1
|
Leth JM, Newcombe EA, Grønnemose AL, Jørgensen JT, Qvist K, Clausen AS, Knudsen LBS, Kjaer A, Kragelund BB, Jørgensen TJD, Ploug M. Targeted imaging of uPAR expression in vivo with cyclic AE105 variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17248. [PMID: 37821532 PMCID: PMC10567728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive literature reports on the correlation between elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the severity of diseases with chronic inflammation including solid cancers. Molecular imaging is widely used as a non-invasive method to locate disease dissemination via full body scans and to stratify patients for targeted treatment. To date, the only imaging probe targeting uPAR that has reached clinical phase-II testing relies on a high-affinity 9-mer peptide (AE105), and several studies by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning or near-infra red (NIR) fluorescence imaging have validated its utility and specificity in vivo. While our previous studies focused on applying various reporter groups, the current study aims to improve uPAR-targeting properties of AE105. We successfully stabilized the small uPAR-targeting core of AE105 by constraining its conformational landscape by disulfide-mediated cyclization. Importantly, this modification mitigated the penalty on uPAR-affinity typically observed after conjugation to macrocyclic chelators. Cyclization did not impair tumor targeting efficiency of AE105 in vivo as assessed by PET imaging and a trend towards increased tracer uptake was observed. In future studies, we predict that this knowledge will aid development of new fluorescent AE105 derivatives with a view to optical imaging of uPAR to assist precision guided cancer surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Estella Anne Newcombe
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- REPIN, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Linderstrøm Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jesper Tranekjær Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine Qvist
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Skovsbo Clausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Line Bruhn Schneider Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birthe Brandt Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- REPIN, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Linderstrøm Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rainu SK, Ramachandran RG, Parameswaran S, Krishnakumar S, Singh N. Advancements in Intraoperative Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging for Accurate Tumor Resection: A Promising Technique for Improved Surgical Outcomes and Patient Survival. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5504-5526. [PMID: 37661342 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear surgical margins for solid tumor resection are essential for preventing cancer recurrence and improving overall patient survival. Complete resection of tumors is often limited by a surgeon's ability to accurately locate malignant tissues and differentiate them from healthy tissue. Therefore, techniques or imaging modalities are required that would ease the identification and resection of tumors by real-time intraoperative visualization of tumors. Although conventional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or radiography play an essential role in preoperative diagnostics, these cannot be utilized in intraoperative tumor detection due to their large size, high cost, long imaging time, and lack of cancer specificity. The inception of several imaging techniques has paved the way to intraoperative tumor margin detection with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Particularly, molecular imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) based nanoprobes provides superior imaging quality due to high signal-to-noise ratio, deep penetration to tissues, and low autofluorescence, enabling accurate tumor resection and improved survival rates. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in imaging technologies, specifically focusing on NIRF nanoprobes that aid in highly specific intraoperative surgeries with real-time recognition of tumor margins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Rainu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Remya Girija Ramachandran
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mondal A, Kang J, Kim D. Recent Progress in Fluorescent Probes for Real-Time Monitoring of Glioblastoma. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3484-3503. [PMID: 36917648 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Treating glioblastoma (GBM) by resecting to a large extent can prolong a patient's survival by controlling the tumor cells, but excessive resection may produce postoperative complications by perturbing the brain structures. Therefore, various imaging procedures have been employed to successfully diagnose and resect with utmost caution and to protect vital structural or functional features. Fluorescence tagging is generally used as an intraoperative imaging technique in glioma cells in collaboration with other surgical tools such as MRI and navigation methods. However, the existing fluorescent probes may have several limitations, including poor selectivity, less photostability, false signals, and intraoperative re-administration when used in clinical and preclinical studies for glioma surgery. The involvement of smart fluorogenic materials, specifically fluorescent dyes, and biomarker-amended cell-penetrable fluorescent probes have noteworthy advantages for precise glioma imaging. This review outlines the contemporary advancements of fluorescent probes for imaging glioma cells along with their challenges and visions, with the anticipation to develop next-generation smart glioblastoma detection modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mondal
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Brain Technology, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han Y, Tu L, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Dong Q, Sun Z. A New Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor‐Targeted Near‐Infrared Fluorescence (NIR) Probe for Glioma Imaging. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Le Tu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Qiuyu Liu
- Department of Radiology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Qingjian Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Ziyan Sun
- Department of Radiology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim TI, Cho S, Jin H, Bae J, Park C, Kim Y. Activatable Fluorescent Probes Targeting Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor on the Cell Membrane. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203739. [PMID: 36734188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a glycolipid-anchored protein located on the cell surface that is implicated in the promotion of metastasis. New fluorescent probes for the detection of uPAR expression that feature a rapid "turn-on" response are reported here. They consist of a donor-π-acceptor-based fluorophore conjugated with a uPAR-binding AE105 peptide. The resulting AE105-coupled uPAR-targeting probes are weakly emissive in aqueous buffer solutions; however, a fluorescence "turn-on" signal is instantly triggered upon specific binding to uPAR (KD =63.2 nM for P1 and 49.5 nM for P2), which restricts the rotational deactivation of the fluorophore. Applications of the probes were demonstrated in the imaging of uPAR overexpressed on the membrane of cancer cell and in a cell-based uPAR inhibitor assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Il Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Siyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Hanyong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Park Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Chanhee Park
