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Rubino G, Yörük E. Immunosenescence, immunotolerance and rejection: clinical aspects in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2024; 86:102068. [PMID: 38844001 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
As a consequence of increased lifespan and rising number of elderly individuals developing end-stage organ disease, the higher demand for organs along with a growing availability for organs from older donors pose new challenges for transplantation. During aging, dynamic adaptations in the functionality and structure of the biological systems occur. Consistently, immunosenescence (IS) accounts for polydysfunctions within the lymphocyte subsets, and the onset of a basal but persistent systemic inflammation characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. There is an emerging consensus about a causative link between such hallmarks and increased susceptibility to morbidities and mortality, however the role of IS in solid organ transplantation (SOT) remains loosely addressed. Dissecting the immune-architecture of immunologically-privileged sites may prompt novel insights to extend allograft survival. A deeper comprehension of IS in SOT might unveil key standpoints for the clinical management of transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Rubino
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Tropical Medicine, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm and Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Efdal Yörük
- Berit Klinik, Gastrointestinal Center, Florastrasse 1, 9403 Goldach, Switzerland; University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Ophthalmology, Elfriede-Alhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Esmail Nia G, Mohammadi M, Sharifizadeh M, Ghalamfarsa G, Bolhassani A. The role of T regulatory cells in the immunopathogenesis of HIV: Clinical implications. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103866. [PMID: 39163991 PMCID: PMC11402453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is among the most challenging issues in the healthcare system, presenting significant financial and hygiene problems with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Despite the hopeful outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapies (ARTs), the current strategies for the treatment of patients with HIV infection have not shown clinical significance for all subjects, which is mainly due to the complexity of the disease. Therefore, the need for collaborative and interdisciplinary research focused on deciphering the multifaceted cellular, and molecular immunopathogenesis of HIV remains essential in the development of innovative and more efficacious therapeutic approaches. T-regulatory (Treg) cells function as suppressors of effector T-cell responses contributing to the inhibition of autoimmune disorders and the limitation of chronic inflammatory diseases. Notably, these cells can play substantial roles in regulating immune responses, immunopathogenesis, viral persistence and disease progression, and affect therapeutic responses in HIV patients. In this review, we aim elucidating the role of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in the immunopathogenesis of HIV, including immunological fatigue and seroconversion. In particular, the focus of the current study is exploration of novel immunotherapeutic approaches to target HIV or related co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Esmail Nia
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Sharifizadeh
- Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Department of Genetic, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Yasuj University of Medical Science, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Soongsathitanon J, Homjan T, Pongcharoen S. Characteristic features of in vitro differentiation of human naïve CD4 + T cells to induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) and T helper (Th) 17 cells: Sharing of lineage-specific markers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31394. [PMID: 38807879 PMCID: PMC11130651 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) and IL-17 producing T cells (Th17-like cells) can be generated in culture from native CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood by different sets of cytokines. In the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plus interleukin (IL)-2, cells differentiate into Treg cells with increased expression of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). In the presence of TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23, cells differentiate into Th17 cells that produce IL-17A. However, protocols for the generation of human iTreg and Th17 are still controversial. In this study, we characterized the biological features of iTreg and Th17 cells differentiated from peripheral blood naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro using the established protocols. We showed that cells obtained from Treg or Th17 culture conditions shared some phenotypic markers. Cells under Treg conditions had an up-regulated FOXP3 gene and a down-regulated RAR-related orphan receptor C (RORC) gene. Cells derived from the Th17 condition exhibited a down-regulated FOXP3 gene and had significantly higher RORC gene expression than Treg cells. Both resulting cells showed intracellular production of IL-17A and IL-10. Th17 condition-cultured cells exhibited more glycolytic activity and glucose uptake compared to the Treg cells. The findings suggest that cells obtained from established protocols for the differentiation of iTreg and Th17 cells in vitro are possibly in the intermediate stage of differentiation or may be two different types of cells that share a lineage-specific differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarupa Soongsathitanon
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ticha Homjan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Suthatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
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Mandatori S, Liu Y, Marturia-Navarro J, Hadi M, Henriksen K, Zheng J, Rasmussen LM, Rizza S, Kaestner KH, Issazadeh-Navikas S. PRKAG2.2 is essential for FoxA1 + regulatory T cell differentiation and metabolic rewiring distinct from FoxP3 + regulatory T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj8442. [PMID: 38117896 PMCID: PMC10732530 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box A1 (FoxA1)+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit distinct characteristics from FoxP3+ Tregs while equally effective in exerting anti-inflammatory properties. The role of FoxP3+ Tregs in vivo has been challenged, motivating a better understanding of other Tregs in modulating hyperactive immune responses. FoxA1+ Tregs are generated on activation of the transcription factor FoxA1 by interferon-β (IFNβ), an anti-inflammatory cytokine. T cell activation, expansion, and function hinge on metabolic adaptability. We demonstrated that IFNβ promotes a metabolic rearrangement of FoxA1+ Tregs by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondria clearance by mitophagy. In response to IFNβ, FoxA1 induces a specific transcription variant of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) γ2 subunit, PRKAG2.2. This leads to the activation of AMPK signaling, thereby enhancing mitochondrial respiration and mitophagy by ULK1-BNIP3. This IFNβ-FoxA1-PRKAG2.2-BNIP3 axis is pivotal for their suppressive function. The involvement of PRKAG2.2 in FoxA1+ Treg, not FoxP3+ Treg differentiation, underscores the metabolic differences between Treg populations and suggests potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mandatori
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yawei Liu
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joana Marturia-Navarro
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mahdieh Hadi
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Henriksen
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jin Zheng
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Munk Rasmussen
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cai W, Hu M, Li C, Wu R, Lu D, Xie C, Zhang W, Li T, Shen S, Huang H, Qiu W, Liu Q, Lu Y, Lu Z. FOXP3+ macrophage represses acute ischemic stroke-induced neural inflammation. Autophagy 2023; 19:1144-1163. [PMID: 36170234 PMCID: PMC10012925 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper termination of cell-death-induced neural inflammation is the premise of tissue repair in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Macrophages scavenge cell corpses/debris and produce inflammatory mediators that orchestrate immune responses. Here, we report that FOXP3, the key immune-repressive transcription factor of Tregs, is conditionally expressed in macrophages in stroke lesion. FOXP3 ablation in macrophages results in detrimental stroke outcomes, emphasizing the beneficial role of FOXP3+ macrophages. FOXP3+ macrophages are distinct from the M1 or M2 subsets and display superactive efferocytic capacity. With scRNAseq and analysis of FOXP3-bound-DNA isolated with CUT & RUN, we show that FOXP3 facilitates macrophage phagocytosis through enhancing cargo metabolism. FOXP3 expression is controlled by macroautophagic/autophagic protein degradation in resting macrophages, while initiation of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) competitively occupies the autophagic machineries, and thus permits FOXP3 activation. Our data demonstrate a distinct set of FOXP3+ macrophages with enhanced scavenging capability, which could be a target in immunomodulatory therapy against AIS.Abbreviations: ADGRE1/F4/80: adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1; AIF1/Iba1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AIS: acute ischemic stroke; ARG1: arginase 1; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1/Beclin1: Beclin 1, autophagy related; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CKO: conditional knockout; CSF1/M-CSF: colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage); CSF2/GM-CSF: colony stimulating factor 2; CSF3/G-CSF: colony stimulating factor 3; CUT & RUN: cleavage under targets and release using nuclease; CyD: cytochalasin D; DAMP: danger/damage-associated molecular pattern; DIL: dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylin docarbocyanine; ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; GO: Gene Ontology; FCGR3/CD16: Fc receptor, IgG, low affinity III; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; IFNG/IFNγ: interferon gamma; IP: immunoprecipitation; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ITGAM/CD11b: integrin subunit alpha M; ITGAX/CD11c: integrin subunit alpha X; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MRC1/CD206: mannose receptor, C type 1; O4: oligodendrocyte marker O4; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RBC: red blood cells; PTPRC/CD45: protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding protein, fox 1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; RUBCN/Rubicon: RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein; scRNAseq: single cell RNA sequencing; SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1); TGFB/TGFβ: transforming growth factor, beta; tMCAO: transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chichu Xie
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiemei Li
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shishi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huipeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Research advances on targeted-Treg therapies on immune-mediated kidney diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103257. [PMID: 36563769 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is blocking the pathogenic immunological response mediated by autoreactive cells, establishing and maintaining immune homeostasis in tissues. Kidney diseases are often caused by Immune imbalance, including alloimmune graft damage after renal transplantation, direct immune-mediated kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy (MN) and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis, as well as indirect immune-mediated ones like Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAVs), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and lupus nephritis (LN). Treg cells are deficient numerically and/or functionally in those kidney diseases. Targeted-Treg therapies, including adoptive Tregs transfer therapy and low-dose IL-2 therapy, have begun to thrive in treating autoimmune diseases in recent years. However, the clinical use of targeted Treg-therapies is rarely mentioned in those kidney diseases above except for kidney transplantation. This article mainly discusses the newest progressions of targeted-Treg therapies in those specific examples of immune-mediated kidney diseases. Meanwhile, we also reviewed the main factors that affect Treg development and differentiation, hoping to inspire new strategies to develop target Tregs-therapies. Lastly, we emphasize the significant impediments and prospects to the clinical translation of target-Treg therapy. We advocate for more preclinical and clinical studies on target Tregs-therapies to decipher Tregs in those diseases.
