preformed biofilm cells more efficiently than other combinations. We found that the flavonoids and antibiotics with MIC concentration show a significant effect over the preformed biofilms cells of S. aureus. In addition, the semi-quantitative real-time PCR analysis for the sRNAs under the treatment of Rutin and Erythromycin combinations showed that few small RNAs expression (SprF, SprG, ArtR, Teg49, Teg41, and RNAIII) are getting downregulated upon the treatment; but again recovers with the incubation time interval increases. Combinations have a significant effect on Teg49 where there is a very faint intensity of the band, but for other small RNAs, there is an irregular pattern on the gel image. It has been concluded that at the initial period of incubation, the combinations have an effect on all the sRNAs but once the incubation increases, the effects have been slowly decreasing. It has been concluded that the combination has been able to reduce the doubling time of S. aureus upon treatment. Whereas, the small RNAs used in the study can be further evaluated for expression profiling through qRT-PCT. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, 632014 India
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Pasupathi Rathinasabapathi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203 Tamil Nadu India
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Villarreal-Salazar V, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Flores-Treviño S, Garza-González E, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Morfín-Otero R, Camacho-Ortiz A, Rodríguez-Noriega E, Villarreal-Treviño L. Rapid methicillin resistance detection and subspecies discrimination in Staphylococcus hominis clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:83-89. [PMID: 36123270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for implanted medical device infections. Rapid identification and virulence factors detection are crucial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We aimed to search protein biomarker peaks for rapid classification of antibiotic resistance and subspecies of S. hominis using MALDI-TOF MS. METHODS S. hominis clinical isolates (n = 148) were screened for subspecies differentiation by novobiocin resistance. Biofilm composition and formation were determined by detachment assay and crystal violet staining, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the broth microdilution method. The search for potential biomarkers peaks was enabled by ClinProTools 3.0, flexAnalysis 3.4, and Biotools 3.2 for statistical analysis, peak visualization, and protein/peptide alignment, respectively. RESULTS Of 148 isolates, 12.16% were classified as S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, 77.77% were biofilm producers, and ˃ 50% were multidrug-resistant. Two potential biomarker peaks, 8975 m/z and 9035 m/z were detected for the discrimination of methicillin resistance with a sensitivity of 96.72%. The following peaks were detected for subspecies differentiation: 2582 m/z, 2823 m/z, and 2619 m/z with 88.89-98.28% of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS We found potential biomarker peaks to predict methicillin resistance and discriminate S. hominis subspecies during routine MALDI-TOF MS identification in a clinical setting to enable better antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Villarreal-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Soraya Mendoza-Olazarán
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González" y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I, Madero Pte. S/N Monterrey y Av. Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Samantha Flores-Treviño
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I, Madero Pte. S/N Monterrey y Av. Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I, Madero Pte. S/N Monterrey y Av. Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I, Madero Pte. S/N Monterrey y Av. Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" y el Instituto de Patólogía Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I, Madero Pte. S/N Monterrey y Av. Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Noriega
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" y el Instituto de Patólogía Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.
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Muraki R, Morita Y, Tatsuta K, Ida S, Kitajima R, Hirotsu A, Takeda M, Kikuchi H, Hiramatsu Y, Fukazawa A, Kuroda G, Kakizawa K, Takeuchi H. Refractory postoperative Staphylococcus hominis bacteremia in a patient with an ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:126. [PMID: 35764761 PMCID: PMC9240135 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis) is an opportunistic pathogen that is often highly resistant to antibiotics and is difficult to treat. In patients diagnosed with an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing tumor that compromises the immune system due to hypercortisolemia, cancer treatment and infection control should be considered simultaneously. This report presents a case of refractory postoperative S. hominis bacteremia requiring the prolonged administration of several antibiotics in a patient with an ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN). Case presentation A 35-year-old man visited a neighboring hospital for a thorough examination after experiencing weight gain and lower limb weakness for several months. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a pancreatic tail tumor and bilateral adrenal enlargement. Elevated plasma ACTH and serum cortisol were noted. Biopsy under endoscopic ultrasonography revealed the tumor as an ACTH-producing pNEN. The patient was transferred to our hospital for further treatment. Pneumocystis pneumonia was noted and treated with sulfamethoxazole and adjunctive glucocorticoids. Hypercortisolism was controlled with metyrapone and trilostane. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and ethoxybenzyl magnetic resonance imaging detected other lesions in the pancreatic head. A total pancreatectomy was performed given that the lesions were found in both the pancreatic head and tail. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels decreased immediately after the resection. Pathological examination revealed that the pancreatic tail tumor was NEN G2 and T3N1aM0 Stage IIB and the pancreatic head lesions were SSTR-positive hyperplasia of the islet of Langerhans cells. On postoperative day 11, catheter-associated bacteremia occurred. Initially, meropenem hydrate and vancomycin hydrochloride were administered empirically. S. hominis was identified and appeared sensitive to these antibiotics according to susceptibility testing. However, S. hominis was repeatedly positive in blood cultures for more than one month, despite treatment with several antibiotics. Eventually, with the combined use of three antibiotics (meropenem hydrate, vancomycin hydrochloride, and clindamycin phosphate) for more than 3 weeks, the S. hominis-associated bacteremia improved. He was discharged 79 days after surgery. Conclusions Our patient with an ACTH-producing pNEN was immunocompromised and needed meticulous attention for infectious complications even after successful tumor removal. Specifically, S. hominis bacteremia in such patients demands intensive treatments, such as with combinational antibiotics.
