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Guarrera S, Vanella D, Consoli S, Giudice G, Toscano S, Ramírez-Cuesta J, Milani M, Ferlito F, Longo D. Analysis of small-scale soil CO 2 fluxes in an orange orchard under irrigation and soil conservative practices. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30543. [PMID: 38726109 PMCID: PMC11079320 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantification of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux represents an indicator of the agro-ecosystems sustainability. However, the monitoring of these fluxes is quite challenging due to their high spatially-temporally variability and dependence on environmental variables and soil management practices.In this study, soil CO2 fluxes were measured using a low-cost accumulation chamber, that was realized ad hoc for the surveys, in an orange orchard managed under different soil management (SM, bare versus mulched soils) and water regime (WR, full irrigation versus regulated deficit irrigation) strategies. In particular, the soil CO2 flux measurements were acquired in discontinuous and continuous modes, together with ancillary agrometeorological and soil-related information, and then compared to the agrosystem scale CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy covariance (EC) technique.Overall significant differences were obtained for the soil CO2 discontinuous fluxes as function of the WR (0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg m-2 s-1 under full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation, respectively). For the continuous soil CO2 measurements, the response observed for the SM factor varied from year to year, indicating for the overall reference period 2022-23 higher soil CO2 flux under the mulched soils (0.24 ± 0.01 mg m-2 s-1) than under bare soil conditions (0.15 ± 0.00 mg m-2 s-1). Inter-annual variations were also observed as function of the day-of-year (DOY), the SM and their interactions, resulting in higher soil CO2 flux under the mulched soils (0.24 ± 0.02 mg m-2 s-1) than under bare soil (0.15 ± 0.01 mg m-2 s-1) in certain periods of the years, according to the environmental conditions. Results suggest the importance of integrating soil CO2 flux measurements with ancillary variables that explain the variability of the agrosystem and the need to conduct the measurements using different operational modalities, also providing for night-time monitoring of CO2. In addition, the study underlines that the small-scale chamber measurements can be used to estimate soil CO2 fluxes at orchard scale if fluxes are properly scaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Guarrera
- Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Di3A, University of Catania, Catania, 95124, Italy
| | - D. Vanella
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - S. Consoli
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - G. Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE), Piazza Roma 2, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - S. Toscano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - J.M. Ramírez-Cuesta
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - M. Milani
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - F. Ferlito
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi Dell'economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia, 190, Acireale, CT, 95024, Italy
| | - D. Longo
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università Degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
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Siebert J, Sünnemann M, Hautier Y, Risch AC, Bakker JD, Biederman L, Blumenthal DM, Borer ET, Bugalho MN, Broadbent AAD, Caldeira MC, Cleland E, Davies KF, Eskelinen A, Hagenah N, Knops JMH, MacDougall AS, McCulley RL, Moore JL, Power SA, Price JN, Seabloom EW, Standish R, Stevens CJ, Zimmermann S, Eisenhauer N. Drivers of soil microbial and detritivore activity across global grasslands. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1220. [PMID: 38040868 PMCID: PMC10692199 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Covering approximately 40% of land surfaces, grasslands provide critical ecosystem services that rely on soil organisms. However, the global determinants of soil biodiversity and functioning remain underexplored. In this study, we investigate the drivers of soil microbial and detritivore activity in grasslands across a wide range of climatic conditions on five continents. We apply standardized treatments of nutrient addition and herbivore reduction, allowing us to disentangle the regional and local drivers of soil organism activity. We use structural equation modeling to assess the direct and indirect effects of local and regional drivers on soil biological activities. Microbial and detritivore activities are positively correlated across global grasslands. These correlations are shaped more by global climatic factors than by local treatments, with annual precipitation and soil water content explaining the majority of the variation. Nutrient addition tends to reduce microbial activity by enhancing plant growth, while herbivore reduction typically increases microbial and detritivore activity through increased soil moisture. Our findings emphasize soil moisture as a key driver of soil biological activity, highlighting the potential impacts of climate change, altered grazing pressure, and eutrophication on nutrient cycling and decomposition within grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Siebert
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Community Ecology, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lori Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Miguel N Bugalho
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves", School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arthur A D Broadbent
