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Marakhova II, Yurinskaya VE, Domnina AP. The Role of Intracellular Potassium in Cell Quiescence, Proliferation, and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:884. [PMID: 38255956 PMCID: PMC10815214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This brief review explores the role of intracellular K+ during the transition of cells from quiescence to proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. We focus on the relationship between intracellular K+ and the growth and proliferation rates of different cells, including transformed cells in culture as well as human quiescent T cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and analyze the concomitant changes in K+ and water content in both proliferating and apoptotic cells. Evidence is discussed indicating that during the initiation of cell proliferation and apoptosis changes in the K+ content in cells occur in parallel with changes in water content and therefore do not lead to significant changes in the intracellular K+ concentration. We conclude that K+, as a dominant intracellular ion, is involved in the regulation of cell volume during the transit from quiescence, and the content of K+ and water in dividing cells is higher than in quiescent or differentiated cells, which can be considered to be a hallmark of cell proliferation and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I. Marakhova
- Department of Intracellular Signalling and Transport, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina E. Yurinskaya
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alisa P. Domnina
- Department of Intracellular Signalling and Transport, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Buzón P, Velázquez‐Cruz A, Corrales‐Guerrero L, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, Roos WH. The Histone Chaperones SET/TAF-1β and NPM1 Exhibit Conserved Functionality in Nucleosome Remodeling and Histone Eviction in a Cytochrome c-Dependent Manner. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301859. [PMID: 37548614 PMCID: PMC10582448 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin homeostasis mediates essential processes in eukaryotes, where histone chaperones have emerged as major regulatory factors during DNA replication, repair, and transcription. The dynamic nature of these processes, however, has severely impeded their characterization at the molecular level. Here, fluorescence optical tweezers are applied to follow histone chaperone dynamics in real time. The molecular action of SET/template-activating factor-Iβ and nucleophosmin 1-representing the two most common histone chaperone folds-are examined using both nucleosomes and isolated histones. It is shown that these chaperones present binding specificity for fully dismantled nucleosomes and are able to recognize and disrupt non-native histone-DNA interactions. Furthermore, the histone eviction process and its modulation by cytochrome c are scrutinized. This approach shows that despite the different structures of these chaperones, they present conserved modes of action mediating nucleosome remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Buzón
- Moleculaire BiofysicaZernike InstituutRijksuniversiteit GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Velázquez‐Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Avda. Américo Vespucio 49Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Laura Corrales‐Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Avda. Américo Vespucio 49Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Avda. Américo Vespucio 49Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Avda. Américo Vespucio 49Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Wouter H. Roos
- Moleculaire BiofysicaZernike InstituutRijksuniversiteit GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
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3
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González-Arzola K, Díaz-Quintana A. Mitochondrial Factors in the Cell Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13656. [PMID: 37686461 PMCID: PMC10563088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotic organisms involved the integration of mitochondria into the ancestor cell, with a massive gene transfer from the original proteobacterium to the host nucleus. Thus, mitochondrial performance relies on a mosaic of nuclear gene products from a variety of genomes. The concerted regulation of their synthesis is necessary for metabolic housekeeping and stress response. This governance involves crosstalk between mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear factors. While anterograde and retrograde regulation preserve mitochondrial homeostasis, the mitochondria can modulate a wide set of nuclear genes in response to an extensive variety of conditions, whose response mechanisms often merge. In this review, we summarise how mitochondrial metabolites and proteins-encoded either in the nucleus or in the organelle-target the cell nucleus and exert different actions modulating gene expression and the chromatin state, or even causing DNA fragmentation in response to common stress conditions, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, unfolded protein stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa—CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Sevilla—Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas—cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla—C.S.I.C, 41092 Seville, Spain
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4
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Ksovreli M, Kachlishvili T, Mtiulishvili T, Dzmanashvili G, Batsatsashvili T, Zurabiani K, Tughushi D, Kantaria T, Nadaraia L, Rusishvili L, Piot O, Terryn C, Tchelidze P, Katsarava R, Kulikova N. Leucine-Based Pseudo-Proteins (LPPs) as Promising Biomaterials: A Study of Cell-Supporting Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3328. [PMID: 37571222 PMCID: PMC10422583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold-based systems have become essential in biomedical research, providing the possibility of building in vitro models that can better mimic tissue/organic physiology. A relatively new family of biomimetics-pseudo-proteins (PPs)-can therefore be considered especially promising in this context. Three different artificial leucine-based LPP films were tested in vitro as potential scaffolding materials. In vitro experiments were performed using two types of cells: primary mouse skin fibroblasts and a murine monocyte/macrophages cell line, RAW264.7. Cell adhesion and cell spreading were evaluated according to morphological parameters via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and they were assessed according to actin cytoskeleton distribution, which was studied via confocal laser microscopy. Cell proliferation was evaluated via an MTT assay. Cell migration was studied using time-lapse microscopy. SEM images for both types of cells demonstrated prominent adhesion and perfect cell spreading on all three LPPs. Analyses of actin cytoskeleton organization revealed a high number of focal adhesions and prominent motility-associated structures. A certain stimulation of cell proliferation was detected in the cases of all three LPPs, and two of them promoted macrophage migration. Overall, our data suggest that the LPPs used in the study can be considered potential cell-friendly scaffolding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ksovreli
