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Zheng H, Zhang F, Monsky W, Ji H, Yang W, Yang X. Interventional Optical Imaging-Monitored Synergistic Effect of Radio-Frequency Hyperthermia and Oncolytic Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:821838. [PMID: 35141157 PMCID: PMC8818682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.821838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a new interventional oncology technique using indocyanine green (ICG)-based interventional optical imaging (OI) to monitor the synergistic effect of radiofrequency hyperthermia (RFH)-enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy. Materials and Methods This study included (1) optimization of ICG dose and detection time-window for intracellular uptake by VX2 tumor cells; (2) in-vitro confirmation of capability of using ICG-based OI to assess efficacy of RFH-enhanced oncolytic therapy (LTX-401) for VX2 cells; and (3) in-vivo validation of the interventional OI-monitored, intratumoral RFH-enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy using rabbit models with orthotopic liver VX2 tumors. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were divided into four study groups (n=6/group) with different treatments: (1) combination therapy of RFH+LTX-401; (2) RFH alone at 42°C for 30 min; (3) oncolytic therapy with LTX-401; and (4) control with saline. For in-vivo validation, orthotopic hepatic VX2 tumors were treated using a new multi-functional perfusion-thermal radiofrequency ablation electrode, which enabled simultaneous delivery of both LTX-401 and RFH within the tumor and at the tumor margins. Results In in-vitro experiments, taking up of ICG by VX2 cells was linearly increased from 0 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL, while ICG-signal intensity (SI) reached the peak at 24 hours. MTS assay and apoptosis analysis demonstrated the lowest cell viability and highest apoptosis in combination therapy, compared to three monotherapies (P<0.005). In in-vivo experiments, ultrasound imaging detected the smallest relative tumor volume for the combination therapy, compared to other monotherapies (P<0.005). In both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments, ICG-based interventional optical imaging detected a significantly decreased SI in combination therapy (P<0.005), which was confirmed by the “gold standard” optical/X-ray imaging (P<0.05). Pathologic/laboratory examinations further confirmed the significantly decreased cell proliferation with Ki-67 staining, significantly increased apoptotic index with TUNEL assay, and significantly increased quantities of CD8 and CD80 positive cells with immunostaining in the combination therapy group, compared to other three control groups (P<0.005). Conclusions We present a new interventional oncology technique, interventional optical imaging-monitored RFH-enhanced oncolytic immunotherapy, which may open new avenues to effectively manage those patients with larger, irregular and unresectable malignancies, not only in liver but also the possibility in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research and Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research and Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wayne Monsky
- Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research and Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hongxiu Ji
- Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research and Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Overlake Medical Center and Incyte Diagnostics, Bellevue, WA, United States
| | - Weizhu Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Image-Guided Biomolecular Intervention Research and Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaoming Yang,
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2
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Vitale I, Yamazaki T, Wennerberg E, Sveinbjørnsson B, Rekdal Ø, Demaria S, Galluzzi L. Targeting Cancer Heterogeneity with Immune Responses Driven by Oncolytic Peptides. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:557-572. [PMID: 33446447 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that high degrees of heterogeneity among malignant cells constitute a considerable obstacle to the success of cancer therapy. This calls for the development of approaches that operate - or enable established treatments to operate - despite such intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH). In this context, oncolytic peptides stand out as promising therapeutic tools based on their ability to drive immunogenic cell death associated with robust anticancer immune responses independently of ITH. We review the main molecular and immunological pathways engaged by oncolytic peptides, and discuss potential approaches to combine these agents with modern immunotherapeutics in support of superior tumor-targeting immunity and efficacy in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erik Wennerberg
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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3
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Furukawa N, Popel AS. Peptides that immunoactivate the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188486. [PMID: 33276025 PMCID: PMC8369429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved positive clinical outcomes and is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, cancer immunotherapy has thus far failed to improve outcomes for most "cold tumors", which are characterized by low infiltration of immune cells and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Enhancing the responsiveness of cold tumors to cancer immunotherapy by stimulating the components of the tumor microenvironment is a strategy pursued in the last decade. Currently, most of the agents used to modify the tumor microenvironment are small molecules or antibodies. Small molecules exhibit low affinity and specificity towards the target and antibodies have shortcomings such as poor tissue penetration and high production cost. Peptides may overcome these drawbacks and therefore are promising materials for immunomodulating agents. Here we systematically summarize the currently developed immunoactivating peptides and discuss the potential of peptide therapeutics in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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4
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Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:725-741. [PMID: 32760014 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics have been developed into clinically useful agents based on their ability to preferentially kill malignant cells, generally owing to their elevated proliferation rate. Nonetheless, the clinical activity of various chemotherapies is now known to involve the stimulation of anticancer immunity either by initiating the release of immunostimulatory molecules from dying cancer cells or by mediating off-target effects on immune cell populations. Understanding the precise immunological mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of chemotherapy has the potential not only to enable the identification of superior biomarkers of response but also to accelerate the development of synergistic combination regimens that enhance the clinical effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) relative to their effectiveness as monotherapies. Indeed, accumulating evidence supports the clinical value of combining appropriately dosed chemotherapies with ICIs. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and clinical data on the immunostimulatory effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in the context of ICI-based immunotherapy.