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Cleland
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0116, La Jolla, California, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health & Environmental Sciences Department, Xi'an Jiatong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jodi N Price
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2640, Australia
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Rachel Standish
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Stephan Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Wu YF, Whitaker J, Toet S, Bradley A, Davies CA, McNamara NP. Diurnal variability in soil nitrous oxide emissions is a widespread phenomenon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4950-4966. [PMID: 34231289 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manual measurements of nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions with static chambers are commonly practised. However, they generally do not consider the diurnal variability of N2 O flux, and little is known about the patterns and drivers of such variability. We systematically reviewed and analysed 286 diurnal data sets of N2 O fluxes from published literature to (i) assess the prevalence and timing (day or night peaking) of diurnal N2 O flux patterns in agricultural and forest soils, (ii) examine the relationship between N2 O flux and soil temperature with different diurnal patterns, (iii) identify whether non-diurnal factors (i.e. land management and soil properties) influence the occurrence of diurnal patterns and (iv) evaluate the accuracy of estimating cumulative N2 O emissions with single-daily flux measurements. Our synthesis demonstrates that diurnal N2 O flux variability is a widespread phenomenon in agricultural and forest soils. Of the 286 data sets analysed, ~80% exhibited diurnal N2 O patterns, with ~60% peaking during the day and ~20% at night. Contrary to many published observations, our analysis only found strong positive correlations (R > 0.7) between N2 O flux and soil temperature in one-third of the data sets. Soil drainage property, soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) level and land use were also found to potentially influence the occurrence of certain diurnal patterns. Our work demonstrated that single-daily flux measurements at mid-morning yielded daily emission estimates with the smallest average bias compared to measurements made at other times of day, however, it could still lead to significant over- or underestimation due to inconsistent diurnal N2 O patterns. This inconsistency also reflects the inaccuracy of using soil temperature to predict the time of daily average N2 O flux. Future research should investigate the relationship between N2 O flux and other diurnal parameters, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and root exudation, along with the consideration of the effects of soil moisture, drainage and land use on the diurnal patterns of N2 O flux. The information could be incorporated in N2 O emission prediction models to improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Faat Wu
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Jeanette Whitaker
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sylvia Toet
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Amy Bradley
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Christian A Davies
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., Shell Technology Centre Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Niall P McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
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Wang X, Gao R, Yang X. Responses of soil moisture to climate variability and livestock grazing in a semiarid Eurasian steppe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146705. [PMID: 33798897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil water is vital for sustaining semiarid ecosystems. However, data on soil moisture have unlikely been continuously collected for a long time (e.g., >50 years), let alone under various combinations of climates and livestock grazing intensities. The objective of this study was to formulate and parameterize an ecohydrological model for predicting long-term variability of soil moisture, taking a typical Eurasian grassland located in northeast China as the testbed. The parameters were determined by extensive literature review, field reconnaissance, laboratory analyses of soil and grass samples, and model calibration using daily soil temperatures and soil moistures measured at four depths from 2014 to 2017. The model, driven by the daily climate data from 1955 to 2017, performed well in reproducing the measurements. Across the assessment years of 1960 to 2017, the daily soil moistures were predicted to vary from 0.02 to 0.38. Overall, the soil moistures at a shallower depth were smaller but had a wider range than those at a deeper depth, with a largest mean and a widest range around the 30 cm depth. Regardless of the depths, the soil moistures pulsed in beginning March and plateaued from May to September. Livestock grazing was precited to reduce top 1.5-cm soil moistures but increase moistures of the beneath soils. The optimal grazing intensity was determined to be around 3.0 cattle ha-1, above which wind erosion would become a concern. The grazing impacts on soil moisture were found to monophonically decrease with increase of evapotranspiration or annual precipitation of larger than 220 mm. For the years with an annual precipitation of less than 220 mm, such grazing impacts either increased or decreased with increase of precipitation, depending on the relative magnitude of evapotranspiration. Climate change will diminish soil moisture pulses in early spring, likely intensifying soil erosion by wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0241, USA.