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tinatin Kachlishvili
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tevdore Mtiulishvili
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Giorgi Dzmanashvili
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tatuli Batsatsashvili
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Knarita Zurabiani
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Tughushi
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Temur Kantaria
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lili Nadaraia
- Institute of Physical Material Science and Materials Technologies, Technical University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Carl Zeiss Scientific and Education Center, New Vision University, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Levan Rusishvili
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Olivier Piot
- BioSpecT Unit, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- BioSpecT Unit, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Pavel Tchelidze
- Carl Zeiss Scientific and Education Center, New Vision University, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Faculty of Healthcare, East European University, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ramaz Katsarava
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nina Kulikova
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
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5
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Nucleus-translocated mitochondrial cytochrome c liberates nucleophosmin-sequestered ARF tumor suppressor by changing nucleolar liquid–liquid phase separation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1024-1036. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Monovalent ions and stress-induced senescence in human mesenchymal endometrial stem/stromal cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11194. [PMID: 35778548 PMCID: PMC9249837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monovalent ions are involved in growth, proliferation, differentiation of cells as well as in their death. This work concerns the ion homeostasis during senescence induction in human mesenchymal endometrium stem/stromal cells (hMESCs): hMESCs subjected to oxidative stress (sublethal pulse of H2O2) enter the premature senescence accompanied by persistent DNA damage, irreversible cell cycle arrest, increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitors (p53, p21) cell hypertrophy, enhanced β-galactosidase activity. Using flame photometry to estimate K+, Na+ content and Rb+ (K+) fluxes we found that during the senescence development in stress-induced hMESCs, Na+/K+pump-mediated K+ fluxes are enhanced due to the increased Na+ content in senescent cells, while ouabain-resistant K+ fluxes remain unchanged. Senescence progression is accompanied by a peculiar decrease in the K+ content in cells from 800-900 to 500-600 µmol/g. Since cardiac glycosides are offered as selective agents for eliminating senescent cells, we investigated the effect of ouabain on ion homeostasis and viability of hMESCs and found that in both proliferating and senescent hMESCs, ouabain (1 nM-1 µM) inhibited pump-mediated K+ transport (ID50 5 × 10-8 M), decreased cell K+/Na+ ratio to 0.1-0.2, however did not induce apoptosis. Comparison of the effect of ouabain on hMESCs with the literature data on the selective cytotoxic effect of cardiac glycosides on senescent or cancer cells suggests the ion pump blockade and intracellular K+ depletion should be synergized with target apoptotic signal to induce the cell death.
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7
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Li JL, Lin TY, Chen PL, Guo TN, Huang SY, Chen CH, Lin CH, Chan CC. Mitochondrial Function and Parkinson's Disease: From the Perspective of the Electron Transport Chain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:797833. [PMID: 34955747 PMCID: PMC8695848 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.797833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known as a mitochondrial disease. Some even regarded it specifically as a disorder of the complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is fundamental for mitochondrial energy production which is essential for neuronal health. In the past two decades, more than 20 PD-associated genes have been identified. Some are directly involved in mitochondrial functions, such as PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1. While other PD-associate genes, such as LRRK2, SNCA, and GBA1, regulate lysosomal functions, lipid metabolism, or protein aggregation, some have been shown to indirectly affect the electron transport chain. The recent identification of CHCHD2 and UQCRC1 that are critical for functions of complex IV and complex III, respectively, provide direct evidence that PD is more than just a complex I disorder. Like UQCRC1 in preventing cytochrome c from release, functions of ETC proteins beyond oxidative phosphorylation might also contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yi Lin
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ni Guo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Arendzen CH, Chaudhari U, Cramer SJ, Freund CMAH, Mummery CL, Ranga A, Pourquie O, Mikkers HMM. Generation of LUMCi041-A-2: Equipping a PAX3 reporter iPSC line with doxycycline inducible H2B-mTurquoise2 for live cell imaging. Stem Cell Res 2021; 57:102592. [PMID: 34775202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line, in which a H2B-fluorescent protein fusion is temporally expressed, is a valuable tool to track cells and study cell divisions and apoptosis. To this end we introduced a 3rd generation "all-in-one" doxycycline-inducible H2B-mTurquoise2 vector into the AAVS1 locus of PAX3-Venus iPSCs via CRISPR/Cas9. H2B-mTurquoise2 expression is absent but readily induced by doxycycline allowing quantification of cell divisions and imaging of living cells. Besides being a universal reporter in iPSC-based differentiation and toxicity assays, the generated pluripotent and genomically normal LUMCi041-A-2 line is particularly suited to study PAX3-positive stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Arendzen
- LUMC hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands; Dept of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands.