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Amini L, Kaeda J, Fritsche E, Roemhild A, Kaiser D, Reinke P. Clinical adoptive regulatory T Cell therapy: State of the art, challenges, and prospective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1081644. [PMID: 36794233 PMCID: PMC9924129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1081644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rejection of solid organ transplant and graft versus host disease (GvHD) continue to be challenging in post transplantation management. The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors dramatically improved recipients' short-term prognosis. However, long-term clinical outlook remains poor, moreover, the lifelong dependency on these toxic drugs leads to chronic deterioration of graft function, in particular the renal function, infections and de-novo malignancies. These observations led investigators to identify alternative therapeutic options to promote long-term graft survival, which could be used concomitantly, but preferably, replace pharmacologic immunosuppression as standard of care. Adoptive T cell (ATC) therapy has evolved as one of the most promising approaches in regenerative medicine in the recent years. A range of cell types with disparate immunoregulatory and regenerative properties are actively being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for specific transplant rejection, autoimmunity or injury-related indications. A significant body of data from preclinical models pointed to efficacy of cellular therapies. Significantly, early clinical trial observations have confirmed safety and tolerability, and yielded promising data in support of efficacy of the cellular therapeutics. The first class of these therapeutic agents commonly referred to as advanced therapy medicinal products have been approved and are now available for clinical use. Specifically, clinical trials have supported the utility of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to minimize unwanted or overshooting immune responses and reduce the level of pharmacological immunosuppression in transplant recipients. Tregs are recognized as the principal orchestrators of maintaining peripheral tolerance, thereby blocking excessive immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. Here, we summarize rationale for the adoptive Treg therapy, challenges in manufacturing and clinical experiences with this novel living drug and outline future perspectives of its use in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amini
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health—Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaspal Kaeda
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Fritsche
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy Roemhild
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health—Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Petra Reinke,
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Shi L, Lim JY, Kam LC. Substrate stiffness enhances human regulatory T cell induction and metabolism. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121928. [PMID: 36455488 PMCID: PMC9772289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) provide an essential tolerance mechanism to suppress the immune response. Induced Tregs hold the potential to treat autoimmune diseases in adoptive therapy and can be produced with stimulating signals to CD3 and CD28 in presence of the cytokine TGF-β and IL-2. This report examines the modulation of human Treg induction by leveraging the ability of T cells to sense the mechanical stiffness of an activating substrate. Treg induction on polyacrylamide gels (PA-gels) was sensitive to the substrate's elastic modulus, increasing with greater material stiffness. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis revealed that Treg induction on stiffer substrates involved greater use of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Inhibition of ATP synthase significantly reduced the rate of Treg induction and abrogated the difference among gels while activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) increased Treg induction on the softer sample but not on the harder sample. Treg induction is thus mechanosensitive and OXPHOS-dependent, providing new strategies for improving the production of these cells for cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingting Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jee Yoon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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Ghobadinezhad F, Ebrahimi N, Mozaffari F, Moradi N, Beiranvand S, Pournazari M, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Khorram R, Afshinpour M, Robino RA, Aref AR, Ferreira LMR. The emerging role of regulatory cell-based therapy in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075813. [PMID: 36591309 PMCID: PMC9795194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease, caused by unwanted immune responses to self-antigens, affects millions of people each year and poses a great social and economic burden to individuals and communities. In the course of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis, disturbances in the balance between the immune response against harmful agents and tolerance towards self-antigens lead to an immune response against self-tissues. In recent years, various regulatory immune cells have been identified. Disruptions in the quality, quantity, and function of these cells have been implicated in autoimmune disease development. Therefore, targeting or engineering these cells is a promising therapeutic for different autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, regulatory dendritic cells, myeloid suppressor cells, and some subsets of innate lymphoid cells are arising as important players among this class of cells. Here, we review the roles of each suppressive cell type in the immune system during homeostasis and in the development of autoimmunity. Moreover, we discuss the current and future therapeutic potential of each one of these cell types for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Ghobadinezhad
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasim Ebrahimi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mozaffari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Neda Moradi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Nourdanesh Institute of Higher Education, University of Meymeh, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehran Pournazari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Afshinpour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Rob A. Robino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Xsphera Biosciences, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Leonardo M. R. Ferreira, ; Amir Reza Aref,
| | - Leonardo M. R. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Leonardo M. R. Ferreira, ; Amir Reza Aref,
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10
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Mensink M, Schrama E, Cuadrado E, Amsen D, de Kivit S, Borst J. Proteomics reveals unique identities of human TGF-β-induced and thymus-derived CD4 + regulatory T cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20268. [PMID: 36434024 PMCID: PMC9700829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cell lineage, defined by FOXP3 expression, comprises thymus-derived (t)Treg cells and peripherally induced (p)Treg cells. As a model for Treg cells, studies employ TGF-β-induced (i)Treg cells generated from CD4+ conventional T (Tconv) cells in vitro. Here, we describe how human iTreg cells relate to human blood-derived tTreg and Tconv cells according to proteomic analysis. Each of these cell populations had a unique protein expression pattern. iTreg cells had very limited overlap in protein expression with tTreg cells, regardless of cell activation status and instead shared signaling and metabolic proteins with Tconv cells. tTreg cells had a uniquely modest response to CD3/CD28-mediated stimulation. As a benchmark, we used a previously defined proteomic signature that discerns ex vivo naïve and effector Treg cells from Tconv cells and includes conserved Treg cell properties. iTreg cells largely lacked this Treg cell core signature and highly expressed e.g. STAT4 and NFATC2, which may contribute to inflammatory responses. We also used a proteomic signature that distinguishes ex vivo effector Treg cells from Tconv cells and naïve Treg cells. iTreg cells contained part of this effector Treg cell signature, suggesting acquisition of pTreg cell features. In conclusion, iTreg cells are distinct from tTreg cells and share limited features with ex vivo Treg cells at the proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mensink
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Schrama
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eloy Cuadrado
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander de Kivit
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lobato TB, Gennari-Felipe M, Pauferro JRB, Correa IS, Santos BF, Dias BB, de Oliveira Borges JC, dos Santos CS, de Sousa Santos ES, de Araújo MJL, Ferreira LA, Pereira SA, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges L, Cury-Boaventura MF, Vinolo MAR, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Gorjão R. Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037469. [PMID: 36406408 PMCID: PMC9670542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic characteristics of different leukocytes, such as, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, undergo changes both in the face of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a correlation between the metabolic changes caused in leukocytes in DM2 and obesity that may favor a worse prognosis during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, specific and usual characteristics of obesity and DM2, contributes for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and metabolic disturbances in different leukocytes, favoring the proinflammatory response of these cells. Thus, obesity and DM2 are important risk factors for pro-inflammatory response and metabolic dysregulation that can favor the occurrence of the cytokine storm, implicated in the severity and high mortality risk of the COVID-19 in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Carlos de Oliveira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Soares dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Janaína Leite de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliane Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araujo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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12
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Kang IH, Baliga UK, Chatterjee S, Chakraborty P, Choi S, Buchweitz N, Li H, Wu Y, Yao H, Mehrotra S, Mehrotra M. Quantitative increase in T regulatory cells enhances bone remodeling in osteogenesis imperfecta. iScience 2022; 25:104818. [PMID: 36034228 PMCID: PMC9400089 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by repeated bone fractures. Recent studies have shown that T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate the functions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, thus playing a role in bone turnover. We demonstrate an activated effector phenotype and higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in OI peripheral T cells as compared with wild-type (WT). Suppressive Tregs (spleen and thymus) were qualitatively similar, whereas there was a quantitative decrease in OI versus WT. Restoring Treg numbers by systemic transplantation in OI mice resulted in reduced T cell activation and effector cytokine secretion that correlated with significant improvements in tibial trabecular and cortical bone parameters and stiffness of femur, along with increased osteoblast mineralization and decreased osteoclast numbers. Therefore, Tregs can dampen the pro-inflammatory environment and enhance bone remodeling in OI mice. Thus, this study will be helpful in developing future autologous immunotherapy-based treatment modalities for OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hong Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Uday K. Baliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shilpak Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Paramita Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Seungho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nathan Buchweitz
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Depatment of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Meenal Mehrotra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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13
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Rode AKO, Buus TB, Mraz V, Al-Jaberi FAH, Lopez DV, Ford SL, Hennen S, Eliasen IP, Klewe IV, Gharehdaghi L, Dragan A, Rosenkilde MM, Woetmann A, Skov L, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Kongsbak-Wismann M, Geisler C. Induced Human Regulatory T Cells Express the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162587. [PMID: 36010663 PMCID: PMC9406769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) plays a key role in metabolism and is an important therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity. Recent studies in experimental animals have shown that certain subsets of T cells express functional GLP-1R, indicating an immune regulatory role of GLP-1. In contrast, less is known about the expression and function of the GLP-1R in human T cells. Here, we provide evidence that activated human T cells express GLP-1R. The expressed GLP-1R was functional, as stimulation with a GLP-1R agonist triggered an increase in intracellular cAMP, which was abrogated by a GLP-1R antagonist. Analysis of CD4+ T cells activated under T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation conditions indicated that GLP-1R expression was most pronounced in induced Treg (iTreg) cells. Through multimodal single-cell CITE- and TCR-sequencing, we detected GLP-1R expression in 29–34% of the FoxP3+CD25+CD127- iTreg cells. GLP-1R+ cells showed no difference in their TCR-gene usage nor CDR3 lengths. Finally, we demonstrated the presence of GLP-1R+CD4+ T cells in skin from patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Taken together, the present data demonstrate that T cell activation triggers the expression of functional GLP-1R in human CD4+ T cells. Given the high induction of GLP-1R in human iTreg cells, we hypothesize that GLP-1R+ iTreg cells play a key role in the anti-inflammatory effects ascribed to GLP-1R agonists in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. O. Rode
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terkild Brink Buus
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronika Mraz
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fatima Abdul Hassan Al-Jaberi
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Villalba Lopez
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shayne L. Ford
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Leila Gharehdaghi
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adrian Dragan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Kongsbak-Wismann