- Metareceptome Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A novel urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted peptide-based probe for in-vivo molecular imaging of glioblastoma. Nucl Med Commun 2023; 44:142-149. [PMID: 36630218 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis and therapy. We herein fabricated a new type of uPAR-targeted imaging probe Al18F-NOTA-VC and preliminarily evaluated its potential application in PET imaging of the glioma model in vivo. METHODS Peptide VC was synthesized and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. The IC50 between VC/precursor NOTA-VC and uPAR was then determined before the synthesis and purification of Al18F-NOTA-VC, followed by further studies of in-vitro properties of Al18F-NOTA-VC. Meanwhile, the AE105-based probe followed a similar procedure in-vitro test. Finally, the PET imaging properties, including uPAR-targeting ability and the metabolism of Al18F-NOTA-VC, were investigated. RESULTS The VC and NOTA-VC were obtained successfully and demonstrated a good affinity with uPAR. Followed by Al18F labeling successfully, excellent properties, including the serum stability, water solubility, and specificity of Al18F-NOTA-VC, were obtained in-vitro test compared with AE105 based probe. An excellent tumor uptake and renal excretion data of Al18F-NOTA-VC were acquired from in-vivo U87MG tumor model PET imaging, consistent with the subsequent biodistribution study. CONCLUSION In addition to the excellent specificity and high tumor/normal tissue contrast for uPAR-targeted PET imaging of U87MG tumor, Al18F-NOTA-VC possessed promising clearance ability by renal system route. These excellent properties facilitated Al18F-NOTA-VC to be a promising imaging agent for uPAR high-expressing tumors and, thus, provided a paradigm for developing peptide-based probes for uPAR-associated disease diagnosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Baart VM, van Manen L, Bhairosingh SS, Vuijk FA, Iamele L, de Jonge H, Scotti C, Resnati M, Cordfunke RA, Kuppen PJK, Mazar AP, Burggraaf J, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Side-by-Side Comparison of uPAR-Targeting Optical Imaging Antibodies and Antibody Fragments for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Solid Tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:122-132. [PMID: 34642899 PMCID: PMC9970952 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radical resection is paramount for curative oncological surgery. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) aids in intraoperative identification of tumor-positive resection margins. This study aims to assess the feasibility of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) targeting antibody fragments for FGS in a direct comparison with their parent IgG in various relevant in vivo models. PROCEDURES Humanized anti-uPAR monoclonal antibody MNPR-101 (uIgG) was proteolytically digested into F(ab')2 and Fab fragments named uFab2 and uFab. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and cell assays were used to determine in vitro binding before and after fluorescent labeling with IRDye800CW. Mice bearing subcutaneous HT-29 human colonic cancer cells were imaged serially for up to 120 h after fluorescent tracer administration. Imaging characteristics and ex vivo organ biodistribution were further compared in orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BxPc-3-luc2), head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (OSC-19-luc2-GFP), and peritoneal carcinomatosis (HT29-luc2) models using the clinical Artemis fluorescence imaging system. RESULTS Unconjugated and conjugated uIgG, uFab2, and uFab specifically recognized uPAR in the nanomolar range as determined by SPR and cell assays. Subcutaneous tumors were clearly identifiable with tumor-to-background ratios (TBRs) > 2 after 72 h for uIgG-800F and 24 h for uFab2-800F and uFab-800F. For the latter two, mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) dipped below predetermined threshold after 72 h and 36 h, respectively. Tumors were easily identified in the orthotopic models with uIgG-800F consistently having the highest MFIs and uFab2-800F and uFab-800F having similar values. In biodistribution studies, kidney and liver fluorescence approached tumor fluorescence after uIgG-800F administration and surpassed tumor fluorescence after uFab2-800F or uFab-800F administration, resulting in interference in the abdominal orthotopic mouse models. CONCLUSIONS In a side-by-side comparison, FGS with uPAR-targeting antibody fragments compared with the parent IgG resulted in earlier tumor visualization at the expense of peak fluorescence intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Labrinus van Manen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris A Vuijk
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Iamele
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Ardis Srl, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hugo de Jonge
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Ardis Srl, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Ardis Srl, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Resnati
- Age Related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Robert A Cordfunke
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Percuros BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skjoeth-Rasmussen J, Azam A, Larsen CC, Juhl K, Kjaer A. Response to the commentary on our work: a new uPAR-targeting fluorescent probe for optical guided intracranial surgery in resection of a meningioma-a case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:245. [PMID: 36416941 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Skjoeth-Rasmussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 6031, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Aleena Azam
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Christian Larsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fluorescent probes in stomatology. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
A new uPAR-targeting fluorescent probe for optical guided intracranial surgery in resection of a meningioma-a case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:267-271. [PMID: 34748074 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-05051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Meningiomas are benign lesion although anot insignificant number experiences recurrences despite Simpson grade 1 removal. FG001 is a compound with a fluorophore (ICG) that binds to a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and is currently investigated at our institution in a first-in-human trial. The patient presented with a plausible malignant glioma but proved to be a grade 1 meningioma. FG001 could delineated the tumor not only on the surface but supplementary in the cavity to remove safely the dural attachment. We present FG001 as a new promising tool for improved surgical radicality beyond the intended indication, provided that a prospective validation in a consecutive meningioma cohort demonstrates similar results.