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfin-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Baines SD, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Analysis of biofilm production and expression of adhesion structures of circulating Clostridioides difficile strains from Mexico. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:445-448. [PMID: 36195408 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridioides difficile biofilms are believed to protect the pathogen from antibiotics, in addition to potentially contributing to recurrent infections. METHODOLOGY Biofilm production of 102 C. difficile isolates was determined using the crystal violet staining technique, and detachment assays were performed. The expression levels of cwp84 and slpA genes were evaluated by real-time PCR on selected isolates. RESULTS More than 70% of isolates (75/102) were strong biofilm producers, and the highest detachment of biofilm was achieved with the proteinase K treatment (>90%). The overall mean expression of cwp84 was higher in RT027 than in RT001 (p=0.003); among strong biofilm-producing strains, the slpA expression was lower in RT027 than in RT001 (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS Proteins seem to have an important role in the biofilm's initial adherence and maturation. slpA and cwp84 are differentially expressed by C. difficile ribotype and biofilm production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Simon D Baines
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Sciences, Hatfield, UK
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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Analysis of the Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogens Causing Infections in Hospitals from 2017 to 2019. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3512582. [PMID: 36159558 PMCID: PMC9507740 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3512582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem, leading to high mortality and treatment costs. To achieve more efficient treatment protocols and better patient recovery, the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in our hospital were investigated, allowing significant clinical guidance for the use of antimicrobials. Methods. In this retrospective study (2017–2019), 3482 positive samples were isolated from 43,981 specimens in 2017; 3750 positive specimens were isolated from 42,923 specimens in 2018; and 3839 positive pathogens were isolated from 46,341 specimens in 2019. These samples were from various parts of the patients, including the respiratory tract, urine, blood, wound secretions, bile, and puncture fluids. The distribution and antibiotic resistance of these isolated pathogens from the whole hospital were analyzed. Results. The results from pathogen isolation showed that Escherichia coli (12.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (11%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.7%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (6.4%) represented the five main pathogenic bacteria in our hospital. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.2% and 17.5%) occupied the largest proportion in the central intensive care unit (central ICU) and respiratory intensive care unit (RICU), while Acinetobacter baumannii (15.4%) was the most common pathogen in the emergency intensive care unit (EICU). The resistance rate of Escherichia coli to trimethoprim and minocycline was 100%, and the sensitivity rate to ertapenem, furantoin, and amikacin was above 90%. The resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to all antibiotics, such as piperacillin and ciprofloxacin, was under 40%. The sensitivity rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to tigecycline and minocycline was less than 30%, and the resistance rate to many drugs such as piperacillin, ceftazidime, and imipenem was above 60%. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBLs-KPN) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE-KPN), ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli (ESBLs-ECO) and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRE-ECO), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PAE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are all important multidrug-resistant bacteria found in our hospital. The resistance rate of ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae to ceftriaxone and amcarcillin-sulbactam was above 95%. CRE Enterobacteriaceae bacteria showed the highest resistance to amcarcillin-sulbactam (97.1%), and the resistance rates of MDR-AB to cefotaxime, cefepime, and aztreonam were 100%. The resistance rates of MDR-PAE to ceftazidime, imipenem, and levofloxacin were 100%, and the sensitivity rate to polymyxin B was above 98%. The resistance rate of MRSA to oxacillin was 100%, and the sensitivity rate to linezolid and vancomycin was 100%. Conclusion. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria in different hospital departments and sample sources was markedly different. Therefore, targeted prevention and control of key pathogenic bacteria in different hospital departments is necessary, and understanding both drug resistance and multiple drug resistance of the main pathogenic bacteria may provide guidance for the rational use of antibiotics in the clinic.