| | - Ruizhong Gao
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010018, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0241, USA
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5
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Wang Z, Li X, Ji B, Struik PC, Jin K, Tang S. Coupling Between the Responses of Plants, Soil, and Microorganisms Following Grazing Exclusion in an Overgrazed Grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640789. [PMID: 34381466 PMCID: PMC8351616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grazing exclusion is an effective management practice to restore grassland ecosystem functioning. However, little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in regulating grassland ecosystem functioning during long-term ecosystem restorations. We evaluated the recovery of a degraded semiarid grassland ecosystem in northern China by investigating plant and soil characteristics and the role of soil microbial communities in ecosystem functioning after 22 years of grazing exclusion. Grazing exclusion significantly increased the alpha diversity and changed the community structure of bacteria, but did not significantly affect the alpha diversity or community structure of fungi. The higher abundance of copiotrophic Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes with grazing exclusion was due to the higher carbon and nutrient concentrations in the soil, whereas the high abundance of Acidobacteria in overgrazed soils was likely an adaptation to the poor environmental conditions. Bacteria of the Sphingomonadaceae family were associated with C cycling under grazing exclusion. Bacteria of the Nitrospiraceae family, and especially of the Nitrospira genus, played an important role in changes to the N cycle under long-term exclusion of grazing. Quantitative PCR further revealed that grazing exclusion significantly increased the abundance of nitrogen fixing bacteria (nifH), ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB), and denitrifying bacteria (nirK and nosZ1). Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) was positively correlated with abundance of denitrifying bacteria. The increase in DEA under grazing exclusion suggests that the dependence of DEA on the availability of NO3 - produced is due to the combined activity of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers. Our findings indicate that decades-long grazing exclusion can trigger changes in the soil bacterial diversity and composition, thus modulating the restoration of grassland ecosystem functions, carbon sequestration and soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiliang Li
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
| | - Baoming Ji
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ke Jin
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
| | - Shiming Tang
- Department of Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Wang Z, Mckenna TP, Schellenberg MP, Tang S, Zhang Y, Ta N, Na R, Wang H. Soil respiration response to alterations in precipitation and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:231-242. [PMID: 31229820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to significantly influence soil respiration. When limited, rainfall and nitrogen (N) deposition strongly modify soil respiration in a broad range of biomes, but uncertainty remains with regards to the influence of the interactions of seasonal rainfall distribution and N deposition on soil respiration in an arid steppe. In the present study, we manipulated precipitation using V-shaped plexiglass gutters (minus 50%, control, and plus 50% treatments) and tested various N additions (control and plus 35 kg N ha-1 yr-1) to evaluate their impact on soil respiration, measured using a Li-Cor 8100, in a desert steppe in China. Increased precipitation stimulated soil respiration by 26.1%, while decreased precipitation significantly reduced soil respiration by 10.8%. There was a significant increase in soil respiration under N addition at 11.5%. Statistical assessment of their interactions demonstrated that N supplementation strengthened the stimulation of soil respiration under increased precipitation, whereas decreased precipitation offset the positive impact of N addition and led to a reduction in soil respiration. Contrasting interannual precipitation patterns strongly influenced the temporal changes in soil respiration as well as its response to N addition, indicating that the desert steppe plant community was co-limited by water and N. Net primary productivity (aboveground and belowground) predominantly drove soil respiration under altered precipitation and N addition. As grasses are better equipped for water deficit due to their previous exposure to long periods without water, there could be a shift from forb to grass communities under drier conditions. These findings highlight the importance of assessing the differential impacts of plant traits and soil physiochemical properties on soil respiration under altered precipitation and N addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Thomas P Mckenna
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States of America
| | - Michael P Schellenberg
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre (SCRDC), AAFC-AAC, Box 1030, Swift Current, Saskatchewan S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Shiming Tang
- Department of Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, 010021 Hohhot, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Na Ta
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Risu Na
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China.
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Wang Z, Ji L, Hou X, Schellenberg MP. Correction: Soil Respiration in Semiarid Temperate Grasslands under Various Land Management. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151719. [PMID: 26963734 PMCID: PMC4786140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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