Collapse
|
11
|
Photothermal Therapy as Adjuvant to Surgery in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Human Fibrosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225820. [PMID: 34830974 PMCID: PMC8616180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Combining tumor surgery with other types of treatment can be useful when dealing with aggressive tumors or tumors in difficult locations. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a technique based on the use of light-absorbing nanoparticles that accumulate in the tumor. When tumors are irradiated with a laser, these nanoparticles transform the laser light into heat, causing very localized tumor death and sparing healthy neighboring tissues. In this study, we evaluated a treatment strategy consisting of surgery followed by PTT in a highly aggressive mouse model of fibrosarcoma. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed a slowdown in tumor growth accompanied by improved survival in mice that underwent PTT and surgery compared to animals that only had surgery. This shows the potential of combining PTT with surgery, an approach that can potentially be valuable to multiple types of cancer. Abstract Surgery is still the first-line treatment for multiple solid cancers. However, recurrence is a common issue, especially when dealing with aggressive tumors or tumors that are difficult to completely remove due to their location. Getting clear surgical margins can be challenging, but treatment strategies combining surgery with other anti-cancer therapies can potentially improve the outcome. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a technique that relies on photoabsorbing agents, such as gold nanoparticles, to transform light into local hyperthermia. This technique can be used to ablate tumor tissue where the photoabsorbing agent accumulates, sparing healthy surrounding tissue. In this study, we examined the potential of gold nanoparticle-based PTT as an adjuvant treatment to surgery in a mouse model of human fibrosarcoma. For this we performed subtotal tumor resection to mimic a clinical situation where total tumor removal is not achieved, and subsequent PTT was applied on the surgical field. Our results showed that animals undergoing adjuvant PTT after surgery presented sustained delayed tumor growth and improved survival when compared to animals that only underwent surgery. We believe that these findings show the potential of PTT as an adjuvant method to traditional tumor surgery and could pave way to more personalized treatment options.
Collapse
|
12
|
Leth JM, Ploug M. Targeting the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in Human Diseases With a View to Non-invasive Imaging and Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732015. [PMID: 34490277 PMCID: PMC8417595 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) focalizes plasminogen activation to cell surfaces, thereby regulating extravascular fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, and migration. uPAR belongs to the Ly6/uPAR (LU) gene superfamily and the high-affinity binding site for uPA is assembled by a dynamic association of its three consecutive LU domains. In most human solid cancers, uPAR is expressed at the invasive areas of the tumor-stromal microenvironment. High levels of uPAR in resected tumors or shed to the plasma of cancer patients are robustly associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of relapse and metastasis. Over the years, a plethora of different strategies to inhibit uPA and uPAR function have been designed and investigated in vitro and in vivo in mouse models, but so far none have been implemented in the clinics. In recent years, uPAR-targeting with the intent of cytotoxic eradication of uPAR-expressing cells have nonetheless gained increasing momentum. Another avenue that is currently being explored is non-invasive imaging with specific uPAR-targeted reporter-molecules containing positron emitting radionuclides or near-infrared (NIR) florescence probes with the overarching aim of being able to: (i) localize disease dissemination using positron emission tomography (PET) and (ii) assist fluorescence guided surgery using optical imaging. In this review, we will discuss these advancements with special emphasis on applications using a small 9-mer peptide antagonist that targets uPAR with high affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Osterkamp J, Strandby RB, Nerup N, Svendsen MBS, Svendsen LB, Achiam MP. Time to maximum indocyanine green fluorescence of gastric sentinel lymph nodes and feasibility of combined indocyanine green/sodium fluorescein gastric lymphography. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021; 406:2717-2724. [PMID: 34245352 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-021-02265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Indocyanine green (ICG) and sodium fluorescein (SF) are fluorescent dyes used for sentinel lymph node mapping. In oncological gastric surgery, ICG lymphography has increased the number of resected lymph nodes. However, the optimal time to administer ICG is unclear, and both preoperative and intraoperative injections have been practised. As dye spillage will diminish lymphogram visibility, a second dye with different excitation and emission spectra may present a clinical alternative. We measured the time until maximum ICG fluorescence of gastric sentinel lymph nodes and investigated the feasibility of combined lymphography with two fluorescent dyes: ICG and SF. METHODS Ten Danish Landrace/Yorkshire pigs were used in this study. After completion of the laparoscopic setup, ICG and then SF were endoscopically injected into the gastric submucosa. Lymphograms for both dyes were recorded, and the time until maximum ICG sentinel lymph node fluorescence was determined. RESULTS The mean time until maximum ICG fluorescence of gastric sentinel lymph nodes was 50 s (± 12.5), and the fluorescent signal then remained stable until the end of the recorded period (45 min). A lymphogram showing both ICG and SF was acquired for eight of the ten pigs. CONCLUSIONS Because of the short time until maximum ICG fluorescence of sentinel lymph nodes, intraoperative injections could be a sufficient alternative to preoperative injections for oncological gastric surgery. Combined ICG and SF lymphography was feasible and resulted in clear lymphograms with no interference between the two dyes. The ability to use multiple dyes during a surgical procedure offers the exciting prospect of simultaneously assessing perfusion and performing fluorescence lymphography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterkamp
- Oesophago Gastric Cancer Surgery Group (OGCS), Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rune B Strandby
- Oesophago Gastric Cancer Surgery Group (OGCS), Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Nerup
- Oesophago Gastric Cancer Surgery Group (OGCS), Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Morten Bo Søndergaard Svendsen
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES) - CAMES Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Svendsen
- Oesophago Gastric Cancer Surgery Group (OGCS), Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Patrick Achiam