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wu P, Ya Z, Li Y, Zhu M, Zhang L, Zong Y, Guo S, Wan M. Focused Acoustic Vortex-Regulated Composite Nanodroplets Combined with Checkpoint Blockade for High-Performance Tumor Synergistic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30466-30479. [PMID: 35699948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of checkpoint blockade with focused ultrasound (FUS) physical therapy can enhance antitumor immune response by improving the precision and efficiency of immunotherapy. However, one of the major disadvantages of conventional FUS treatment is the small lesion size, which prolongs treatment duration. We constructed a focused acoustic vortex (FAV) system with a hollow cylindrical focal region, which exhibited a larger focal region compared to conventional FUS of the same frequency. We developed an all-in-one synergistic therapy against metastatic breast cancer based on integrated FAV double combination sequence-regulated phase-transformation nanodroplets (CPDA@PFH) with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. A single treatment with FAV + CPDA@PFH resulted in 2.25-fold higher inhibition of tumor growth compared to that with FUS + CPDA@PFH. In addition, FAV-regulated CPDA@PFH combined with ICB induced a systemic immune response that not only inhibited the growth of primary (98.41% inhibition rate) and distal (80.71%) 4T1 tumors but also reduced the progression of lung metastasis. In addition, the synergistic therapy achieved long-term immune memory that effectively prevented tumor growth and improved the survival time of mice. The long-term survival rate of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice treated with FAV + CPDA@PFH + Anti-PD-L1 was 57.14% on day 60 after treatment. Our study is a proof-of-concept of cascade-amplified synergistic tumor therapeutics based on ultrasonic-hyperthermia, cavitation, sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy through FAV-regulated CPDA@PFH phase-transformation nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ya
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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15
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Hu M, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Santner-Nanan B, Miethe S, Harb H, Renz H, Potaczek DP, Nanan RK. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Augment Differentiation and Function of Human Induced Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105740. [PMID: 35628549 PMCID: PMC9143307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune system activity and inhibit inflammation. While, in mice, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known to be essential regulators of naturally occurring and in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs), data on their contribution to the development of human iTregs are sparse, with no reports of the successful SCFAs-augmented in vitro generation of fully functional human iTregs. Likewise, markers undoubtedly defining human iTregs are missing. Here, we aimed to generate fully functional human iTregs in vitro using protocols involving SCFAs and to characterize the underlying mechanism. Our target was to identify the potential phenotypic markers best characterizing human iTregs. Naïve non-Treg CD4+ cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 13 healthy adults and cord blood of 12 healthy term newborns. Cells were subjected to differentiation toward iTregs using a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-based protocol, with or without SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, or propionate). Thereafter, they were subjected to flow cytometric phenotyping or a suppression assay. During differentiation, cells were collected for chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based analysis of histone acetylation. The enrichment of the TGF-β-based protocol with butyrate or propionate potentiated the in vitro differentiation of human naïve CD4+ non-Tregs towards iTregs and augmented the suppressive capacity of the latter. These seemed to be at least partly underlain by the effects of SCFAs on the histone acetylation levels in differentiating cells. GITR, ICOS, CD39, PD-1, and PD-L1 were proven to be potential markers of human iTregs. Our results might boost the further development of Treg-based therapies against autoimmune, allergic and other chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Hu
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Nepean Hospital, Derby Street, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Immunology, and Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- College of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Daraa 15, Syria
| | - Brigitte Santner-Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hani Harb
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Daniel P. Potaczek
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph K. Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4734-2612; Fax: +61-2-4734-1144
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16
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Ko A, Coward VS, Gokgoz N, Dickson BC, Tsoi K, Wunder JS, Andrulis IL. Investigating the Potential of Isolating and Expanding Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes from Adult Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:548. [PMID: 35158816 PMCID: PMC8833772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms, many of which are associated with a high risk of metastasis and poor prognosis. Conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapies have varying effects across individuals and tumour subtypes. The current therapies frequently provide limited clinical benefit; hence, more effective treatments are urgently needed. Recent advances in immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibition or adoptive cell therapy (ACT), show potential in increasing efficacy by providing a more personalized treatment. Therapy with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is an emerging field in immunotherapy. Here, we collected 190 sarcoma tumour specimens from patients without pre-operative adjuvant treatment in order to isolate TILs. We compared different methods of TIL expansion and optimized a protocol specifically for efficacy in culturing TILs from sarcoma. The expanded TIL populations were characterized by flow cytometry analysis using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19 and CD56 markers. The TIL populations were non-specifically stimulated to establish TIL reactivity. Through an optimized expansion protocol, TILs were isolated and cultured from 54 of 92 primary sarcoma specimens. The isolated TILs varied in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compositions and retained their ability to release IFNγ upon stimulation. Our results suggest that certain sarcoma subtypes have the potential to yield a sufficient number of TILs for TIL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (B.C.D.); (I.L.A.)
| | - Victoria S. Coward
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (N.G.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Brendan C. Dickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (B.C.D.); (I.L.A.)
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kim Tsoi
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Jay S. Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (N.G.); (J.S.W.)
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (B.C.D.); (I.L.A.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (N.G.); (J.S.W.)
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17
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Volta V, Pérez-Baos S, de la Parra C, Katsara O, Ernlund A, Dornbaum S, Schneider RJ. A DAP5/eIF3d alternate mRNA translation mechanism promotes differentiation and immune suppression by human regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6979. [PMID: 34848685 PMCID: PMC8632918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) inhibit effector T cells and maintain immune system homeostasis. Treg cell maturation in peripheral sites requires inhibition of protein kinase mTORC1 and TGF-beta-1 (TGF-beta). While Treg cell maturation requires protein synthesis, mTORC1 inhibition downregulates it, leaving unanswered how Treg cells achieve essential mRNA translation for development and immune suppression activity. Using human CD4+ T cells differentiated in culture and genome-wide transcription and translation profiling, here we report that TGF-beta transcriptionally reprograms naive T cells to express Treg cell differentiation and immune suppression mRNAs, while mTORC1 inhibition impairs translation of T cell mRNAs but not those induced by TGF-beta. Rather than canonical mTORC1/eIF4E/eIF4G translation, Treg cell mRNAs utilize the eIF4G homolog DAP5 and initiation factor eIF3d in a non-canonical translation mechanism that requires cap-dependent binding by eIF3d directed by Treg cell mRNA 5' noncoding regions. Silencing DAP5 in isolated human naive CD4+ T cells impairs their differentiation into Treg cells. Treg cell differentiation is mediated by mTORC1 downregulation and TGF-beta transcriptional reprogramming that establishes a DAP5/eIF3d-selective mechanism of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Volta
- Synthis LLC, 430 East 29th Street, Launch Labs, Alexandria Center for Life Sciences, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sandra Pérez-Baos
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Columba de la Parra
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, The Graduate Center, Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Olga Katsara
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Amanda Ernlund
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, 11000 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Sophie Dornbaum
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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18
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Alishah K, Birtel M, Masoumi E, Jafarzadeh L, Mirzaee HR, Hadjati J, Voss RH, Diken M, Asad S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TGFβRII disruption enhances anti-tumor efficacy of human chimeric antigen receptor T cells in vitro. J Transl Med 2021; 19:482. [PMID: 34838059 PMCID: PMC8627098 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CAR T-cell therapy has been recently unveiled as one of the most promising cancer therapies in hematological malignancies. However, solid tumors mount a profound line of defense to escape immunosurveillance by CAR T-cells. Among them, cytokines with an inhibitory impact on the immune system such as IL-10 and TGFβ are of great importance: TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine, which potently suppresses the immune system and is secreted by a couple of TME resident and tumor cells. METHODS In this study, we hypothesized that knocking out the TGFβ receptor II gene, could improve CAR T-cell functions in vitro and in vivo. Hereby, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to knockout the TGFβRII gene in T-cells and could monitor the efficient gene knock out by genome analysis techniques. Next, Mesothelin or Claudin 6 specific CAR constructs were overexpressed via IVT-RNA electroporation or retroviral transduction and the poly-functionality of these TGFβRII KO CAR T-cells in terms of proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity were assessed and compared with parental CAR T-cells. RESULTS Our experiments demonstrated that TGFβRII KO CAR T-cells fully retained their capabilities in killing tumor antigen positive target cells and more intriguingly, could resist the anti-proliferative effect of exogenous TGFβ in vitro outperforming wild type CAR T-cells. Noteworthy, no antigen or growth factor-independent proliferation of these TGFβRII KO CAR T-cells has been recorded. TGFβRII KO CAR T-cells also resisted the suppressive effect of induced regulatory T-cells in vitro to a larger extent. Repetitive antigen stimulation demonstrated that these TGFβRII KO CAR T-cells will experience less activation induced exhaustion in comparison to the WT counterpart. CONCLUSION The TGFβRII KO approach may become an indispensable tool in immunotherapy of solid tumors, as it may surmount one of the key negative regulatory signaling pathways in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Alishah
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Birtel
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ralf-Holger Voss
- Department of Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sedighe Asad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Marshall LA, Marubayashi S, Jorapur A, Jacobson S, Zibinsky M, Robles O, Hu DX, Jackson JJ, Pookot D, Sanchez J, Brovarney M, Wadsworth A, Chian D, Wustrow D, Kassner PD, Cutler G, Wong B, Brockstedt DG, Talay O. Tumors establish resistance to immunotherapy by regulating T reg recruitment via CCR4. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000764. [PMID: 33243932 PMCID: PMC7692993 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) such as anti-PD(L)-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have resulted in unprecedented rates of antitumor responses and extension of survival of patients with a variety of cancers. But some patients fail to respond or initially respond but later relapse as they develop resistance to immune therapy. One of the tumor-extrinsic mechanisms for resistance to immune therapy is the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) in tumors. In preclinical and clinical studies, it has been suggested that tumor trafficking of Treg is mediated by CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). Over 90% of human Treg express CCR4 and migrate toward CCL17 and CCL22, two major CCR4 ligands that are either high at baseline or upregulated in tumors on CPI treatment. Hence, CCR4 antagonism has the potential to be an effective antitumor treatment by reducing the accumulation of Treg into the tumor microenvironment (TME). METHODS We developed in vitro and in vivo models to assess Treg migration and antitumor efficacy using a potent and selective CCR4 antagonist, CCR4-351. We used two separate tumor models, Pan02 and CT26 mouse tumors, that have high and low CCR4 ligand expression, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition as well as the frequency of tumor-infiltrating Treg and effector T cells was assessed following the treatment with CCR4 antagonist alone or in combination with CPI. RESULTS Using a selective and highly potent, novel small molecule inhibitor of CCR4, we demonstrate that migration of CCR4+ Treg into the tumor drives tumor progression and resistance to CPI treatment. In tumor models with high baseline levels of CCR4 ligands, blockade of CCR4 reduced the number of Treg and enhanced antitumor immune activity. Notably, in tumor models with low baseline level of CCR4 ligands, treatment with immune CPIs resulted in significant increases of CCR4 ligands and Treg numbers. Inhibition of CCR4 reduced Treg frequency and potentiated the antitumor effects of CPIs. CONCLUSION Taken together, we demonstrate that CCR4-dependent Treg recruitment into the tumor is an important tumor-extrinsic mechanism for immune resistance. Blockade of CCR4 led to reduced frequency of Treg and resulted in increased antitumor activity, supporting the clinical development of CCR4 inhibitors in combination with CPI for the treatment of cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CPI upregulates CCL17 and CCL22 expression in tumors and increases Treg migration into the TME. Pharmacological antagonism of the CCR4 receptor effectively inhibits Treg recruitment and results in enhanced antitumor efficacy either as single agent in CCR4 ligandhigh tumors or in combination with CPIs in CCR4 ligandlow tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Omar Robles