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5
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Mauseth B, Camilio KA, Shi J, Hammarström CL, Rekdal Ø, Sveinbjørnsson B, Line PD. The Novel Oncolytic Compound LTX-401 Induces Antitumor Immune Responses in Experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:139-148. [PMID: 31211244 PMCID: PMC6562107 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
LTX-401 is a novel oncolytic compound designed for the local treatment of solid tumors. In the present study, we have examined the applicability and efficacy of LTX-401 in a rat model JM1 hepatocellular carcinoma, with particular interest in its ability to induce antitumor immunity. LTX-401 induces necrotic cell death followed by the release of immunogenic cell death mediators such as high-mobility group box 1 protein, ATP, and cytochrome c. When injected into subcutaneous and orthotopic JM1 tumors, LTX-401 treatment resulted in a strong antitumoral effect followed by complete tumor regression in the majority of animals. Additionally, LTX-401 could affect the growth of distal tumor deposits simulating metastases, hence indicating immune-mediated abscopal responses. Furthermore, LTX-401 treatment induced tumor-specific immune responses as seen by protection against tumor rechallenge and increased production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by splenic cells in response to stimulation with tumor cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the oncolytic compound LTX-401 provides local tumor control followed by protective immune responses and may be exploited as a novel immunotherapeutic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynjar Mauseth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma, 0275 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ketil André Camilio
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma, 0275 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jihua Shi
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Rekdal
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma, 0275 Oslo, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma, 0275 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål-Dag Line
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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6
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Rothammer A, Sage EK, Werner C, Combs SE, Multhoff G. Increased heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) serum levels and low NK cell counts after radiotherapy - potential markers for predicting breast cancer recurrence? Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:78. [PMID: 31077235 PMCID: PMC6509784 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common invasive tumor in women worldwide and the second cause of cancer-related deaths. After breast conserving surgery the tumor bed gets irradiated. Radiation-induced tumor cell death has been found to be associated with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including free Hsp70 that can stimulate inflammatory immune responses. Therefore, Hsp70 serum levels as well as the composition of lymphocyte subpopulations have been measured in breast cancer patients during therapy and in the follow-up period as potential predictors for clinical outcome. METHODS The serum of 40 breast cancer patients, who received a breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) was examined for soluble, free Hsp70 using the R&D Human HSP70 DuoSet and lipHsp70 ELISA. Lymphocyte subpopulations and total lymphocyte counts were analysed by multiparameter flow cytometry in the peripheral blood. Blood samples were collected before (t1), after 30 Gy (t2) and 60 Gy (t3), 6 weeks (t4), 6 months (t5) and 1 year (t6) after RT. Clinical responses were assessed regularly up to 5 years after RT. RESULTS Patients who developed a contralateral recurrence or metastases within the first 2 years after RT had significantly higher serum Hsp70 values at the end of RT (t3; p = 0.03) up to 6 weeks after RT (t4; p = 0.007) compared to patients who either remained disease-free or developed a secondary endometrial carcinoma. Clinicopathological parameters such as age, tumor size, grading and TNM-stage of the resected tumors, adjuvant chemotherapy and irradiation dose did not affect serum Hsp70 levels. Elevated free Hsp70 levels might be indicative for a chronic inflammatory response which could support tumor recurrence. Lymphocyte subpopulation analysis revealed lower NK cell counts after RT in recurrence/metastases patients as compared to disease-free patients. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the proportion of T and B cells. CONCLUSION Longitudinal elevated serum levels of free Hsp70 up to 6 weeks after RT and dropping NK cell counts might be predictive for an unfavourable prognosis in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rothammer
- Center for Translational Cancer research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva K Sage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Werner
- Center for Translational Cancer research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar TUM, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer research (TranslaTUM), Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar TUM, Munich, Germany.