- Oesophago Gastric Cancer Surgery Group (OGCS), Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simón M, Jørgensen JT, Juhl K, Kjaer A. The use of a uPAR-targeted probe for photothermal cancer therapy prolongs survival in a xenograft mouse model of glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1366-1376. [PMID: 34262647 PMCID: PMC8274719 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tumor-targeted probes that can efficiently reach cancerous tissue is an important focus of preclinical research. Photothermal cancer therapy (PTT) relies on light-absorbing molecules, which are directed towards tumor tissue and irradiated with an external source of light. This light is transformed into heat, causing localized hyperthermia and tumor death. The fluorescent probe indocyanine green (ICG) is already used as an imaging agent both preclinically and in clinical settings, but its use for PTT is yet to be fully exploited due to its short retention time and non-specific tumor targeting. Therefore, increasing ICG tumor uptake is necessary to improve treatment outcome. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, uPAR, is overexpressed in multiple tumor types. ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105, consisting of the uPAR-targeting peptide AE105 conjugated to ICG, has shown great potential for fluorescence-guided surgery. In this study, ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 was evaluated as photothermal agent in a subcutaneous mouse model of human glioblastoma. We observed that the photothermal abilities of ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 triggered high temperatures in the tumor during PTT, leading to tumor death and prolonged survival. This confirms the potential of ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 as photothermal agent and indicates that it could be used as an add-on to the application of the probe for fluorescence-guided surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Simón
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Tranekjær Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kurbegovic S, Juhl K, Sørensen KK, Leth J, Willemoe GL, Christensen A, Adams Y, Jensen AR, von Buchwald C, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Ploug M, Jensen KJ, Kjaer A. IRDye800CW labeled uPAR-targeting peptide for fluorescence-guided glioblastoma surgery: Preclinical studies in orthotopic xenografts. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7159-7174. [PMID: 34158842 PMCID: PMC8210614 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating cancer with basically no curative treatment. Even with aggressive treatment, the median survival is disappointing 14 months. Surgery remains the key treatment and the postoperative survival is determined by the extent of resection. Unfortunately, the invasive growth with irregular infiltrating margins complicates an optimal surgical resection. Precise intraoperative tumor visualization is therefore highly needed and molecular targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging potentially constitutes such a tool. The urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) is expressed in most solid cancers primarily at the invading front and the adjacent activated peritumoral stroma making it an attractive target for targeted fluorescence imaging. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a new uPAR-targeted optical probe, IRDye800CW-AE344, for fluorescence guided surgery (FGS). Methods: In the present study we characterized the fluorescent probe with regard to binding affinity, optical properties, and plasma stability. Further, in vivo imaging characterization was performed in nude mice with orthotopic human patient derived glioblastoma xenografts, and we performed head-to-head comparison within FGS between our probe and the traditional procedure using 5-ALA. Finally, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration was characterized in a 3D BBB spheroid model. Results: The probe effectively visualized GBM in vivo with a tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) above 4.5 between 1 to 12 h post injection and could be used for FGS of orthotopic human glioblastoma xenografts in mice where it was superior to 5-ALA. The probe showed a favorable safety profile with no evidence of any acute toxicity. Finally, the 3D BBB model showed uptake of the probe into the spheroids indicating that the probe crosses the BBB. Conclusion: IRDye800CW-AE344 is a promising uPAR-targeted optical probe for FGS and a candidate for translation into human use.
Collapse
|
16
|
Linders D, Deken M, van der Valk M, Tummers W, Bhairosingh S, Schaap D, van Lijnschoten G, Zonoobi E, Kuppen P, van de Velde C, Vahrmeijer A, Farina Sarasqueta A, Sier C, Hilling D. CEA, EpCAM, αvβ6 and uPAR Expression in Rectal Cancer Patients with a Pathological Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030516. [PMID: 33799475 PMCID: PMC8002064 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer patients with a complete response after neoadjuvant therapy can be monitored with a watch-and-wait strategy. However, regrowth rates indicate that identification of patients with a pathological complete response (pCR) remains challenging. Targeted near-infrared fluorescence endoscopy is a potential tool to improve response evaluation. Promising tumor targets include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), integrin αvβ6, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). To investigate the applicability of these targets, we analyzed protein expression by immunohistochemistry and quantified these by a total immunostaining score (TIS) in tissue of rectal cancer patients with a pCR. CEA, EpCAM, αvβ6, and uPAR expression in the diagnostic biopsy was high (TIS > 6) in, respectively, 100%, 100%, 33%, and 46% of cases. CEA and EpCAM expressions were significantly higher in the diagnostic biopsy compared with the corresponding tumor bed (p < 0.01). CEA, EpCAM, αvβ6, and uPAR expressions were low (TIS < 6) in the tumor bed in, respectively, 93%, 95%, 85%, and 62.5% of cases. Immunohistochemical evaluation shows that CEA and EpCAM could be suitable targets for response evaluation after neoadjuvant treatment, since expression of these targets in the primary tumor bed is low compared with the diagnostic biopsy and adjacent pre-existent rectal mucosa in more than 90% of patients with a pCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan Linders
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Marion Deken
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Maxime van der Valk
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Willemieke Tummers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Shadhvi Bhairosingh
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Dennis Schaap
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Gesina van Lijnschoten
- Laboratory of Pathology, Stichting Pathology and Medical Microbiology, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Elham Zonoobi
- Edinburgh Molecular Imaging Ltd., Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK;
| | - Peter Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Cornelis van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Alexander Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Cornelis Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
- Percuros BV, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Hilling
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.L.); (M.D.); (M.v.d.V.); (W.T.); (S.B.); (P.K.); (C.v.d.V.); (A.V.); (C.S.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-2377