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Deepa Pookot
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Chian
- Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Wustrow
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Gene Cutler
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian Wong
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Oezcan Talay
- RAPT Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Hu M, Rogers NM, Li J, Zhang GY, Wang YM, Shaw K, O'Connell PJ, Alexander SI. Antigen Specific Regulatory T Cells in Kidney Transplantation and Other Tolerance Settings. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717594. [PMID: 34512640 PMCID: PMC8428972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the most common solid organ transplant and the best current therapy for end-stage kidney failure. However, with standard immunosuppression, most transplants develop chronic dysfunction or fail, much of which is due to chronic immune injury. Tregs are a subset of T cells involved in limiting immune activation and preventing autoimmune disease. These cells offer the potential to provide tolerance or to allow reduction in immunosuppression in kidney transplants. The importance of Tregs in kidney transplantation has been shown in a number of seminal mouse and animal studies, including those with T cell receptors (TCRs) transgenic Tregs (TCR-Tregs) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Tregs (CAR-Tregs) showing that specificity increases the potency of Treg function. Here we outline the animal and human studies and clinical trials directed at using Tregs in kidney transplantation and other tolerance settings and the various modifications to enhance allo-specific Treg function in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha M Rogers
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Li
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karli Shaw
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Kibbie JJ, Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Purba CM, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Butyrate directly decreases human gut lamina propria CD4 T cell function through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and GPR43 signaling. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152126. [PMID: 34365090 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An important function of the gut microbiome is the fermentation of non-digestible dietary fibers into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The three primary SCFAs: acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are key mediators of metabolism and immune cell function in the gut mucosa. We previously demonstrated that butyrate at high concentrations decreased human gut lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cell activation in response to enteric bacteria exposure in vitro. However, to date, the mechanism by which butyrate alters human gut LP CD4 T cell activation remains unknown. In this current study, we sought to better understand how exposure to SCFAs across a concentration range impacted human gut LP CD4 T cell function and activation. LP CD4 T cells were directly activated with T cell receptor (TCR) beads in vitro in the presence of a physiologic concentration range of each of the primary SCFAs. Exposure to butyrate potently inhibited CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine (IFNγ, IL-17) production in a concentration dependent manner. Butyrate decreased the proliferation and cytokine production of T helper (Th) 1, Th17 and Th22 cells, with differences noted in the sensitivity of LP versus peripheral blood Th cells to butyrate's effects. Higher concentrations of propionate and acetate relative to butyrate were required to inhibit CD4 T cell activation and proliferation. Butyrate directly increased the acetylation of both unstimulated and TCR-stimulated CD4 T cells, and apicidin, a Class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, phenocopied butyrate's effects on CD4 T cell proliferation and activation. GPR43 agonism phenocopied butyrate's effect on CD4 T cell proliferation whereas a GPR109a agonist did not. Our findings indicate that butyrate decreases in vitro human gut LP CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and inflammatory cytokine production more potently than other SCFAs, likely through butyrate's ability to increase histone acetylation, and potentially via signaling through GPR43. These findings have relevance in furthering our understanding of how perturbations of the gut microbiome alter local immune responses in the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Kibbie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tezha A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine M Purba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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22
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Slepicka PF, Yazdanifar M, Bertaina A. Harnessing Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance to Improve Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688460. [PMID: 34177941 PMCID: PMC8222735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival after solid organ transplantation (SOT) is limited by chronic rejection as well as the need for lifelong immunosuppression and its associated toxicities. Several preclinical and clinical studies have tested methods designed to induce transplantation tolerance without lifelong immune suppression. The limited success of these strategies has led to the development of clinical protocols that combine SOT with other approaches, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT prior to SOT facilitates engraftment of donor cells that can drive immune tolerance. Recent innovations in graft manipulation strategies and post-HSCT immune therapy provide further advances in promoting tolerance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss conventional and unconventional immunological mechanisms underlying the development of immune tolerance in SOT recipients and how they can inform clinical advances. Specifically, we review the most recent mechanistic studies elucidating which immune regulatory cells dampen cytotoxic immune reactivity while fostering a tolerogenic environment. We further discuss how this understanding of regulatory cells can shape graft engineering and other therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes for patients receiving HSCT and SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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23
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Cook L, Reid KT, Häkkinen E, de Bie B, Tanaka S, Smyth DJ, White MP, Wong MQ, Huang Q, Gillies JK, Ziegler SF, Maizels RM, Levings MK. Induction of stable human FOXP3 + Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:833-847. [PMID: 33929751 PMCID: PMC8453874 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in the intestine is tightly controlled by FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), defects of which are linked to the development of chronic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As a mechanism of immune evasion, several species of intestinal parasites boost Treg activity. The parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus is known to secrete a molecule (Hp-TGM) that mimics the ability of TGF-β to induce FOXP3 expression in CD4+ T cells. The study aimed to investigate whether Hp-TGM could induce human FOXP3+ Tregs as a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers were expanded in the presence of Hp-TGM or TGF-β. Treg induction was measured by flow cytometric detection of FOXP3 and other Treg markers, such as CD25 and CTLA-4. Epigenetic changes were detected using ChIP-Seq and pyrosequencing of FOXP3. Treg phenotype stability was assessed following inflammatory cytokine challenge and Treg function was evaluated by cellular co-culture suppression assays and cytometric bead arrays for secreted cytokines. Hp-TGM efficiently induced FOXP3 expression (> 60%), in addition to CD25 and CTLA-4, and caused epigenetic modification of the FOXP3 locus to a greater extent than TGF-β. Hp-TGM-induced Tregs had superior suppressive function compared with TGF-β-induced Tregs, and retained their phenotype following exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Hp-TGM induced a Treg-like phenotype in in vivo differentiated Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating its potential to re-program memory cells to enhance immune tolerance. These data indicate Hp-TGM has potential to be used to generate stable human FOXP3+ Tregs to treat IBD and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle T Reid
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elmeri Häkkinen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett de Bie
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Pj White
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - May Q Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Lee HK, Shin HJ, Koo J, Kim TH, Kim CW, Go RE, Seong YH, Park JE, Choi KC. Blockade of transforming growth factor β2 by anti-sense oligonucleotide improves immunotherapeutic potential of IL-2 against melanoma in a humanized mouse model. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:599-607. [PMID: 33975794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS IL-2 is a potent cytokine that activates natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. However, the medical use of IL-2 is restricted because of its narrow therapeutic window and potential side effects, including the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS In this study, the authors investigated the complementary effects of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide (TASO) on the immunotherapeutic potential of IL-2 in a melanoma-bearing humanized mouse model. RESULTS The authors observed that the combination of TASO and IL-2 facilitated infiltration of CTLs into the tumor, thereby potentiating the tumor killing function of CTLs associated with increased granzyme B expression. In addition, TASO attenuated the increase in Tregs by IL-2 in the peripheral blood and spleen and also inhibited infiltration of Tregs into the tumor, which was partly due to decreased CCL22. Alteration of T-cell constituents at the periphery by TGF-β2 inhibition combined with IL-2 might be associated with the synergistic augmentation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α) and decreased ratio of Tregs to CTLs in tumor tissues, which consequently results in significant inhibition of tumor growth CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the application of TASO improves IL-2-mediated anti-tumor immunity, thus implying that blockade of TGF-β2 in combination with IL-2 may be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Shin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Koo
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Seong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Eui Park
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Kim J, Hope CM, Perkins GB, Stead SO, Scaffidi JC, Kette FD, Carroll RP, Barry SC, Coates PT. Rapamycin and abundant TCR stimulation are required for the generation of stable human induced regulatory T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1223. [PMID: 33425354 PMCID: PMC7780108 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a vital sub-population of CD4+ T cells with major roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Given such properties, the use of regulatory T cells for immunotherapies has been extensively investigated, with a focus on adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded natural Tregs (nTregs). For immunotherapies, induced Tregs (iTregs), generated in vitro from naïve CD4+ T cells, provide an attractive alternative, given the ease of generating cell numbers required for clinical dosage. While the combination of TGF-β, ATRA and rapamycin has been shown to generate highly suppressive iTregs, the challenge for therapeutic iTreg generation has been their instability. Here, we investigate the impact of rapamycin concentrations and α-CD3/CD28 bead ratios on human iTreg stability. METHODS We assess iTregs generated with various concentrations of rapamycin and differing ratios of α-CD3/CD28 beads for their differentiation, stability, expression of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines, and Treg-specific demethylation region (TSDR) status. RESULTS iTregs generated in the presence of TGF-β, ATRA, rapamycin and a higher ratio of α-CD3/CD28 beads were highly suppressive and stable upon in vitro re-stimulation. These iTregs exhibited a similar expression profile of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines to nTregs, in the absence of TSDR demethylation. CONCLUSION This work establishes a method to generate human iTregs which maintain stable phenotype and function upon in vitro re-stimulation. Further validation in pre-clinical models will be needed to ensure its suitability for applications in adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewan Kim
- The Department of Molecular & Biomedical ScienceThe School of Biological SciencesThe Faculty of SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Christopher M Hope
- Department of GastroenterologyWomen’s and Children’s HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Molecular Immunology GroupRobinson Research InstituteSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Griffith B Perkins
- The Department of Molecular & Biomedical ScienceThe School of Biological SciencesThe Faculty of SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Sebastian O Stead
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- College of Medicine and Public HealthDiscipline of MedicineFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
| | - Jacqueline C Scaffidi
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Francis D Kette
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- College of Medicine and Public HealthDiscipline of MedicineFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS)The Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Department of GastroenterologyWomen’s and Children’s HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Molecular Immunology GroupRobinson Research InstituteSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Patrick Toby Coates
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS)The Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
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26
