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Tinning P, Donnachie M, Christopher J, Uttamchandani D, Bauer R. Miniaturized structured illumination microscopy using two 3-axis MEMS micromirrors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6443-6456. [PMID: 36589569 PMCID: PMC9774859 DOI: 10.1364/boe.475811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and performance characterisation of a novel structured illumination microscope (SIM) in which the grating pattern is generated using two optical beams controlled via 2 micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) three-axis scanning micromirrors. The implementation of MEMS micromirrors to accurately and repeatably control angular, radial and phase positioning delivers flexible control of the fluorescence excitation illumination, with achromatic beam delivery through the same optical path, reduced spatial footprint and cost-efficient integration being further benefits. Our SIM architecture enables the direct implementation of multi-color imaging in a compact and adaptable package. The two-dimensional SIM system approach is enabled by a pair of 2 mm aperture electrostatically actuated three-axis micromirrors having static angular tilt motion along the x- and y-axes and static piston motion along the z-axis. This allows precise angular, radial and phase positioning of two optical beams, generating a fully controllable spatial interference pattern at the focal plane by adjusting the positions of the beam in the back-aperture of a microscope objective. This MEMS-SIM system was applied to fluorescent bead samples and cell specimens, and was able to obtain a variable lateral resolution improvement between 1.3 and 1.8 times the diffraction limited resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tinning
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
- Currently with the Department of Physics,
University of Strathclyde, 107 Rotten Row,
Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Mark Donnachie
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Jay Christopher
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Deepak Uttamchandani
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Ralf Bauer
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
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Sambri A, Caldari E, Fiore M, Zucchini R, Giannini C, Pirini MG, Spinnato P, Cappelli A, Donati DM, De Paolis M. Margin Assessment in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071687. [PMID: 33918457 PMCID: PMC8038240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many classifications to assess margins status for soft tissue sarcomas are reported in the literature. Most of the series are heterogeneous and variable in size, making it difficult to compare results from study to study. Thus, which is the best way to assess margins in order to predict the risk of local recurrence is still debated. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature on margins, and to highlight the need for a uniform description of the margin status for patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Abstract Adequacy of margins must take into consideration both the resection margin width (quantity) and anatomic barrier (quality). There are several classification schemes for reporting surgical resection margin status for soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Most of the studies regarding treatment outcomes in STS included all histologic grades and histological subtypes, which include infiltrative and non-infiltrative subtypes and are very heterogeneous in terms of both histologic characteristics and treatment modalities (adjuvant treatments or not). This lack of consistency makes it difficult to compare results from study to study. Therefore, there is a great need for evidence-based standardization concerning the width of resection margins. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature on margins, and to highlight the need for a uniform description of the margin status for patients with STS. Patient cases should be discussed at multidisciplinary tumor boards and treatments should be individualized to clinical and demographic characteristics, which must include also a deep knowledge of specific histotypes behaviors, particularly infiltrative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sambri
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- IRCCS Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.C.); (M.G.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilia Caldari
- IRCCS Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.C.); (M.G.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Michele Fiore
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (R.Z.); (C.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Riccardo Zucchini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (R.Z.); (C.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Claudio Giannini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (R.Z.); (C.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Maria Giulia Pirini
- IRCCS Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.C.); (M.G.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Paolo Spinnato
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (R.Z.); (C.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Alberta Cappelli
- IRCCS Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.C.); (M.G.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (R.Z.); (C.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Massimiliano De Paolis
- IRCCS Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.C.); (M.G.P.); (A.C.); (M.D.P.)