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A multimodal molecular imaging approach targeting urokinase plasminogen activator receptor for the diagnosis, resection and surveillance of urothelial cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2021; 146:11-20. [PMID: 33561783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With a 5-year recurrence rate of 30-78%, urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) rates amongst the highest of all solid malignancies. Consequently, after transurethral resection, patients are subjugated to life-long endoscopic surveillance. A multimodal near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence-based imaging strategy can improve diagnosis, resection and surveillance, hence increasing quality of life. METHODS Expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) are determined on paraffin-embedded human UCC using immunohistochemistry and on UCC cell lines by flow cytometry. MNPR-101, a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting uPAR is conjugated to IRDye800CW and binding is validated in vitro using surface plasmon resonance and cell-based binding assays. In vivo NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic three-dimensional (3D) imaging are performed with subcutaneously growing human UM-UC-3luc2 cells in BALB/c-nude mice. The translational potential is confirmed in a metastasising UM-UC-3luc2 orthotopic mouse model. Infliximab-IRDye800CW and rituximab-IRDye800CW are used as controls. RESULTS UCCs show prominent uPAR expression at the tumour-stroma interface and EpCAM on epithelial cells. uPAR and EpCAM are expressed by 6/7 and 4/7 UCC cell lines, respectively. In vitro, MNPR-101-IRDye800CW has a picomolar affinity for domain 2-3 of uPAR. In vivo fluorescence imaging with MNPR-101-IRDye800CW, specifically delineates both subcutaneous and orthotopic tumours with tumour-to-background ratios reaching as high as 6.8, differing significantly from controls (p < 0.0001). Photoacoustic 3D in depth imaging confirms the homogenous distribution of MNPR-101-IRDye800CW through the tumour. CONCLUSIONS MNPR-101-IRDye800CW is suitable for multimodal imaging of UCC, awaiting clinical translation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, Zhou Y, Yue X, Dai Z. Cyanine Conjugate-Based Biomedical Imaging Probes. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001327. [PMID: 33000915 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanine is a class of fluorescent dye with meritorious fluorescence properties and has motivated numerous researchers to explore its imaging capabilities by miscellaneous structural modification and functionalization strategies. The covalent conjugation with other functional molecules represents a distinctive design strategy and has shown immense potential in both basic and clinical research. This review article summarizes recent achievements in cyanine conjugate-based probes for biomedical imaging. Particular attention is paid to the conjugation with targeting warheads and other contrast agents for targeted fluorescence imaging and multimodal imaging, respectively. Additionally, their clinical potential in cancer diagnostics is highlighted and some concurrent impediments for clinical translation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiuli Yue
- School of Environment Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baart VM, Houvast RD, de Geus-Oei LF, Quax PHA, Kuppen PJK, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Molecular imaging of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: opportunities beyond cancer. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:87. [PMID: 32725278 PMCID: PMC7387399 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a multifaceted role in almost any process where migration of cells and tissue-remodeling is involved such as inflammation, but also in diseases as arthritis and cancer. Normally, uPAR is absent in healthy tissues. By its carefully orchestrated interaction with the protease urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), uPAR localizes a cascade of proteolytic activities, enabling (patho)physiologic cell migration. Moreover, via the interaction with a broad range of cell membrane proteins, like vitronectin and various integrins, uPAR plays a significant, but not yet completely understood, role in differentiation and proliferation of cells, affecting also disease progression. The implications of these processes, either for diagnostics or therapeutics, have received much attention in oncology, but only limited beyond. Nonetheless, the role of uPAR in different diseases provides ample opportunity to exploit new applications for targeting. Especially in the fields of oncology, cardiology, rheumatology, neurology, and infectious diseases, uPAR-targeted molecular imaging could offer insights for new directions in diagnosis, surveillance, or treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R D Houvast
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L F de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Percuros BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quicker, deeper and stronger imaging: A review of tumor-targeted, near-infrared fluorescent dyes for fluorescence guided surgery in the preclinical and clinical stages. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:123-143. [PMID: 32437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a public health problem and the main cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide. Complete removal of tumors and metastatic lymph nodes in surgery is significantly beneficial for the prognosis of patients. Tumor-targeted, near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging is an emerging field of real-time intraoperative cancer imaging based on tumor-targeted NIRF dyes. Targeted NIRF dyes contain NIRF fluorophores and specific binding ligands such as antibodies, peptides and small molecules. The present article reviews recently updated tumor-targeted NIRF dyes for the molecular imaging of malignant tumors in the preclinical stage and clinical trials. The strengths and challenges of NIRF agents with tumor-targeting ability are also summarized. Smaller ligands, near infrared II dyes, dual-modality dyes and activatable dyes may contribute to quicker, deeper, stronger imaging in the nearest future. In this review, we highlighted tumor-targeted NIRF dyes for fluorescence-guided surgery and their potential clinical translation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Juhl K, Christensen A, Rubek N, Karnov KKS, von Buchwald C, Kjaer A. Improved surgical resection of metastatic pancreatic cancer using uPAR targeted in vivo fluorescent guidance: comparison with traditional white light surgery. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6308-6316. [PMID: 31695839 PMCID: PMC6824874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. The five-year survival rates have been reported as 3%. Radical surgical tumor resection is critical for improved outcome and the low survival rate for pancreatic cancer is due to lack of other effective treatments and here optical guided surgery could be a solution for better surgical outcome. In the present study, we targeted the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with a peptide conjugated with the fluophore ICG (ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105) for optical imaging. In the first part of the study we aimed to validate ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 for resection of the primary tumor and metastases in an orthotopic human xenograft pancreatic cancer model. In the second part of the study we aimed to investigate if fluorescent-guided imaging could locate additional metastases following conventional removal of metastasis under normal white light surgery. Our study showed that ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 was an excellent probe for intraoperative optical imaging with a mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) for the primary tumor of 3.5 and a TBR for the metastases of 3.4. Further, a benefit using intraoperative fluorescent guidance yielded identification of an additional 14% metastases compared to using normal white light surgery. In 4 of 8 mice there were identified additional metastases with uPAR optical imaging compared to white light. In conclusion, the uPAR-targeted optical probe ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 enables intraoperative optical cancer imaging, including robotic surgery, and may be a benefit during intended radical resection of disseminated pancreas cancer by finding more metastasis than with traditional white light surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niclas Rubek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov sadly passed away before publishing of this article. We will miss her and our thoughts are with her family