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7
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Xie W, Mondragón L, Mauseth B, Wang Y, Pol J, Lévesque S, Zhou H, Yamazaki T, Eksteen JJ, Zitvogel L, Sveinbjørnsson B, Rekdal Ø, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Tumor lysis with LTX-401 creates anticancer immunity. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1594555. [PMID: 31143516 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1594555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Local immunotherapies such as the intratumoral injection of oncolytic compounds aim at reinstating and enhancing systemic anticancer immune responses. LTX-315 is a first-in-class, clinically evaluated oncolytic peptide-based local immunotherapy that meets these criteria. Here, we show that LTX-401, yet another oncolytic compound designed for local immunotherapy, depicts a similar safety profile and that sequential local inoculation of LTX-401 was able to cure immunocompetent host from subcutaneous MCA205 and TC-1 cancers. Cured animals exhibited long-term immune memory effects that rendered them resistant to rechallenge with syngeneic tumors. Nevertheless, the local treatment with LTX-401 alone had only limited abscopal effects on secondary contralateral lesions. Anticancer effects resulting from single as well as sequential injections of LTX-401 were boosted in combination with PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and sequential LTX-401 treatment combined with double ICB exhibited strong abscopal antineoplastic effects on contralateral tumors underlining the potency of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Brynjar Mauseth
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yan Wang
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Heng Zhou
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT), Villejuif, France.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johannes J Eksteen
- Norut Northern Research Institute, SIVA Innovation Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT), Villejuif, France
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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8
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Zhou H, Mondragón L, Xie W, Mauseth B, Leduc M, Sauvat A, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Forveille S, Iribarren K, Souquere S, Bezu L, Liu P, Zhao L, Zitvogel L, Sveinbjørnsson B, Eksteen JJ, Rekdal Ø, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Oncolysis with DTT-205 and DTT-304 generates immunological memory in cured animals. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1086. [PMID: 30352991 PMCID: PMC6199251 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic peptides and peptidomimetics are being optimized for the treatment of cancer by selecting agents with high cytotoxic potential to kill a maximum of tumor cells as well as the capacity to trigger anticancer immune responses and hence to achieve long-term effects beyond therapeutic discontinuation. Here, we report on the characterization of two novel oncolytic peptides, DTT-205 and DTT-304 that both selectively enrich in the lysosomal compartment of cancer cells yet differ to some extent in their cytotoxic mode of action. While DTT-304 can trigger the aggregation of RIP3 in ripoptosomes, coupled to the phosphorylation of MLKL by RIP3, DTT-205 fails to activate RIP3. Accordingly, knockout of either RIP3 or MLKL caused partial resistance against cell killing by DTT-304 but not DTT-205. In contrast, both agents shared common features in other aspects of pro-death signaling in the sense that their cytotoxic effects were strongly inhibited by both serum and antioxidants, partially reduced by lysosomal inhibition with bafilomycin A1 or double knockout of Bax and Bak, yet totally refractory to caspase inhibition. Both DTT-304 and DTT-205 caused the exposure of calreticulin at the cell surface, as well as the release of HMGB1 from the cells. Mice bearing established subcutaneous cancers could be cured by local injection of DTT-205 or DTT-304, and this effect depended on T lymphocytes, as it led to the establishment of a long-term memory response against tumor-associated antigens. Thus, mice that had been cured from cancer by the administration of DTT compounds were refractory against rechallenge with the same cancer type several months after the disappearance of the primary lesion. In summary, DTT-205 and DTT-304 both have the capacity to induce immunotherapeutic oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Wei Xie
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Brynjar Mauseth
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marion Leduc
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lígia C Gomes-da-Silva
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sabrina Forveille
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kristina Iribarren
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,CNRS, UMR9196, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Peng Liu
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Johannes Eksteen
- Norut Northern Research Institute, SIVA Innovation Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France. .,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comrehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France. .,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U, 1138, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. .,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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9
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Zappa F, Failli M, De Matteis MA. The Golgi complex in disease and therapy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:102-116. [PMID: 29614425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex occupies a strategic position in the endomembrane system and acts not only as a key trafficking and sorting station and a vital biosynthetic center for glycoproteins and lipids, but also as an active signaling hub. As such, the Golgi complex participates in the establishment and maintenance of cell compartmentalization and in general, cell processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. The different functions of the Golgi complex are executed by composite molecular machineries that have been exhaustively dissected over the last three decades. These machineries can become dysfunctional as a result of mutations in the respective encoding genes or may be hijacked by infectious agents or misregulated in the course of multifactorial diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. Small molecules targeting components of these machineries have been instrumental in dissecting their functions in in vitro studies and some of them have been developed or are currently under development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Mario Failli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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10