| | - U Chaudhari
- LUMC hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands; Dept of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - S J Cramer
- Dept of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - C M A H Freund
- LUMC hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands; Dept of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - C L Mummery
- LUMC hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands; Dept of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - A Ranga
- Dept of Biomechanics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Pourquie
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - H M M Mikkers
- LUMC hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands; Dept of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands.
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9
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González‐Arzola K, Guerra‐Castellano A, Rivero‐Rodríguez F, Casado‐Combreras MÁ, Pérez‐Mejías G, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, De la Rosa MA. Mitochondrial cytochrome c shot towards histone chaperone condensates in the nucleus. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2418-2440. [PMID: 33938164 PMCID: PMC8409293 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mitochondria being key for the control of cell homeostasis and fate, their role in DNA damage response is usually just regarded as an apoptotic trigger. However, growing evidence points to mitochondrial factors modulating nuclear functions. Remarkably, after DNA damage, cytochrome c (Cc) interacts in the cell nucleus with a variety of well-known histone chaperones, whose activity is competitively inhibited by the haem protein. As nuclear Cc inhibits the nucleosome assembly/disassembly activity of histone chaperones, it might indeed affect chromatin dynamics and histone deposition on DNA. Several histone chaperones actually interact with Cc Lys residues through their acidic regions, which are also involved in heterotypic interactions leading to liquid-liquid phase transitions responsible for the assembly of nuclear condensates, including heterochromatin. This relies on dynamic histone-DNA interactions that can be modulated by acetylation of specific histone Lys residues. Thus, Cc may have a major regulatory role in DNA repair by fine-tuning nucleosome assembly activity and likely nuclear condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González‐Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Francisco Rivero‐Rodríguez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Miguel Á. Casado‐Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
| | - Miguel A. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ)Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja)University of Seville – CSICSpain
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10
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Rivero-Rodríguez F, Díaz-Quintana A, Velázquez-Cruz A, González-Arzola K, Gavilan MP, Velázquez-Campoy A, Ríos RM, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Inhibition of the PP2A activity by the histone chaperone ANP32B is long-range allosterically regulated by respiratory cytochrome c. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101967. [PMID: 33882408 PMCID: PMC8082267 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of injured DNA relies on nucleosome dismantling by histone chaperones and de-phosphorylation events carried out by Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Typical histone chaperones are the Acidic leucine-rich Nuclear Phosphoprotein 32 family (ANP32) members, e.g. ANP32A, which is also a well-known PP2A inhibitor (a.k.a. I1PP2A). Here we report the novel interaction between the endogenous family member B—so-called ANP32B—and endogenous cytochrome c in cells undergoing camptothecin-induced DNA damage. Soon after DNA lesions but prior to caspase cascade activation, the hemeprotein translocates to the nucleus to target the Low Complexity Acidic Region (LCAR) of ANP32B; in a similar way, our group recently reported that the hemeprotein targets the acidic domain of SET/Template Activating Factor-Iβ (SET/TAF-Iβ), which is another histone chaperone and PP2A inhibitor (a.k.a. I2PP2A). The nucleosome assembly activity of ANP32B is indeed unaffected by cytochrome c binding. Like ANP32A, ANP32B inhibits PP2A activity and is thus herein referred to as I3PP2A. Our data demonstrates that ANP32B-dependent inhibition of PP2A is regulated by respiratory cytochrome c, which induces long-distance allosteric changes in the structured N-terminal domain of ANP32B upon binding to the C-terminal LCAR. In agreement with the reported role of PP2A in the DNA damage response, we propose a model wherein cytochrome c is translocated from the mitochondria into the nucleus upon DNA damage to modulate PP2A activity via its interaction with ANP32B. Respiratory cytochrome c interacts with ANP32B under DNA damage in the nucleus. Cytochrome c binding to ANP32B LCAR restores ANP32B-mediated PP2A inhibition. Cytochrome c emerges as a DNA Damage Response regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rivero-Rodríguez
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Alejandro Velázquez-Cruz
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Katiuska González-Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Maria P Gavilan
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, University of Seville, CSIC, University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSICBIFI,and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Gobierno de Aragón, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa M Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, University of Seville, CSIC, University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio 24, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre "Isla de La Cartuja" (cicCartuja), University of Seville, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain.