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Debie P, Hernot S. Emerging Fluorescent Molecular Tracers to Guide Intra-Operative Surgical Decision-Making. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 31139085 PMCID: PMC6527780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is an emerging technology that can provide real-time information about the operating field during cancer surgery. Non-specific fluorescent agents, used for the assessment of blood flow and sentinel lymph node detection, have so far dominated this field. However, over the last decade, several clinical studies have demonstrated the great potential of targeted fluorescent tracers to visualize tumor lesions in a more specific way. This has led to an exponential growth in the development of novel molecular fluorescent contrast agents. In this review, the design of fluorescent molecular tracers will be discussed, with particular attention for agents and approaches that are of interest for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for in vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI-BEFY/MIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kurbegovic S, Juhl K, Chen H, Qu C, Ding B, Leth JM, Drzewiecki KT, Kjaer A, Cheng Z. Molecular Targeted NIR-II Probe for Image-Guided Brain Tumor Surgery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3833-3840. [PMID: 30296054 PMCID: PMC6363276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Optical
imaging strategies for improving delineation of glioblastoma
(GBM) is highly desired for guiding surgeons to distinguish cancerous
tissue from healthy and precious brain tissue. Fluorescence imaging
(FLI) in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) outperforms traditional
NIR-I imaging with better tissue penetration, higher spatial and temporal
resolution, and less auto fluorescence and scattering. Because of
high expression in GBM and many other tumors, urokinase Plasminogen
Activator Receptor (uPAR) is an attractive and well proven target
for FLI. Herein we aim to combine the benefit of a NIR-II fluorophore
with a high affinity uPAR targeting small peptide. A targeted NIR-II
fluorescent probe was developed by conjugating an in-house synthesized
NIR-II fluorophore, CH1055, and a uPAR targeting peptide, AE105. To
characterize the in vivo distribution and targeting
properties, a dynamic imaging was performed in orthotopic GBM bearing
nude mice (n = 8). Additionally, fluorescence guided
surgery of orthotopic GBM was performed in living animals. CH1055-4Glu-AE105
was easily synthesized with >75% yield and >98% HPLC evaluated
purity.
The retention time of the probe on analytical HPLC was 15.9 min and
the product was verified by mass spectrometry. Dynamic imaging demonstrated
that the uPAR targeting probe visualized orthotopic GBM through the
intact skull with a tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) of 2.7 peaking
at 96 h. Further, the orthotopic GBM was successfully resected in
small animals guided by the NIR-II FLI. By using a small uPAR targeting
NIR-II probe, FLI allows us to specifically image and detect GBM.
A real-time imaging setup further renders FLI guided tumor resection,
and the probe developed in this work is a promising candidate for
clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorel Kurbegovic
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection , Stanford University , Stanford , California , 94305-5344 , United States.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hao Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection , Stanford University , Stanford , California , 94305-5344 , United States
| | - Chunrong Qu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection , Stanford University , Stanford , California , 94305-5344 , United States
| | - Bingbing Ding
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection , Stanford University , Stanford , California , 94305-5344 , United States
| | - Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory , Rigshospitalet , 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) , University of Copenhagen , 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Tadeusz Drzewiecki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment , Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection , Stanford University , Stanford , California , 94305-5344 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu Y, Tian M, Zhang H, Xiao Y, Hong X, Sun Y. Recent development on peptide-based probes for multifunctional biomedical imaging. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
25
|
Antibody-based PET of uPA/uPAR signaling with broad applicability for cancer imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73912-73924. [PMID: 27729618 PMCID: PMC5342023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) play a central role in tumor progression. The goal of this study was to develop an 89Zr-labeled, antibody-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for quantitative imaging of the uPA/uPAR system. An anti-uPA monoclonal antibody (ATN-291) was conjugated with a deferoxamine (Df) derivative and subsequently labeled with 89Zr. Flow cytometry, microscopy studies, and competitive binding assays were conducted to validate the binding specificity of Df-ATN-291 against uPA. PET imaging with 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was carried out in different tumors with distinct expression levels of uPA. Biodistribution, histology examination, and Western blotting were performed to correlate tumor uptake with uPA or uPAR expression. ATN-291 retained uPA binding affinity and specificity after Df conjugation. 89Zr-labeling of ATN-291 was achieved in good radiochemical yield and high specific activity. Serial PET imaging demonstrated that, in most tumors studied (except uPA- LNCaP), the uptake of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was higher compared to major organs at 120 h post-injection, providing excellent tumor contrast. The tumor-to-muscle ratio of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 in U87MG was as high as 45.2 ± 9.0 at 120 h p.i. In vivo uPA specificity of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was confirmed by successful pharmacological blocking of tumor uptake with ATN-291 in U87MG tumors. Although the detailed mechanisms behind in vivo 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 tumor uptake remained to be further elucidated, quantitative PET imaging with 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 in tumors can facilitate oncologists to adopt more relevant cancer treatment planning.