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Sconocchia T, Hochgerner M, Schwarzenberger E, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Borek I, Benezeder T, Bauer T, Zyulina V, Painsi C, Passegger C, Wolf P, Sibilia M, Strobl H. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates skin inflammation via modulating dendritic cell function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1810-1822.e9. [PMID: 33250156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β family that signal via the BMP receptor (BMPR) signaling cascade, distinct from canonical TGF-β signaling. BMP downstream signaling is strongly induced within epidermal keratinocytes in cutaneous psoriatic lesions, and BMP7 instructs monocytic cells to acquire characteristics of psoriasis-associated Langerhans dendritic cells (DCs). Regulatory T (Treg)-cell numbers strongly increase during psoriatic skin inflammation and were recently shown to limit psoriatic skin inflammation. However, the factors mediating Treg-cell accumulation in psoriatic skin currently remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the role of BMP signaling in Treg-cell accumulation in psoriasis. METHODS The following methods were used: immunohistology of patients and healthy controls; ex vivo models of Treg-cell generation in the presence or absence of Langerhans cells; analysis of BMP versus canonical TGF-β signaling in DCs and Treg cells; and modeling of psoriatic skin inflammation in mice lacking the BMPR type 1a in CD11c+ cells. RESULTS We here demonstrated a positive correlation between Treg-cell numbers and epidermal BMP7 expression in cutaneous psoriatic lesions and show that unlike Treg cells from healthy skin, a portion of inflammation-associated Treg cells exhibit constitutive-active BMP signaling. We further found that BMPR signaling licenses inflammation-associated Langerhans cell/DC to gain an enhanced capacity to promote Treg cells via BMPR-mediated CD25 induction and that this effect is associated with reduced skin inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Psoriatic lesions are marked by constitutive high BMP7/BMPR signaling in keratinocytes, which instructs inflammatory DCs to gain enhanced Treg-cell-stimulatory activity. Locally secreted BMP7 can directly promote Treg-cell generation through the BMP signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Sconocchia
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Hochgerner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Schwarzenberger
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Izabela Borek
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Theresa Benezeder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Zyulina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Painsi
- Department of Dermatology, State Hospital Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Christina Passegger
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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27
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Atif M, Mohr A, Conti F, Scatton O, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Metabolic Optimisation of Regulatory T Cells in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2005. [PMID: 33013855 PMCID: PMC7495149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the FOXP3 transcription factor are presently under investigation by many teams globally as a cellular therapy to induce tolerance in transplantation. This is primarily due to their immunosuppressive and homeostatic functions. Depending on the type of allograft, Treg cells will need to infiltrate and function in metabolically diverse microenvironments. This means that any resident and circulating Treg cells need to differentially adapt to counter acute or chronic allograft rejection. However, the links between Treg cell metabolism and function are still not entirely delineated. Current data suggest that Treg cells and their effector counterparts have different metabolite dependencies and metabolic programs. These properties could be exploited to optimize intragraft Treg cell function. In this review, we discuss the current paradigms regarding Treg cell metabolism and outline critical intracellular axes that link metabolism and function. Finally, we discuss how this knowledge could be clinically translated for the benefit of transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Atif
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Mohr
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Filomena Conti
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Inserm U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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28
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Buszko M, Shevach EM. Control of regulatory T cell homeostasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:18-26. [PMID: 32810642 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ T Regulatory (Treg) cells play a critical role in the homeostasis and maintenance of the immune system. The understanding of different aspects of Treg cells biology remains an intensively investigated subject as altering their generation, stability, or function by drugs or biologics may have therapeutic value in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as cancers. This review will focus on recent studies on the role of cytokines, T Cell Receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory molecules signaling, location and metabolism on the homeostasis and stability of Treg cells. The potential for therapeutic manipulation of each of these factors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Rhodes KR, Meyer RA, Wang J, Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Biomimetic tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells for regulatory T cell induction. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:136-148. [PMID: 32522714 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-based therapeutics are receiving increased attention for their potential to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection. Adoptively transferred Tregs have shown promise in early clinical trials, but cell-based therapies are expensive and complex to implement, and "off-the-shelf" alternatives are needed. Here, we investigate the potential of artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) fabricated from a blend of negatively charged biodegradable polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA) and cationic biodegradable polymer (poly(beta-amino ester), PBAE) with incorporation of extracellular protein signals 1 and 2 and a soluble released signal 3 to convert naïve T cells to induced Foxp3+ Treg-like suppressor cells (iTregs) both in vitro and in vivo in a biomimetic manner. The addition of PBAE to the aAPC core increased the conjugation efficiency of signal proteins to the particle surface and resulted in enhanced ability to bind to naïve T cells and induce iTregs with potent suppressive function. Furthermore, PLGA/PBAE tolerogenic aAPCs (TolAPCs) supported the loading and sustained release of signal 3 cytokine TGF-β. A single dose of TolAPCs administered intravenously to C57BL/6 J mice resulted in an increased percentage of Foxp3+ cells in the lymph nodes. Thus, PLGA/PBAE TolAPCs show potential as an "off-the-shelf" biomimetic material for tolerance induction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are promising for basic research and translational medicine as they can induce tolerance and have the potential to treat autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. As cell-based therapies are expensive and difficult to manufacture and implement, non-cellular methods of engineering endogenous Tregs are needed. The research reported here describes a new type of biomimetic particle, tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells (TolAPCs) fabricated from a blend of negatively charged biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and positively charged biodegradable polymer, poly(beta-amino ester), along with key biomolecular signals: extracellularly presented protein signals 1 and 2 and a soluble released signal 3. These TolAPCs bind to naïve T cells and induce Foxp3+ Treg-like suppressor cells with potent suppressive function. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, it is shown that this non-cellular approach is useful to induce tolerance.
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30
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Yuzuriha K, Yoshida A, Li S, Kishimura A, Mori T, Katayama Y. Synthesis of peptide conjugates with vitamins for induction of antigen-specific immunotolerance. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3275. [PMID: 32671962 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we designed conjugates of an antigen peptide with the immunosuppressive vitamins all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and vitamin D3 for efficient induction of antigen-specific immunotolerance. We established a synthetic scheme for the preparation of the peptide-vitamin conjugates, which the chemically unstable vitamins tolerated. Among the obtained conjugates, the ATRA conjugate successfully suppressed inflammatory effects in macrophages and dendritic cells and induced antigen presentation in dendritic cells. This synthetic method of conjugate is conceivably applicable to other antigen peptides for induction of antigen-specific immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yuzuriha
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yoshida
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunyi Li
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Centre for Advanced Medicine Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, ROC, 32023, Taiwan
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31
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Ozay EI, Shanthalingam S, Torres JA, Osborne BA, Tew GN, Minter LM. Protein Kinase C Theta Modulates PCMT1 through hnRNPL to Regulate FOXP3 Stability in Regulatory T Cells. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2220-2236. [PMID: 32592691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling, together with cytokine-induced signals, can differentially regulate RNA processing to influence T helper versus regulatory T cell fate. Protein kinase C family members have been shown to function in alternative splicing and RNA processing in various cell types. T cell-specific protein kinase C theta, a molecular regulator of T cell receptor downstream signaling, has been shown to phosphorylate splicing factors and affect post-transcriptional control of T cell gene expression. In this study, we explored how using a synthetic cell-penetrating peptide mimic for intracellular anti-protein kinase C theta delivery fine-tunes differentiation of induced regulatory T cells through its differential effects on RNA processing. We identified protein kinase C theta signaling as a critical modulator of two key RNA regulatory factors, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) and protein-l-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 (PCMT1), and loss of protein kinase C theta function initiated a "switch" in post-transcriptional organization in induced regulatory T cells. More interestingly, we discovered that protein-l-isoaspartate O- methyltransferase-1 acts as an instability factor in induced regulatory T cells, by methylating the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) promoter. Targeting protein-l-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 using a cell-penetrating antibody revealed an efficient means of modulating RNA processing to confer a stable regulatory T cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ilker Ozay
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sudarvili Shanthalingam
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Joe A Torres
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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32
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Janyst M, Kaleta B, Janyst K, Zagożdżon R, Kozlowska E, Lasek W. Comparative Study of Immunomodulatory Agents to Induce Human T Regulatory (Treg) Cells: Preferential Treg-Stimulatory Effect of Prednisolone and Rapamycin. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:20. [PMID: 32533319 PMCID: PMC7292810 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells play a critical role in the maintenance of self-tolerance, as well as in inhibition of inflammation and exaggerated immune response against exogenous antigens. They develop in the thymus (tTreg cells) but also may be generated at the peripheral tissues, including tumor microenvironment (pTreg cells), or induced in vitro in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (iTreg cells). Since tTreg cells constitute a minor fraction of peripheral blood lymphocytes in physiological conditions, an alternative way to obtain high number of functional Treg cells for therapeutic purposes is their generation in vitro from conventional T cells. In our studies, we compared effectiveness of several pharmacological agents with suggested immunomodulatory effects on Treg development (rapamycin, prednisolone, inosine pranobex, glatiramer acetate, sodium butyrate, and atorvastatin) to optimize Treg-inducing protocols. All but one (atorvastatin) immunomodulators augmented induction of polyclonal Treg cells in cultures. They were effective both in increasing the number of CD4+CD25highFoxp3high cells and Foxp3 expression. Rapamycin and prednisolone were found the most effective. Both drugs prolonged also phenotypic stability of Treg cells and induced fully active Treg cells in a functional assay. In the assay, prednisolone appeared superior versus rapamycin. The results, on the one hand, may be helpful in planning optimal protocols for generation of Treg cells for clinical application and, on the other hand, shed some light on mechanisms of the immunomodulatory activity of some tested agents observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Janyst
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Janyst
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozlowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Lasek