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11
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Bortner CD, Cidlowski JA. Ions, the Movement of Water and the Apoptotic Volume Decrease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611211. [PMID: 33324655 PMCID: PMC7723978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of water across the cell membrane is a natural biological process that occurs during growth, cell division, and cell death. Many cells are known to regulate changes in their cell volume through inherent compensatory regulatory mechanisms. Cells can sense an increase or decrease in their cell volume, and compensate through mechanisms known as a regulatory volume increase (RVI) or decrease (RVD) response, respectively. The transport of sodium, potassium along with other ions and osmolytes allows the movement of water in and out of the cell. These compensatory volume regulatory mechanisms maintain a cell at near constant volume. A hallmark of the physiological cell death process known as apoptosis is the loss of cell volume or cell shrinkage. This loss of cell volume is in stark contrast to what occurs during the accidental cell death process known as necrosis. During necrosis, cells swell or gain water, eventually resulting in cell lysis. Thus, whether a cell gains or loses water after injury is a defining feature of the specific mode of cell death. Cell shrinkage or the loss of cell volume during apoptosis has been termed apoptotic volume decrease or AVD. Over the years, this distinguishing feature of apoptosis has been largely ignored and thought to be a passive occurrence or simply a consequence of the cell death process. However, studies on AVD have defined an underlying movement of ions that result in not only the loss of cell volume, but also the activation and execution of the apoptotic process. This review explores the role ions play in controlling not only the movement of water, but the regulation of apoptosis. We will focus on what is known about specific ion channels and transporters identified to be involved in AVD, and how the movement of ions and water change the intracellular environment leading to stages of cell shrinkage and associated apoptotic characteristics. Finally, we will discuss these concepts as they apply to different cell types such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, and corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D. Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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12
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Wheel and Deal in the Mitochondrial Inner Membranes: The Tale of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6813405. [PMID: 32377304 PMCID: PMC7193304 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin oxidation and degradation by different factors under severe cell stress serve as a trigger for genetically encoded cell death programs. In this context, the interplay between cardiolipin and another mitochondrial factor—cytochrome c—is a key process in the early stages of apoptosis, and it is a matter of intense research. Cytochrome c interacts with lipid membranes by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effects. Experimental conditions (including pH, lipid composition, and post-translational modifications) determine which specific amino acid residues are involved in the interaction and influence the heme iron coordination state. In fact, up to four binding sites (A, C, N, and L), driven by different interactions, have been reported. Nevertheless, key aspects of the mechanism for cardiolipin oxidation by the hemeprotein are well established. First, cytochrome c acts as a pseudoperoxidase, a process orchestrated by tyrosine residues which are crucial for peroxygenase activity and sensitivity towards oxidation caused by protein self-degradation. Second, flexibility of two weakest folding units of the hemeprotein correlates with its peroxidase activity and the stability of the iron coordination sphere. Third, the diversity of the mode of interaction parallels a broad diversity in the specific reaction pathway. Thus, current knowledge has already enabled the design of novel drugs designed to successfully inhibit cardiolipin oxidation.