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Hargadon KM. Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Melanoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1594. [PMID: 29209327 PMCID: PMC5702020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer that frequently metastasizes to vital organs, where it is often difficult to treat with traditional therapies such as surgery and radiation. In such cases of metastatic disease, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as an exciting treatment option for melanoma patients. Despite unprecedented successes with immune therapy in the clinic, many patients still experience disease relapse, and others fail to respond at all, thus highlighting the need to better understand factors that influence the efficacy of antitumor immune responses. At the heart of antitumor immunity are dendritic cells (DCs), an innate population of cells that function as critical regulators of immune tolerance and activation. As such, DCs have the potential to serve as important targets and delivery agents of cancer immunotherapies. Even immunotherapies that do not directly target or employ DCs, such as checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive cell transfer therapy, are likely to rely on DCs that shape the quality of therapy-associated antitumor immunity. Therefore, understanding factors that regulate the function of tumor-associated DCs is critical for optimizing both current and future immunotherapeutic strategies for treating melanoma. To this end, this review focuses on advances in our understanding of DC function in the context of melanoma, with particular emphasis on (1) the role of immunogenic cell death in eliciting tumor-associated DC activation, (2) immunosuppression of DC function by melanoma-associated factors in the tumor microenvironment, (3) metabolic constraints on the activation of tumor-associated DCs, and (4) the role of the microbiome in shaping the immunogenicity of DCs and the overall quality of anti-melanoma immune responses they mediate. Additionally, this review highlights novel DC-based immunotherapies for melanoma that are emerging from recent progress in each of these areas of investigation, and it discusses current issues and questions that will need to be addressed in future studies aimed at optimizing the function of melanoma-associated DCs and the antitumor immune responses they direct against this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M. Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, United States
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11
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Klee NS, McCarthy CG, Martinez-Quinones P, Webb RC. Out of the frying pan and into the fire: damage-associated molecular patterns and cardiovascular toxicity following cancer therapy. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 11:297-317. [PMID: 28911261 PMCID: PMC5933669 DOI: 10.1177/1753944717729141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-oncology is a new and rapidly expanding field that merges cancer and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is an omnipresent side effect of cancer therapy; in fact, it is the second leading cause of death in cancer survivors after recurrent cancer. It has been well documented that many cancer chemotherapeutic agents cause cardiovascular toxicity. Nonetheless, the underlying cause of cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular toxicity is largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the potential role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as an underlying contributor to cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular toxicity. With an increasing number of cancer patients, as well as extended life expectancy, understanding the mechanisms underlying cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular disease is of the utmost importance to ensure that cancer is the only disease burden that cancer survivors have to endure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Klee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cameron G. McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Patricia Martinez-Quinones
- Departments of Physiology and Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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12
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Zhou H, Sauvat A, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Durand S, Forveille S, Iribarren K, Yamazaki T, Souquere S, Bezu L, Müller K, Leduc M, Liu P, Zhao L, Marabelle A, Zitvogel L, Rekdal Ø, Kepp O, Kroemer G. The oncolytic compound LTX-401 targets the Golgi apparatus. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:2031-2041. [PMID: 27588704 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
LTX-401 is an oncolytic amino acid derivative with potential immunogenic properties. Here, we demonstrate that LTX-401 selectively destroys the structure of the Golgi apparatus, as determined by means of ultrastructural analyses and fluorescence microscopic observation of cells expressing Golgi-targeted GFP reporters. Subcellular fractionation followed by mass spectrometric detection revealed that LTX-401 selectively enriched in the Golgi rather than in mitochondria or in the cytosol. The Golgi-dissociating agent Brefeldin A (BFA) reduced cell killing by LTX-401 as it partially inhibited LTX-401-induced mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and the activation of BAX. The cytotoxic effect of LTX-401 was attenuated by the double knockout of BAX and BAK, as well as the mitophagy-enforced depletion of mitochondria, yet was refractory to caspase inhibition. LTX-401 induced all major hallmarks of immunogenic cell death detectable with biosensor cell lines including calreticulin exposure, ATP release, HMGB1 exodus and a type-1 interferon response. Moreover, LTX-401-treated tumors manifested a strong lymphoid infiltration. Altogether these results support the contention that LTX-401 can stimulate immunogenic cell death through a pathway in which Golgi-localized LTX-401 operates upstream of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Lígia C Gomes-da-Silva
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Sylvère Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Sabrina Forveille
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Kristina Iribarren
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France.,Department of Immuno-Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif 94805, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France CNRS, UMR9196, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Kevin Müller
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Marion Leduc
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Peng Liu
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- University of Paris Sud XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France.,Department of Immuno-Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif 94805, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma AS, Oslo 0349, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris 75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
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