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Johnson KA, Hagen GM. Artifact-free whole-slide imaging with structured illumination microscopy and Bayesian image reconstruction. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa035. [PMID: 32285910 PMCID: PMC7155289 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a method that can be used to image biological samples and can achieve both optical sectioning and super-resolution effects. Optimization of the imaging set-up and data-processing methods results in high-quality images without artifacts due to mosaicking or due to the use of SIM methods. Reconstruction methods based on Bayesian estimation can be used to produce images with a resolution beyond that dictated by the optical system. FINDINGS Five complete datasets are presented including large panoramic SIM images of human tissues in pathophysiological conditions. Cancers of the prostate, skin, ovary, and breast, as well as tuberculosis of the lung, were imaged using SIM. The samples are available commercially and are standard histological preparations stained with hematoxylin-eosin. CONCLUSION The use of fluorescence microscopy is increasing in histopathology. There is a need for methods that reduce artifacts caused by the use of image-stitching methods or optical sectioning methods such as SIM. Stitched SIM images produce results that may be useful for intraoperative histology. Releasing high-quality, full-slide images and related data will aid researchers in furthering the field of fluorescent histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Johnson
- UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Guy M Hagen
- UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
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Elfer KN, Sholl AB, Wang M, Tulman DB, Mandava SH, Lee BR, Brown JQ. DRAQ5 and Eosin ('D&E') as an Analog to Hematoxylin and Eosin for Rapid Fluorescence Histology of Fresh Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165530. [PMID: 27788264 PMCID: PMC5082869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time on-site histopathology review of biopsy tissues at the point-of-procedure has great potential for significant clinical value and improved patient care. For instance, on-site review can aid in rapid screening of diagnostic biopsies to reduce false-negative results, or in quantitative assessment of biospecimen quality to increase the efficacy of downstream laboratory and histopathology analysis. However, the only currently available rapid pathology method, frozen section analysis (FSA), is too time- and labor-intensive for use in screening large quantities of biopsy tissues and is too destructive for maximum tissue conservation in multiple small needle core biopsies. In this work we demonstrate the spectrally-compatible combination of the nuclear stain DRAQ5 and the anionic counterstain eosin as a dual-component fluorescent staining analog to hematoxylin and eosin intended for use on fresh, unsectioned tissues. Combined with optical sectioning fluorescence microscopy and pseudo-coloring algorithms, DRAQ5 and eosin (“D&E”) enables very fast, non-destructive psuedohistological imaging of tissues at the point-of-acquisition with minimal tissue handling and processing. D&E was validated against H&E on a one-to-one basis on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen section tissues of various human organs using standard epi-fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating high fidelity of the staining mechanism as an H&E analog. The method was then applied to fresh, whole 18G renal needle core biopsies and large needle core prostate biospecimen biopsies using fluorescence structured illumination optical sectioning microscopy. We demonstrate the ability to obtain high-resolution histology-like images of unsectioned, fresh tissues similar to subsequent H&E staining of the tissue. The application of D&E does not interfere with subsequent standard-of-care H&E staining and imaging, preserving the integrity of the tissue for thorough downstream analysis. These results indicate that this dual-stain pseudocoloring method could provide a real-time histology-like image at the time of acquisition and valuable objective tissue analysis for the clinician at the time of service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Elfer
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Sholl
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David B. Tulman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sree H. Mandava
- Dept. of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Lee
- Dept. of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - J. Quincy Brown
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chitalia R, Mueller J, Fu HL, Whitley MJ, Kirsch DG, Brown JQ, Willett R, Ramanujam N. Algorithms for differentiating between images of heterogeneous tissue across fluorescence microscopes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3412-3424. [PMID: 27699108 PMCID: PMC5030020 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy can be used to acquire real-time images of tissue morphology and with appropriate algorithms can rapidly quantify features associated with disease. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of various segmentation algorithms to isolate fluorescent positive features (FPFs) in heterogeneous images and identify an approach that can be used across multiple fluorescence microscopes with minimal tuning between systems. Specifically, we show a variety of image segmentation algorithms applied to images of stained tumor and muscle tissue acquired with 3 different fluorescence microscopes. Results indicate that a technique called maximally stable extremal regions followed by thresholding (MSER + Binary) yielded the greatest contrast in FPF density between tumor and muscle images across multiple microscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Chitalia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jenna Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Henry L Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melodi Javid Whitley
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Quincy Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rebecca Willett
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nimmi Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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