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Haddadi MH, Negahdari B, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Basiri M, Dabiri H, Baharvand H. Directed differentiation of regulatory T cells from naive T cells and prevention of their inflammation-mediated instability using small molecules. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 201:205-221. [PMID: 32403163 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg ) cell therapy is a promising approach for immune tolerance induction in autoimmunity conditions and cell/organ transplantations. Insufficient isolation yields and impurity during downstream processes and Treg instability after adoptive transfer in inflammatory conditions are major limitations to Treg therapy, and indicate the importance of seeking a valid, reliable method for de-novo generation of Tregs . In this research, we evaluated Treg -like cells obtained from different Treg differentiation protocols in terms of their yield, purity and activity. Differentiation was performed on naive CD4+ cells and a naive CD4+ /Treg co-culture by using three different protocols - ectopic expression of forkhead box protein P3 (E-FoxP3), soluble transforming growth factor β (S-TGF) and small molecules [N-acetyl puromycin and SR1555 (N-Ac/SR)]. The results showed that a high yield of a homogeneous population of Treg -like cells could be achieved by the N-Ac/SR method under a T helper type 17 (Th17)-polarizing condition, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and TGF-β, when compared with the E-FoxP3 and S-TGF methods. Surprisingly, SR completely inhibited the differentiation of IL-17-producing cells and facilitated Treg generation in the inflammatory condition and had highly suppressive activity against T cell proliferation without Treg -specific demethylase region (TSDR) demethylation. For the first time, to our knowledge, we report the generation of efficient, pure Treg -like cells by using small molecules during in-vitro inflammatory conditions. Our results suggested that the N-Ac/SR method has several advantages for Treg generation when compared with the other methods, including a higher purity of Tregs , easier procedure, superior suppressive activity during the inflammatory condition and decreased cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Haddadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - B Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Dabiri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Ziegler LS, Gerner MC, Schmidt RLJ, Trapin D, Steinberger P, Pickl WF, Sillaber C, Egger G, Schwarzinger I, Schmetterer KG. Attenuation of canonical NF-κB signaling maintains function and stability of human Treg. FEBS J 2020; 288:640-662. [PMID: 32386462 PMCID: PMC7891634 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor ‘κ‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signaling is a signaling pathway used by most immune cells to promote immunostimulatory functions. Recent studies have indicated that regulatory T cells (Treg) differentially integrate TCR‐derived signals, thereby maintaining their suppressive features. However, the role of NF‐κB signaling in the activation of human peripheral blood (PB) Treg has not been fully elucidated so far. We show that the activity of the master transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) attenuates p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB proteins p50, p65, and c‐Rel following activation in human Treg. Using pharmacological and genetic inhibition of canonical NF‐κB signaling in FOXP3‐transgenic T cells and PB Treg from healthy donors as well as Treg from a patient with a primary NFKB1 haploinsufficiency, we validate that Treg activation and suppressive capacity is independent of NF‐κB signaling. Additionally, repression of residual NF‐κB signaling in Treg further enhances interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) production. Blockade of NF‐κB signaling can be exploited for the generation of in vitro induced Treg (iTreg) with enhanced suppressive capacity and functional stability. In this respect, dual blockade of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and NF‐κB signaling was accompanied by enhanced expression of the transcription factors FOXP1 and FOXP3 and demethylation of the Treg‐specific demethylated region compared to iTreg generated under mTOR blockade alone. Thus, we provide first insights into the role of NF‐κB signaling in human Treg. These findings could lead to strategies for the selective manipulation of Treg and the generation of improved iTreg for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa S Ziegler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene C Gerner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf L J Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Sillaber
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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McBride DA, Kerr MD, Wai SL, Yee YY, Ogbonna DA, Shah NJ. Characterization of regulatory T cell expansion for manufacturing cellular immunotherapies. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:4186-4198. [PMID: 32441280 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of peripheral immune tolerance. Tregs suppress immune activation against self-antigens and are the focus of cell-based therapies for autoimmune diseases. However, Tregs circulate at a very low frequency in blood, limiting the number of cells that can be isolated by leukapheresis. To effectively expand Tregsex vivo for cell therapy, we report the metabolic modulation of T cells using mono-(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (βCD-NH2) encapsulated rapamycin (Rapa). Encapsulating Rapa in β-cyclodextrin increased its aqueous solubility ∼154-fold and maintained bioactivity for at least 30 days. βCD-NH2-Rapa complexes (CRCs) enriched the fraction of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ mouse T (mT) cells and human T (hT) cells up to 6-fold and up to 2-fold respectively and suppressed the overall expansion of effector T cells by 5-fold in both species. Combining CRCs and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) synergistically promoted the expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. CRCs significantly reduced the fraction of pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expressing CD4+ T cells, suppressing this Th1-associated cytokine while enhancing the fraction of IFN-γ- tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expressing CD4+ T cells. We developed a model using kinetic rate equations to describe the influence of the initial fraction of naïve T cells on the enrichment of Tregsin vitro. The model related the differences in the expansion kinetics of mT and hT cells to their susceptibility for immunophenotypic modulation. CRCs may be an effective and potent means for phenotypic modulation of T cells and the enrichment of Tregsin vitro. Our findings contribute to the development of experimental and analytical techniques for manufacturing Treg based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A McBride
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Beauford SS, Kumari A, Garnett-Benson C. Ionizing radiation modulates the phenotype and function of human CD4+ induced regulatory T cells. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:18. [PMID: 32299365 PMCID: PMC7164225 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of advanced cancer is rapidly increasing. Most immunotherapies rely on induction of CD8+ tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells that are capable of directly killing cancer cells. Tumors, however, utilize a variety of mechanisms that can suppress anti-tumor immunity. CD4+ regulatory T cells can directly inhibit cytotoxic T cell activity and these cells can be recruited, or induced, by cancer cells allowing escape from immune attack. The use of ionizing radiation as a treatment for cancer has been shown to enhance anti-tumor immunity by several mechanisms including immunogenic tumor cell death and phenotypic modulation of tumor cells. Less is known about the impact of radiation directly on suppressive regulatory T cells. In this study we investigate the direct effect of radiation on human TREG viability, phenotype, and suppressive activity. RESULTS Both natural and TGF-β1-induced CD4+ TREG cells exhibited increased resistance to radiation (10 Gy) as compared to CD4+ conventional T cells. Treatment, however, decreased Foxp3 expression in natural and induced TREG cells and the reduction was more robust in induced TREGS. Radiation also modulated the expression of signature iTREG molecules, inducing increased expression of LAG-3 and decreased expression of CD25 and CTLA-4. Despite the disconcordant modulation of suppressive molecules, irradiated iTREGS exhibited a reduced capacity to suppress the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that while human TREG cells are more resistant to radiation-induced death, treatment causes downregulation of Foxp3 expression, as well as modulation in the expression of TREG signature molecules associated with suppressive activity. Functionally, irradiated TGF-β1-induced TREGS were less effective at inhibiting CD8+ T cell proliferation. These data suggest that doses of radiotherapy in the hypofractionated range could be utilized to effectively target and reduce TREG activity, particularly when used in combination with cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Beauford
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Anita Kumari
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Charlie Garnett-Benson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Alvarez-Salazar EK, Cortés-Hernández A, Arteaga-Cruz S, Alberú-Gómez J, Soldevila G. Large-Scale Generation of Human Allospecific Induced Tregs With Functional Stability for Use in Immunotherapy in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32300340 PMCID: PMC7142244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play an important role in the control of autoimmune diseases and maintenance of tolerance. In the context of transplantation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been proposed as new therapeutic tools that may induce allospecific tolerance toward the graft, avoiding the side effects induced by generalized immunosuppressors. Although most clinical trials are based on the use of thymic Tregs in adoptive therapy, some reports suggest the potential use of in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs), based on their functional stability under inflammatory conditions, indicating an advantage in a setting of allograft rejection. The aim of this work was to generate and expand large numbers of allospecific Tregs that maintain stable suppressive function in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dendritic cells were derived from monocytes isolated from healthy donors and were co-cultured with CTV-labeled naïve T cells from unrelated individuals, in the presence of TGF-β1, IL-2, and retinoic acid. After 7 days of co-culture, proliferating CD4+CD25++CTV− cells (allospecific iTregs) were sorted and polyclonally expanded for 6 weeks in the presence of TGF-β1, IL-2, and rapamycin. After 6 weeks of polyclonal activation, iTregs were expanded 230,000 times, giving rise to 4,600 million allospecific iTregs. Allospecific iTregs were able to specifically suppress the proliferation of autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to the allo-MoDCs used for iTreg generation, but not to third-party allo-MoDCs. Importantly, 88.5% of the expanded cells were CD4+CD25+FOXP3+, expressed high levels of CCR4 and CXCR3, and maintained their phenotype and suppressive function in the presence of TNF-α and IL-6. Finally, analysis of the methylation status of the FOXP3 TSDR locus demonstrated a 40% demethylation in the purified allospecific iTreg, prior to the polyclonal expansion. Interestingly, the phenotype and suppressive activity of expanded allospecific iTregs were maintained after 6 weeks of expansion, despite an increase in the methylation status of the FOXP3 TSDR. In conclusion, this is the first report that demonstrates a large-scale generation of allospecific iTregs that preserve a stable phenotype and suppressor function in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pave the way for adoptive cell therapy with iTregs in transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Katy Alvarez-Salazar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arimelek Cortés-Hernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Saúl Arteaga-Cruz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Josefina Alberú-Gómez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Li S, Wang H, Wu H, Chang X. Therapeutic Effect of Exogenous Regulatory T Cells on Collagen-induced Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720954134. [PMID: 32990025 PMCID: PMC7784507 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720954134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-inflammatory functions and heighten immune tolerance. The proportion and functions of Treg cells are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to the excessive immune activation associated with this disease. We therefore hypothesized that supplementation with foreign Treg cells could be used to treat RA. To investigate the therapeutic effects of exogenous Treg cells on RA and its mechanism, we used human Treg cells to treat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in a rat model to observe whether exogenous Treg cells can treat the disease across species. Successful treatment would indicate that Treg cell transplantation in humans is more likely to affect RA. In the present study, human Treg cells were collected from healthy human peripheral blood and culture-expanded in vitro. Induced human Treg cells were injected into CIA rats via the tail vein. The rats' lymphocyte subtypes, cytokines, and Th1/Th2 ratios were measured using flow cytometry. In the rats, following injection of the human Treg cells, the severity of CIA was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), the proportion of endogenous Treg cells increased in the peripheral blood and spleen (P = 0.007 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the proportion of B cells decreased (P = 0.031). The IL-5 level, IL-6 level, and Th1/Th2 ratio in the peripheral blood were decreased (P = 0.013, 0.009, and 0.012, respectively). The culture-expanded human Treg cells were also cultured with synovial fibroblast cells from RA patients (RASFs). After coculture with Treg cells, RASFs showed reduced proliferation (P < 0.01) and increased apoptosis (P = 0.037). These results suggest that exogenous and induced Treg cells can produce a therapeutic effect in RA and CIA by increasing endogenous Treg cells and RASF apoptosis and reducing B cells, the Th1/Th2 ratio, and secretion levels of IL-5 and IL-6. Treg cell transplantation could serve as a therapy for RA that does not cause immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Li
- Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, PR China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
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Huang L, Li Y, Du Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ding Y, Yang X, Meng F, Tu J, Luo L, Sun C. Mild photothermal therapy potentiates anti-PD-L1 treatment for immunologically cold tumors via an all-in-one and all-in-control strategy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4871. [PMID: 31653838 PMCID: PMC6814770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One of the main challenges for immune checkpoint blockade antibodies lies in malignancies with limited T-cell responses or immunologically “cold” tumors. Inspired by the capability of fever-like heat in inducing an immune-favorable tumor microenvironment, mild photothermal therapy (PTT) is proposed to sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibition and turn “cold” tumors “hot.” Here we present a combined all-in-one and all-in-control strategy to realize a local symbiotic mild photothermal-assisted immunotherapy (SMPAI). We load both a near-infrared (NIR) photothermal agent IR820 and a programmed death-ligand 1 antibody (aPD-L1) into a lipid gel depot with a favorable property of thermally reversible gel-to-sol phase transition. Manually controlled NIR irradiation regulates the release of aPD-L1 and, more importantly, increases the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and boosts T-cell activity against tumors. In vivo antitumor studies on 4T1 and B16F10 models demonstrate that SMPAI is an effective and promising strategy for treating “cold” tumors.