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Villarreal-Salazar V, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Villarreal-Treviño L, Salas-Treviño D, Morfin-Otero R, Camacho-Ortiz A, Flores-Treviño S. Improvement of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-growingcoagulase-negative Staphylococcus hominis. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 198:106493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Exploring the Biofilm Formation Capacity in S. pseudintermedius and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Species. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060689. [PMID: 35745543 PMCID: PMC9229561 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of biofilm formation seems to play an important role in the virulence of staphylococci. However, studies reporting biofilm formation of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from animals are still very scarce. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming capacity of CoNS and S. pseudintermedius isolated from several animal species and to investigate the effect of conventional antimicrobials on biofilm reduction. A total of 35 S. pseudintermedius and 192 CoNS were included. Biofilm formation was accessed by the microtiter plate assay and the biofilms were stained by crystal violet. Association between biofilm formation and staphylococci species and antimicrobial resistance was also performed. Biofilm susceptibility testing was performed with tetracycline and amikacin at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 10 × MIC. The metabolic activity of the biofilm cells after antimicrobial treatment was accessed by the XTT assay. All isolates formed biofilm, with S. urealyticus producing the most biofilm biomass and S. pseudintermedius producing the least biomass. There was a positive association between biofilm formation and multidrug resistance as well as resistance to individual antimicrobials. Neither tetracycline nor amikacin were able to eradicate the biofilm, not even at the highest concentration used. This study provides new insights into biofilm formation and the effects of antimicrobials on CoNS species.
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Martínez-Meléndez A, Morfin-Otero R, Villarreal-Treviño L, Baines SD, Camacho-Ortíz A, Garza-González E. Analysis of biofilm production and expression of adhesion structures of circulating Clostridioides difficile strains from Mexico. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2021; 40:S0213-005X(21)00042-2. [PMID: 33714640 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridioides difficile biofilms are believed to protect the pathogen from antibiotics, in addition to potentially contributing to recurrent infections. METHODOLOGY Biofilm production of 102 C. difficile isolates was determined using the crystal violet staining technique, and detachment assays were performed. The expression levels of cwp84 and slpA genes were evaluated by real-time PCR on selected isolates. RESULTS More than 70% of isolates (75/102) were strong biofilm producers, and the highest detachment of biofilm was achieved with the proteinase K treatment (>90%). The overall mean expression of cwp84 was higher in RT027 than in RT001 (p=0.003); among strong biofilm-producing strains, the slpA expression was lower in RT027 than in RT001 (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS Proteins seem to have an important role in the biofilm's initial adherence and maturation. slpA and cwp84 are differentially expressed by C. difficile ribotype and biofilm production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martínez-Meléndez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfin-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde" e Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Simon D Baines
- University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Sciences, Hatfield, UK
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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Ma JJ. Blowing in the wind: Bacteria and fungi are spreading from public restroom hand dryers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:52-60. [PMID: 32720586 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1799183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and quantify fungi and bacteria in the airflow of restroom hand dryers in public areas. Airflow from restroom hand dryers in 8 retail locations was tested using three types of culture media, followed by PCR and sequence analysis to identify microbial species. Both bacterial and fungal colonies were detected in all locations. The number of colonies did not vary significantly across different locations, suggesting a similar level of microbial spread by hand dryers between different types of commercial stores. Molecular analysis revealed 24 bacterial species and 40 fungal species. Of these species, 48% (31/64) have been reported to be implicated in various infections in humans, primarily those with underlying medical conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate the spread of fungi by the airflow of restroom hand dryers, and the first to show the prevalence of different fungal and bacterial species spread by restroom hand dryers in common public areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J Ma
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Szemraj M, Grazul M, Balcerczak E, Szewczyk EM. Staphylococcal species less frequently isolated from human clinical specimens - are they a threat for hospital patients? BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 32046678 PMCID: PMC7014773 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci belonging to S. haemolyticus, S. hominis subsp. hominis, S. simulans, and S. warneri are often described as etiological factors of infections. Staphylococci are a phylogenetically coherent group; nevertheless, there are differences among the species which may be important to clinicians. Methods We investigated selected virulence factors and antibiotic resistance that were phenotypically demonstrated, the presence and expression of genes encoding the virulence factors, and the type of the SCCmec cassette. Results The differences between the tested species were revealed. A great number of isolates produced a biofilm and many of them contained single icaADBC operon genes. Clear differences between species in the lipolytic activity spectrum could be related to their ability to cause various types of infections. Our studies also revealed the presence of genes encoding virulence factors homologous to S. aureus in the analysed species such as enterotoxin and pvl genes, which were also expressed in single isolates of S. simulans and S. warneri. S. haemolyticus and S. hominis subsp. hominis isolates were resistant to all clinically important antibiotics including ß-lactams. The identified SCCmec cassettes belonged to IV, V, VII, and IX type but most of the detected cassettes were non-typeable. Among the investigated species, S. hominis subsp. hominis isolates accumulated virulence genes typical for S. aureus in the most efficient way and were widely resistant to antibiotics. Conclusions Our results clearly indicated significant differences between the tested species, which might be a result of the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and can lead to the formation and selection of multi-drug resistant strains as well as strains with new virulence features. Such strains can have a new clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