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13
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González‐Arzola K, Velázquez‐Cruz A, Guerra‐Castellano A, Casado‐Combreras MÁ, Pérez‐Mejías G, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, De la Rosa MÁ. New moonlighting functions of mitochondrial cytochromecin the cytoplasm and nucleus. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3101-3119. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González‐Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandro Velázquez‐Cruz
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Casado‐Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
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14
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Michel J, Nolin F, Wortham L, Lalun N, Tchelidze P, Banchet V, Terryn C, Ploton D. Various Nucleolar Stress Inducers Result in Highly Distinct Changes in Water, Dry Mass and Elemental Content in Cancerous Cell Compartments: Investigation Using a Nano-Analytical Approach. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:179-195. [PMID: 31183313 PMCID: PMC6536780 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.31878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Numerous chemotherapeutic drugs that affect ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus induce nucleolar stress. Improving our understanding of the effects of these drugs will require uncovering and comparing their impact on several biophysical parameters of the major cell compartments. Here, we quantified the water content and dry mass of cancerous cells treated with CX-5461, DRB or DAM to calculate macromolecular crowding and the volume occupied by free water, as well as elemental content. Methods: HeLa-H2B-GFP cells were treated with CX-5461, DRB or DAM. Water content and dry mass were measured in numerous regions of interest of ultrathin cryo-sections by quantitative scanning transmission electron microscope dark-field imaging and the elements quantified by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The data were used to calculate macromolecular crowding and the volume occupied by free water in all cell compartments of control and treated cells. Hydrophobic and unfolded proteins were revealed by 8-Anilinonaphtalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) staining and imaging by two-photon microscopy. Immunolabeling of UBF, pNBS1 and pNF-κB was carried out and the images acquired with a confocal microscope for 3D imaging to address whether the localization of these proteins changes in treated cells. Results: Treatment with CX-5461, DRB or DAM induced completely different changes in macromolecular crowding and elemental content. Macromolecular crowding and elemental content were much higher in CX-5461-treated, moderately higher in DRB-treated, and much lower in DAM-treated cells than control cells. None of the drugs alone induced nucleolar ANS staining but it was induced by heat-shock of control cells and cells previously treated with DAM. UBF and pNBS1 were systematically co-localized in the nucleolus of CX-5461- and DAM-treated cells. pNF-κB only localized to the nucleolar caps of pre-apoptotic DAM-treated cells. Conclusion: We directly quantified water and ion content in cell compartments using cryo-correlative electron microscopy. We show that different chemotherapeutic nucleolar stress inducers result in distinctive, thus far-unrecognized changes in macromolecular crowding and elemental content which are known to modify cell metabolism. Moreover we were able to correlate these changes to the sensitivity of treated cells to heat-shock and the behavior of nucleolar pNBS1 and pNF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel
- UMR-S 1250 INSERM, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
| | | | - Laurence Wortham
- Platform of Cell and Tissue Imaging (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
| | - Nathalie Lalun
- UMR-S 1250 INSERM, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
| | - Pavel Tchelidze
- Faculty of Exact and Life Sciences, Department of Morphology, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Christine Terryn
- Platform of Cell and Tissue Imaging (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
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15
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Zyśk M, Gapys B, Ronowska A, Gul-Hinc S, Erlandsson A, Iwanicki A, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Szutowicz A, Bielarczyk H. Protective effects of voltage-gated calcium channel antagonists against zinc toxicity in SN56 neuroblastoma cholinergic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209363. [PMID: 30571745 PMCID: PMC6301650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological site effects in excitotoxic activation is Zn2+ overload to postsynaptic neurons. Such an effect is considered to be equivalent to the glutamate component of excitotoxicity. Excessive uptake of Zn2+ by active voltage-dependent transport systems in these neurons may lead to significant neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and which antagonists of the voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) might modify this Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells. Our data demonstrates that depolarized SN56 neuronal cells may take up large amounts of Zn2+ and store these in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial sub-fractions. The mitochondrial Zn2+ excess suppressed pyruvate uptake and oxidation. Such suppression was caused by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities, resulting in the yielding of acetyl-CoA and ATP shortages. Moreover, incoming Zn2+ increased both oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels, known parameters of oxidative stress. In depolarized SN56 cells, nifedipine treatment (L-type VGCC antagonist) reduced Zn2+ uptake and oxidative stress. The treatment applied prevented the activities of PDHC, aconitase and NADP-IDH enzymes, and also yielded the maintenance of acetyl-CoA and ATP levels. Apart from suppression of oxidative stress, N- and P/Q-type VGCCs presented a similar, but weaker protective influence. In conclusion, our data shows that in the course of excitotoxity, impairment to calcium homeostasis is tightly linked with an excessive