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40
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Chu Y, Zhao C, Zhang B, Wang X, Wang Y, An J, Chen J. Restoring T-helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell balance and decreasing disease activity by rapamycin and all-trans retinoic acid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2019; 28:1397-1406. [PMID: 31551029 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319877239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of rapamycin (RAPA) alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the T-helper 17 (Th17) cell/regulatory T-cell (Treg) balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to evaluate the clinical efficacy. METHODS Seventy patients with SLE were enrolled. They were randomly and equally divided into RAPA and RAPA + ATRA groups. The number of Th17 and Treg cells was measured by flow cytometry before and after treatment for 6, 12 and 24 weeks. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score and the prednisone dose before and after treatment were used to evaluate the efficacy between the two groups. RESULTS In both groups, at different time points after treatment, the number of Th17 cells (p = 0.003) and Th17/Treg ratio (p = 0.044) reduced, while the number of Treg cells (p = 0.574) tended to increase. The SLEDAI score and the dose of prednisone decreased significantly (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of Th17 cells (p = 0.089), Treg cells (p = 0.059), Th17/Treg ratio (p = 0.580), SLEDAI score (p = 0.127) and the dose of prednisone (p = 0.329) between the two groups. CONCLUSION Disease activity in SLE patients reduced with RAPA alone or in conjunction with ATRA, reducing glucocorticoid requirement. One of its mechanisms of action may be regulating the Th17/Treg cell balance, which provides a new model for the pathogenesis and potential treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - C Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - J An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
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41
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Li SM, Gong YX, Zhang ZZ, Zhang W, Liu ZQ, Li BZ. Effect of Radical Surgery for Advanced Adenocarcinoma of Esophagogastric Junction on Perioperative Cellular Cell Immunity. J INVEST SURG 2019; 34:134-141. [PMID: 31533488 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1606963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: To investigate the perioperative peripheral blood levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, programed cell death 1 (PD-1), and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in patients with advanced Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG). Methods: Patients (n = 102) with advanced Siewert type II AEG underwent open total gastrectomy/proximal gastrectomy with a transhiatal resection of the distal esophagus and lymphadenectomy of the lower mediastinum and the abdominal D2 compartment. Flow cytometry was used to detect CD4+CD25+ T cells, PD-1 and LAG-3 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of the Siewert type II AEG patients prior to surgery and on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 7, and 9. Results: The proportion of CD4+CD25+ T cells rapidly decreased on POD 1, then gradually increased and peaked at POD 7. The proportion of CD4+PD-1+ T cells significantly increased after surgery, reaching a maximum on POD 1, and remained significantly elevated on POD 3 compared to the preoperative day. The proportion of CD8+ PD-1+ and CD4+LAG-3+ T cells gradually increased after surgery and reached a peak at POD 7. The change in proportion of CD8+LAG-3+ T cells in the peripheral venous blood lymphocytes after surgery was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The change in the CD4+PD-1+ T lymphocyte ratio may likely reflect the cellular immunity status of the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Miao Li
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xin Gong
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Zhong Li
- Department of Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, P. R. China
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Bergström M, Müller M, Karlsson M, Scholz H, Vethe NT, Korsgren O. Comparing the Effects of the mTOR Inhibitors Azithromycin and Rapamycin on In Vitro Expanded Regulatory T Cells. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1603-1613. [PMID: 31512504 PMCID: PMC6923545 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719872488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of autologous polyclonal regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a promising
option for reducing graft rejection in allogeneic transplantation. To gain therapeutic
levels of Tregs there is a need to expand obtained cells ex vivo, usually in the presence
of the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin due to its ability to suppress proliferation of non-Treg T
cells, thus promoting a purer Treg yield. Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic macrolide with
mTOR inhibitory activity that has been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects on several
types of immune cells. In this study we investigated the effects of Azithromycin, compared
with Rapamycin, on Treg phenotype, growth, and function when expanding bulk, naïve, and
memory Tregs. Furthermore, the intracellular concentration of Rapamycin in CD4+ T cells as
well as in the culture medium was measured for up to 48 h after supplemented. Treg
phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and Treg function was measured as inhibition of
responder T-cell expansion in a suppression assay. The concentration of Rapamycin was
quantified with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Azithromycin and Rapamycin both promoted a FoxP3-positive Treg phenotype in bulk Tregs,
while Rapamycin also increased FoxP3 and FoxP3+Helios positivity in naïve and memory
Tregs. Furthermore, Rapamycin inhibited the expansion of naïve Tregs, but also increased
their suppressive effect. Rapamycin was quickly degraded in 37°C medium, yet was retained
intracellularly. While both compounds may benefit expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro,
further studies elucidating the effects of Azithromycin treatment on Tregs are needed to
determine its potential use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Müller
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub, Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Tore Vethe
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kanamori M, Nakatsukasa H, Ito M, Chikuma S, Yoshimura A. Reprogramming of Th1 cells into regulatory T cells through rewiring of the metabolic status. Int Immunol 2019; 30:357-373. [PMID: 29982622 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 1 (Th1) cells form one of the most stable CD4 T-cell subsets, and direct conversion of fully differentiated Th1 to regulatory T (Treg) cells has been poorly investigated. Here, we established a culture method for inducing Foxp3 from Th1 cells of mice and humans. This is achieved simply by resting Th1 cells without T-cell receptor ligation before stimulation in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). We named the resulting Th1-derived Foxp3+ cells Th1reg cells. Mouse Th1reg cells showed an inducible Treg-like phenotype and suppressive ability both in vitro and in vivo. Th1reg cells could also be induced from in vivo-developed mouse Th1 cells. Unexpectedly, the resting process enabled Foxp3 expression not through epigenetic changes at the locus, but through metabolic change resulting from reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. mTORC1 suppressed TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in Th1 cells, which was restored in rested cells. Our study warrants future research aiming at development of immunotherapy with Th1reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Dahmani A, Janelle V, Carli C, Richaud M, Lamarche C, Khalili M, Goupil M, Bezverbnaya K, Bramson JL, Delisle JS. TGFβ Programs Central Memory Differentiation in Ex Vivo-Stimulated Human T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1426-1439. [PMID: 31308016 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded T cells is a promising approach to treat several malignancies. Several lines of evidence support that the infusion of T cells with early memory features, capable of expanding and persisting after transfer, are associated with better outcomes. We report herein that exposure to exogenous TGFβ during human T-cell stimulation ex vivo leads to the accumulation of early/central memory (Tcm) cells. Exposure to TGFβ suppressed the expression of BLIMP-1, a key orchestrator of effector T-cell differentiation, and led to the upregulation of the memory-associated transcription factor ID3. Accordingly, this was associated with an early memory transcriptional signature in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. The T cells stimulated in the presence of TGFβ expanded normally, and displayed polyfunctional features and no suppressive activity. The adoptive transfer of ex vivo-stimulated T cells into immunodeficient mice confirmed that TGFβ-conditioned cells had an enhanced capacity to persist and mediate xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease, as predicted by their early T-cell memory phenotype. Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells generated in the presence of exogenous TGFβ were cytotoxic and more effective at controlling tumor growth in immunodeficient animals. This work unveils a new role for TGFβ in memory T-cell differentiation and indicates that TGFβ signaling may be harnessed to program Tcm differentiation in the context of ex vivo T-cell stimulation for adoptive immunotherapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Dahmani
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Janelle
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cédric Carli
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Richaud
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Lamarche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Myriam Khalili
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Goupil
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ksenia Bezverbnaya
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CRHMR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ilnicka A, Gocek E, Łopatecka J, Marcinkowska E. Regulation of FOXP3 expression in myeloid cells in response to all-trans-retinoic acid, interleukin 2 and transforming growth factor β. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 96:18-26. [PMID: 30826380 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