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Pereira EM, de Mattos CS, Dos Santos OC, Ferreira DC, de Oliveira TLR, Laport MS, de Oliveira Ferreira E, Dos Santos KRN. Staphylococcus hominis subspecies can be identified by SDS-PAGE or MALDI-TOF MS profiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11736. [PMID: 31409863 PMCID: PMC6692339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis is part of the normal human microbiome. Two subspecies, S. hominis hominis (Shh) and S. hominis novobiosepticus (Shn), have clinical significance. Forty-nine S. hominis isolates were analyzed by the MicroScan automated system, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF methods, followed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The trehalose fermentation test, disk diffusion and broth microdilution tests were used to identify (novobiocin test) and access the susceptibility to oxacillin and vancomycin of isolates. The SCCmec elements and genomic diversity were evaluated by PCR and PFGE methods, respectively. Profiles of 28 (57%; 8 Shh and 20 Shn) isolates corroborated with the results found in all the applied methods of identification. The remaining 21 (43%) isolates were phenotypically identified as Shh by MicroScan; however, they were identified as Shn by SDS-PAGE and mass spectral, and confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Among 41 isolates identified as Shn by the molecular and mass spectrometry methods, 19 (41%) were novobiocin-sensitive, and the trehalose test indicated 11 positive isolates, which are considered atypical phenotypic results for this subspecies. In addition, 92.7% of the isolates identified as Shn by these methods carried mecA gene, while only 12.5% of the Shh isolates were positive. Together, the results highlighted the SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS methods as promising tools for discriminating S. hominis subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Menezes Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (Campus Pinheiral), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Simões de Mattos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olinda Cabral Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamara Lopes Rocha de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Regina Netto Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated from Hospitalized Patients. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.64496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yong YY, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Biofilm formation by staphylococci in health-related environments and recent reports on their control using natural compounds. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:201-222. [PMID: 30786799 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1573802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and able to form biofilms on a range of surfaces. They have been associated with a range of human health issues such as medical device-related infection, localized skin infection, or direct infection caused by toxin production. The extracellular material produced by these bacteria resists antibiotics and host defence mechanism which complicates the treatment process. The commonly reported Staphylococcus species are Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis as they inhabit human bodies. However, the emergence of other staphylococci, such as S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophyticus, S. capitis, S. saccharolyticus, S. warneri, S. cohnii, and S. hominis, is also of concern and they have been associated with biofilm formation. This review critically assesses recent cases on the biofilm formation by S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and other staphylococci reported in health-related environments. The control of biofilm formation by staphylococci using natural compounds is specifically discussed as they represent potential anti-biofilm agents which may reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Yong
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- b School of Public Health , Curtin University , Bentley , Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia
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Martins KB, Ferreira AM, Pereira VC, Pinheiro L, de Oliveira A, da Cunha MDLRDS. In vitro Effects of Antimicrobial Agents on Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Staphylococcus saprophyticus Isolated From Patients With Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:40. [PMID: 30745897 PMCID: PMC6360166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play an important role in urinary tract infections (UTIs), being responsible for persistent infections that lead to recurrences and relapses. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is one of the main etiological agents of UTIs, however, little is known about biofilm production in this species and especially about its response to the antimicrobial agents used to treat UTIs when a biofilm is present. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the response of S. saprophyticus biofilms to five antimicrobial agents. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility in its planktonic form by means of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and in biofilms by means of minimum inhibitory concentration in biofilm (MICB) against the following antimicrobial agents by the microdilution technique: vancomycin, oxacillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Of the 169 S. saprophyticus studied, 119 produced a biofilm as demonstrated by the polystyrene plate adherence method. Biofilm cells of S. saprophyticus exhibited a considerable increase in MICB when compared to the planktonic forms, with an increase of more than 32 times in the MICB of some drugs. Some isolates switched from the category of susceptible in the planktonic condition to resistant in the biofilm state. Statistical analysis of the results showed a significant increase in MICB (p < 0.0001) for all five drugs tested in the biofilm state compared to the planktonic form. Regarding determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration in biofilm (MBCB), there were isolates for which the minimum bactericidal concentration of all drugs was equal to or higher than the highest concentration tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryne Benini Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Adriano Martison Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil.,Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu School of Medicine University Hospital, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cataneli Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pinheiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Adilson de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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