neuronal Zn2+ uptake. Hence, the VGCCs types L, N and P/Q share responsibility for neuronal Zn2+ overload followed by significant energy-dependent neurotoxicity. Moreover, Zn2+ affects the target tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, yields acetyl-CoA and energy deficits as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Gapys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Gul-Hinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, University of Gdańsk & Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hanna Bielarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Ronowska A, Szutowicz A, Bielarczyk H, Gul-Hinc S, Klimaszewska-Łata J, Dyś A, Zyśk M, Jankowska-Kulawy A. The Regulatory Effects of Acetyl-CoA Distribution in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:169. [PMID: 30050410 PMCID: PMC6052899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain neurons, to support their neurotransmitter functions, require a several times higher supply of glucose than non-excitable cells. Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction, is a principal source of acetyl-CoA, which is a direct energy substrate in all brain cells. Several neurodegenerative conditions result in the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase and decrease of acetyl-CoA synthesis in mitochondria. This attenuates metabolic flux through TCA in the mitochondria, yielding energy deficits and inhibition of diverse synthetic acetylation reactions in all neuronal sub-compartments. The acetyl-CoA concentrations in neuronal mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments are in the range of 10 and 7 μmol/L, respectively. They appear to be from 2 to 20 times lower than acetyl-CoA Km values for carnitine acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, aspartate acetyltransferase, choline acetyltransferase, sphingosine kinase 1 acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA hydrolase, and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, respectively. Therefore, alterations in acetyl-CoA levels alone may significantly change the rates of metabolic fluxes through multiple acetylation reactions in brain cells in different physiologic and pathologic conditions. Such substrate-dependent alterations in cytoplasmic, endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear acetylations may directly affect ACh synthesis, protein acetylations, and gene expression. Thereby, acetyl-CoA may regulate the functional and adaptative properties of neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells. The excitotoxicity-evoked intracellular zinc excess hits several intracellular targets, yielding the collapse of energy balance and impairment of the functional and structural integrity of postsynaptic cholinergic neurons. Acute disruption of brain energy homeostasis activates slow accumulation of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ). Extra and intracellular oligomeric deposits of Aβ affect diverse transporting and signaling pathways in neuronal cells. It may combine with multiple neurotoxic signals, aggravating their detrimental effects on neuronal cells. This review presents evidences that changes of intraneuronal levels and compartmentation of acetyl-CoA may contribute significantly to neurotoxic pathomechanisms of different neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Bielarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Gul-Hinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Klimaszewska-Łata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dyś
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tricarico D, Selvaggi M, Passantino G, De Palo P, Dario C, Centoducati P, Tateo A, Curci A, Maqoud F, Mele A, Camerino GM, Liantonio A, Imbrici P, Zizzo N. ATP Sensitive Potassium Channels in the Skeletal Muscle Function: Involvement of the KCNJ11(Kir6.2) Gene in the Determination of Mechanical Warner Bratzer Shear Force. Front Physiol 2016; 7:167. [PMID: 27242541 PMCID: PMC4862255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive K+-channels (KATP) are distributed in the tissues coupling metabolism with K+ ions efflux. KATP subunits are encoded by KCNJ8 (Kir6.1), KCNJ11 (Kir6.2), ABCC8 (SUR1), and ABCC9 (SUR2) genes, alternative RNA splicing give rise to SUR variants that confer distinct physiological properties on the channel. An high expression/activity of the sarco-KATP channel is observed in various rat fast-twitch muscles, characterized by elevated muscle strength, while a low expression/activity is observed in the slow-twitch muscles characterized by reduced strength and frailty. Down-regulation of the KATP subunits of fast-twitch fibers is found in conditions characterized by weakness and frailty. KCNJ11 gene knockout mice have reduced glycogen, lean phenotype, lower body fat, and weakness. KATP channel is also a sensor of muscle atrophy. The KCNJ11 gene is located on BTA15, close to a QTL for meat tenderness, it has also a role in glycogen storage, a key mechanism of the postmortem transformation of muscle into meat. The role of KCNJ11 gene in muscle function may underlie an effect of KCNJ11 genotypes on meat tenderness, as recently reported. The fiber phenotype and genotype are important in livestock production science. Quantitative traits including meat production and quality are influenced both by environment and genes. Molecular markers can play an important role in the genetic improvement of animals through breeding strategies. Many factors influence the muscle Warner-Bratzler shear force including breed, age, feeding, the biochemical, and functional parameters. The role of KCNJ11gene and related genes on muscle tenderness will be discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Selvaggi
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Cataldo Dario
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Tateo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Curci
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Fatima Maqoud
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy; Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali UniversityEl Jadida, Morocco
| | - Antonietta Mele
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Liantonio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari, Italy
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