Collapse
|
26
|
Depalo N, Corricelli M, De Paola I, Valente G, Iacobazzi RM, Altamura E, Debellis D, Comegna D, Fanizza E, Denora N, Laquintana V, Mavelli F, Striccoli M, Saviano M, Agostiano A, Del Gatto A, Zaccaro L, Curri ML. NIR Emitting Nanoprobes Based on Cyclic RGD Motif Conjugated PbS Quantum Dots for Integrin-Targeted Optical Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43113-43126. [PMID: 29148709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, silica-coated PbS quantum dots (QDs) with photoluminescence emission properties in the near-infrared (NIR) region are proposed as potential effective single particle optical nanoprobes for future in vivo imaging of tumors. The dispersibility in aqueous medium of hydrophobic PbS QDs was accomplished by growing a silica shell on their surface by exploiting a base assisted water-in-oil microemulsion method. The silica-coated PbS QDs were then conjugated with a specifically designed cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptide that is able to specifically recognize αvβ3 integrins, which are overexpressed in angiogenic tumor-induced vasculatures and on some solid tumors, to achieve tumor-specific targeting. The cRGD peptide PbS silica-coated QDs were systematically characterized, at each step of their preparation, by means of complementary optical and structural techniques, demonstrating appropriate colloidal stability and the maintenance of their optical futures in aqueous solutions. The cellular uptake of cRGD peptide functionalized luminescent nanostructures in human melanoma cells, where overexpression of αvβ3 was observed, was assessed by means of confocal microscopy analysis and cytometric study. The selectivity of the cRGD peptide PbS silica-coated QDs for the αvβ3 integrin was established, consequently highlighting the significant potential of the developed NIR emitting nanostructures as optically traceable nanoprobes for future αvβ3 integrin receptor in vivo targeting in the NIR region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Depalo
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - M Corricelli
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - I De Paola
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR , Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - G Valente
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - R M Iacobazzi
- Istituto Tumori IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II , Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - D Comegna
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR , Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - E Fanizza
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - N Denora
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - M Striccoli
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - M Saviano
- Istituto di Cristallografia-CNR Bari , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Agostiano
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - A Del Gatto
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR , Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - L Zaccaro
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR , Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - M L Curri
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici-CNR SS Bari , Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Souza ALR, Marra K, Gunn J, Samkoe KS, Hoopes PJ, Feldwisch J, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW. Fluorescent Affibody Molecule Administered In Vivo at a Microdose Level Labels EGFR Expressing Glioma Tumor Regions. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:41-48. [PMID: 27379987 PMCID: PMC5209393 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fluorescence guidance in surgical oncology provides the potential to realize enhanced molecular tumor contrast with dedicated targeted tracers, potentially with a microdose injection level. For most glioma tumors, the blood brain barrier is compromised allowing some exogenous drug/molecule delivery and accumulation for imaging. The aberrant overexpression and/or activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with many types of cancers, including glioblastoma, and so the use of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecule targeted to the EGFR receptor provides the potential for improving tumor contrast during surgery. Fluorescently labeled affibody molecule (ABY-029) has high EGFR affinity and high potential specificity with reasonably fast plasma clearance. In this study, ABY-29 was evaluated in glioma versus normal brain uptake from intravenous injection at a range of doses, down to a microdose injection level. Procedure Nude rats were inoculated with the U251 human glioma cell line in the brain. Tumors were allowed to grow for 3–4 weeks. ABY-029 fluorescence ex vivo imaging of brain slices was acquired at different time points (1–48 h) and varying injection doses from 25 to 122 μg/kg (from human protein microdose equivalent to five times microdose levels). Results The tumor was most clearly visualized at 1-h post-injection with 8- to 16-fold average contrast relative to normal brain. However, the tumor still could be identified after 48 h. In all cases, the ABY-029 fluorescence appeared to localize preferentially in EGFR-positive regions. Increasing the injected dose from a microdose level to five times, a microdose level increased the signal by 10-fold, and the contrast was from 8 to 16, showing that there was value in doses slightly higher than the microdose restriction. Normal tissue uptake was found to be affected by the tumor size, indicating that edema was a likely factor affecting the expected tumor to normal tissue contrast. Conclusion These results suggest that the NIR-labeled affibody molecules provide an excellent potential to increase surgical visualization of EGFR-positive tumor regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Ribeiro de Souza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Kayla Marra
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jason Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kimberley S Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - P Jack Hoopes
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | | | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
uPAR-targeted optical near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and PET for image-guided surgery in head and neck cancer: proof-of-concept in orthotopic xenograft model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15407-15419. [PMID: 28039488 PMCID: PMC5362495 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Urokinase-like Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed in a variety of carcinoma types, and therefore represents an attractive imaging target. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of two uPAR-targeted probes for PET and fluorescence tumor imaging in a human xenograft tongue cancer model. Experimental design and results Tumor growth of tongue cancer was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and MRI. Either ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 (fluorescent agent) or 64Cu-DOTA-AE105 (PET agent) was injected systemically, and fluorescence imaging or PET/CT imaging was performed. Tissue was collected for micro-fluorescence imaging and histology. A clear fluorescent signal was detected in the primary tumor with a mean in vivo tumor-to-background ratio of 2.5. Real-time fluorescence-guided tumor resection was possible, and sub-millimeter tumor deposits could be localized. Histological analysis showed co-localization of the fluorescent signal, uPAR expression and tumor deposits. In addition, the feasibility of uPAR-guided robotic cancer surgery was demonstrated. Also, uPAR-PET imaging showed a clear and localized signal in the tongue tumors. Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of combining two uPAR-targeted probes in a preclinical head and neck cancer model. The PET modality provided preoperative non-invasive tumor imaging and the optical modality allowed for real-time fluorescence-guided tumor detection and resection. Clinical translation of this platform seems promising.