FoxP3 is a transcription factor essential for differentiation and function of T regulatory cells (Tregs). There are two major subsets of Tregs: natural Tregs (nTregs) generated in thymus and inducible Tregs (iTregs) produced in peripheral immune system. It has been documented that iTreg development is dependent on soluble mediators including interleukin 2 (IL2), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). In our experiments we performed a gene expression array, followed by Real-time PCR experiments to study expression of genes regulated by ATRA in cells of myeloid origin. Our experiments revealed that ATRA alone, but also a cocktail of mediators consisting of IL2, TGFβ and ATRA, upregulate expression of FOXP3 gene in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Our results indicate that signaling pathways which are used at the late steps of T cell differentiation, are also active in the cells of myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ilnicka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Gocek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Justyna Łopatecka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Klasen C, Meyer A, Wittekind PS, Waqué I, Nabhani S, Kofler DM. Prostaglandin receptor EP4 expression by Th17 cells is associated with high disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:159. [PMID: 31253169 PMCID: PMC6599260 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the mechanism underlying enhanced Th17 cell accumulation in AS remains unknown. The prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2/EP4 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development of autoimmune Th17 cells. Interestingly, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified five risk alleles for AS in PTGER4, the gene encoding for EP4. The aim of this study was to reveal a possible link between EP4 and disease activity in patients with AS. METHODS Th17 cells from patients with AS were analyzed for the transcriptional expression of prostaglandin receptor genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Th17 cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from healthy individuals served as controls. EP4 receptor expression in Th17 cells was assessed ex vivo by flow cytometry and by western blot. Functional analysis using EP4-specific agonists was performed to reveal how EP4 regulates Th17 cells. RESULTS EP4 is significantly overexpressed in Th17 cells from patients with AS compared to Th17 cells from healthy individuals or patients with RA or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). EP4 upregulation is unique to Th17 cells and is not found in other CD4+ T cell subsets. Specific activation of EP4 drives Th17 cell development and promotes EP4 expression in a positive feedback loop in AS but not in RA or PsA. Mechanistically, EP4 acts via upregulation of the interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R), by suppressing the RORγt inhibitor FoxO1 and by enhancing STAT3 phosphorylation. Increased EP4 expression levels in Th17 cells from AS patients correlate with high disease activity as defined by a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score ≥ 4 (r = 0.7591, p = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS EP4 is a potential marker of disease activity in patients with AS. Aberrant EP4 expression might contribute to pathogenic Th17 cell accumulation and represent a new target for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Klasen
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Meyer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paula S Wittekind
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Waqué
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Schafiq Nabhani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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Ubaid Ullah, Andrabi SBA, Tripathi SK, Dirasantha O, Kanduri K, Rautio S, Gross CC, Lehtimäki S, Bala K, Tuomisto J, Bhatia U, Chakroborty D, Elo LL, Lähdesmäki H, Wiendl H, Rasool O, Lahesmaa R. Transcriptional Repressor HIC1 Contributes to Suppressive Function of Human Induced Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2094-2106. [PMID: 29466736 PMCID: PMC5842026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical in regulating the immune response. In vitro induced Treg (iTreg) cells have significant potential in clinical medicine. However, applying iTreg cells as therapeutics is complicated by the poor stability of human iTreg cells and their variable suppressive activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of human iTreg cell specification. We identified hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) as a transcription factor upregulated early during the differentiation of human iTreg cells. Although FOXP3 expression was unaffected, HIC1 deficiency led to a considerable loss of suppression by iTreg cells with a concomitant increase in the expression of effector T cell associated genes. SNPs linked to several immune-mediated disorders were enriched around HIC1 binding sites, and in vitro binding assays indicated that these SNPs may alter the binding of HIC1. Our results suggest that HIC1 is an important contributor to iTreg cell development and function. Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) is upregulated in iTreg cells HIC1-deficient iTreg cells express FOXP3 but have reduced suppressive ability Autoimmune-disease-associated SNPs are enriched within HIC1 binding loci HIC1 is an important regulator of iTreg development and function
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaid Ullah
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Subhash Kumar Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Obaiah Dirasantha
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kartiek Kanduri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Sini Rautio
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sari Lehtimäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kanchan Bala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomisto
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Urvashi Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Deepankar Chakroborty
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Omid Rasool
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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48
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Romano M, Fanelli G, Albany CJ, Giganti G, Lombardi G. Past, Present, and Future of Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Transplantation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:43. [PMID: 30804926 PMCID: PMC6371029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance therefore, they are key in preventing excessive immune responses and autoimmunity. In the last decades, several reports have been focussed on understanding the biology of Tregs and their mechanisms of action. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of Tregs to delay/prevent graft rejection and to control autoimmune responses following adoptive transfer in vivo. Due to these promising results, Tregs have been extensively studied as a potential new tool for the prevention of graft rejection and/or the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Currently, solid organ transplantation remains the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure. However, chronic rejection and the ensuing side effects of immunosuppressants represent the main limiting factors for organ acceptance and patient survival. Autoimmune disorders are chronic diseases caused by the breakdown of tolerance against self-antigens. This is triggered either by a numerical or functional Treg defect, or by the resistance of effector T cells to suppression. In this scenario, patients receiving high doses of immunosuppressant are left susceptible to life-threatening opportunistic infections and have increased risk of malignancies. In the last 10 years, a few phase I clinical trials aiming to investigate safety and feasibility of Treg-based therapy have been completed and published, whilst an increasing numbers of trials are still ongoing. The first results showed safety and feasibility of Treg therapy and phase II clinical trials are already enrolling. In this review, we describe our understanding of Tregs focussing primarily on their ontogenesis, mechanisms of action and methods used in the clinic for isolation and expansion. Furthermore, we will describe the ongoing studies and the results from the first clinical trials with Tregs in the setting of solid organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we will discuss strategies to further improve the success of Treg therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Romano
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Fanelli
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caraugh Jane Albany
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Giganti
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina Interna, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Li Z, Nie L, Chen L, Sun Y, Guo L. [Rapamycin alleviates inflammation by up-regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:35-42. [PMID: 30692064 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of rapmycin for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS An EAE model was established in C57BL/6 mice. After immunization, the mice were divided into model group and rapamycin groups treated daily with low-dose (0.3 mg/kg) or high-dose (1 mg/kg) rapamycin. The clinical scores of the mice were observed using Knoz score, the infiltration of IL-17 cells in the central nervous system (CNS) was determined using immunohistochemistry; the differentiation of peripheral Treg cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the changes in the levels of cytokines were detected with ELISA; the changes in the expressions of p-Smad2 and p- smad3 were investigated using Western blotting. RESULTS High-dose rapamycin significantly improved the neurological deficits scores of EAE mice. In high-dose rapamycin group, the scores in the onset stage, peak stage and remission stage were 0.14±0.38, 0.43±1.13 and 0.14±0.37, respectively, as compared with 1.14±0.69, 2.14±1.06 and 2.2±0.75 in the model group. The infiltration of inflammatory IL-17 cells was significantly lower in high-dose rapamycin group than in the model group (43±1.83 vs 153.5±7.02). High-dose rapamycin obviously inhibited the production of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-23 and induced the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. The percentage of Treg in CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in high- dose rapamycin group than in the model group (10.17 ± 0.68 vs 3.52 ± 0.32). In the in vitro experiment, combined treatments of the lymphocytes isolated from the mice with rapamycin and TGF-β induced a significant increase in the number of Treg cells (13.66±1.89) compared with the treatment with rapamycin (6.23±0.80) or TGF-β (4.87±0.85) alone. Rapamycin also obviously up-regulated the expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin can promote the differentiation of Treg cells by up-regulating the expression of p-Smad2 and p-smad3 to improve neurological deficits in mice with EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lingling Nie
- Shijiazhuang Circulating Chemical Park Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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50
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Hoeppli RE, MacDonald KN, Leclair P, Fung VCW, Mojibian M, Gillies J, Rahavi SMR, Campbell AIM, Gandhi SK, Pesenacker AM, Reid G, Lim CJ, Levings MK. Tailoring the homing capacity of human Tregs for directed migration to sites of Th1-inflammation or intestinal regions. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:62-76. [PMID: 29766641 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy with CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a promising strategy to limit organ rejection and graft-vs-host disease. Ongoing clinical applications have yet to consider how human Tregs could be modified to direct their migration to specific inflammation sites and/or tissues for more targeted immunosuppression. We show here that stable, homing-receptor-tailored human Tregs can be generated from thymic Tregs isolated from pediatric thymus or adult blood. To direct migration to Th1-inflammatory sites, addition of interferon-γ and IL-12 during Treg expansion produced suppressive, epigenetically stable CXCR3+ TBET+ FOXP3+ T helper (Th)1-Tregs. CXCR3 remained expressed after injection in vivo and Th1-Tregs migrated efficiently towards CXCL10 in vitro. To induce tissue-specific migration, addition of retinoic acid (RA) during Treg expansion induced expression of the gut-homing receptors α4β7-integrin and CCR9. FOXP3+ RA-Tregs had elevated expression of the functional markers latency-associated peptide and glycoprotein A repetitions predominant, increased suppressive capacity in vitro and migrated efficiently to healthy and inflamed intestine after injection into mice. Homing-receptor-tailored Tregs were epigenetically stable even after long-term exposure to inflammatory conditions, suppressive in vivo and characterized by Th1- or gut-homing-specific transcriptomes. Tailoring human thymic Treg homing during in vitro expansion offers a new and clinically applicable approach to improving the potency and specificity of Treg therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hoeppli
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K N MacDonald
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - P Leclair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - V C W Fung
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Mojibian
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S M R Rahavi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A I M Campbell
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S K Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A M Pesenacker
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C J Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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