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ding F, Chen S, Zhang W, Tu Y, Sun Y. UPAR targeted molecular imaging of cancers with small molecule-based probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5179-5184. [PMID: 28869084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging can allow the non-invasive characterization and measurement of biological and biochemical processes at the molecular and cellular levels in living subjects. The imaging of specific molecular targets that are associated with cancers could allow for the earlier diagnosis and better treatment of diseases. Small molecule-based probes play prominent roles in biomedical research and have high clinical translation ability. Here, with an emphasis on small molecule-based probes, we review some recent developments in biomarkers, imaging techniques and multimodal imaging in molecular imaging and highlight the successful applications for molecular imaging of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Seng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wanshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yufeng Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang C, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhao N, Tan D, Zhang H, Shi C. The Application of Heptamethine Cyanine Dye DZ-1 and Indocyanine Green for Imaging and Targeting in Xenograft Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1332. [PMID: 28635650 PMCID: PMC5486152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has strong potential for widespread use in noninvasive tumor imaging. Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -approved NIRF dye for clinical diagnosis; however, it is unstable and poorly targets tumors. DZ-1 is a novel heptamethine cyanine NIRF dye, suitable for imaging and tumor targeting. Here, we compared the fluorescence intensity and metabolism of DZ-1 and ICG. Additionally, we assayed their specificities and abilities to target tumor cells, using cultured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model of liver cancer, and a rabbit orthotopic transplantation model. We found that DZ-1 accumulates in tumor tissue and specifically recognizes HCC in subcutaneous and orthotopic models. The NIRF intensity of DZ-1 was one order of magnitude stronger than that of ICG, and DZ-1 showed excellent intraoperative tumor targeting in the rabbit model. Importantly, ICG accumulated at tumor sites, as well as in the liver and kidney. Furthermore, DZ-1 analog-gemcitabine conjugate (NIRG) exhibited similar tumor-specific targeting and imaging properties, including inhibition of tumor growth, in HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice. DZ-1 and NIRG demonstrated superior tumor-targeting specificity, compared to ICG. We show that DZ-1 is an effective molecular probe for specific imaging, targeting, and therapy in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - He Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ningning Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Dengxu Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Hai Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Skovgaard D, Persson M, Kjaer A. Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor PET. PET Clin 2017; 12:243-255. [PMID: 28267457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) overexpression is an important biomarker for aggressiveness in cancer including prostate cancer (PC) and provides independent clinical information in addition to prostate-specific antigen and Gleason score. This article focuses on uPAR PET as a new diagnostic and prognostic imaging biomarker in PC. Many preclinical uPAR-targeted PET imaging studies using AE105 in cancer models have been undertaken with promising results. A major breakthrough was obtained with the recent human translation of uPAR PET in using 64Cu- and 68Ga-labelled versions of AE105, respectively. Clinical results from patients with PC included in these studies are encouraging and support continuation with large-scale clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Skovgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 4011, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Morten Persson
- Curasight Aps, Ole Maaloesvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 4011, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boonstra MC, Van Driel PBAA, Keereweer S, Prevoo HAJM, Stammes MA, Baart VM, Löwik CWGM, Mazar AP, van de Velde CJH, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Preclinical uPAR-targeted multimodal imaging of locoregional oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 66:1-8. [PMID: 28249642 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Establishing adequate resection margins and lymphatic mapping are crucial for the prognosis of oral cancer patients. Novel targeted imaging modalities are needed, enabling pre- and intraoperative detection of tumour cells, in combination with improved post-surgical examination by the pathologist. The urokinase-receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed in head and neck cancer, where it is associated with tumour progression and metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS To determine suitability of uPAR for molecular imaging of oral cancer surgery, human head and neck tumours were sectioned and stained for uPAR to evaluate the expression pattern compared to normal mucosa. Furthermore, metastatic oral squamous carcinoma cell line OSC-19 was used for targeting uPAR in in vivo mouse models. Using anti-uPAR antibody ATN-658, equipped with a multimodal label, the in vivo specificity was investigated and the optimal dose and time-window were evaluated. RESULTS All human oral cancer tissues expressed uPAR in epithelial and stromal cells. Hybrid ATN-658 clearly visualized tongue tumours in mice using either NIRF or SPECT imaging. Mean fluorescent TBRs over time were 4.3±0.7 with the specific tracer versus 1.7±0.1 with a control antibody. A significant difference in TBRs could be seen between 1nmol (150μg) and 0.34nmol (50μg) dose groups (n=4, p<0.05). Co-expression between BLI, GFP and the NIR fluorescent signals were seen in the tongue tumour, whereas human cytokeratin staining confirmed presence of malignant cells in the positive cervical lymph nodes. CONCLUSION This study shows the applicability of an uPAR specific multimodal tracer in an oral cancer model, combining SPECT with intraoperative guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P B A A Van Driel
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - H A J M Prevoo
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Percuros BV, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - V M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - C W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A P Mazar
- Monopar Therapeutics Inc, Northbrook, IL, United States
| | - C J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Antibodies for Research Applications BV, Gouda, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boonstra MC, de Geus SWL, Prevoo HAJM, Hawinkels LJAC, van de Velde CJH, Kuppen PJK, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Selecting Targets for Tumor Imaging: An Overview of Cancer-Associated Membrane Proteins. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:119-133. [PMID: 27721658 PMCID: PMC5040425 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s38542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeting is a booming business: The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market accounted for more than $78 billion in 2012 and is expanding exponentially. Tumors can be targeted with an extensive arsenal of monoclonal antibodies, ligand proteins, peptides, RNAs, and small molecules. In addition to therapeutic targeting, some of these compounds can also be applied for tumor visualization before or during surgery, after conjugation with radionuclides and/or near-infrared fluorescent dyes. The majority of these tumor-targeting compounds are directed against cell membrane-bound proteins. Various categories of targetable membrane-bound proteins, such as anchoring proteins, receptors, enzymes, and transporter proteins, exist. The functions and biological characteristics of these proteins determine their location and distribution on the cell membrane, making them more, or less, accessible, and therefore, it is important to understand these features. In this review, we evaluate the characteristics of cancer-associated membrane proteins and discuss their overall usability for cancer targeting, especially focusing on imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susanna W L de Geus
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.; Antibodies for Research Applications BV, Gouda, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.; Antibodies for Research Applications BV, Gouda, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|