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Pérez T, Romero-Bascones A, Pirhadi N, Coya R, Fernández-Rueda MDP, Márquez I, García-Flórez L, Borrell YJ. Insights on the Evolutionary History and Genetic Patterns of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 in the Northeastern Atlantic Using Mitochondrial DNA. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2708. [PMID: 37684972 PMCID: PMC10486628 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris is one of the most harvested octopus species in the world. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are several small-scale fisheries that have a long-term tradition of harvesting octopus. The Asturias fleet (in Northern Spain) has an internationally recognized MSC label for its exploitation. Of concern, genetic assessments of exploited stocks are currently scarce, which could prevent the implementation of adequate managing strategies. We use two mitochondrial regions (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and control region) to analyze the genetic status and evolutionary events that conditioned octopus populations' characteristics in the Northeastern Atlantic. A total of 90 individuals were sampled from three different localities in the Iberian Peninsula as well as a location in Macaronesia. Temporal genetic analyses on Asturias and Algarve populations were also performed. Results indicated the absence of fine spatial genetic structuring but showed the Canary Islands (in Macaronesia) as the most distinct population. Our analyses detected two distinct clades, already described in the literature, but, for the first time, we confirmed the presence of the α-southern haplogroup in the Northern Iberian Peninsula. This result indicates a more continuous cline for the distribution of these two haplogroups than previously reported. Temporal changes in the distribution of both haplogroups in contact zones were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Pérez
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (Y.J.B.)
| | - Andrea Romero-Bascones
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (Y.J.B.)
| | - Negin Pirhadi
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (Y.J.B.)
| | - Ruth Coya
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (Y.J.B.)
| | - María del Pino Fernández-Rueda
- CEP Fisheries Experimentation Centre, Directorate General of Maritime Fisheries (DGPM), Regional Ministry of Rural Development and Natural Resources from the Principality of Asturias, 33212 Gijón, Spain; (M.d.P.F.-R.); (L.G.-F.)
| | | | - Lucía García-Flórez
- CEP Fisheries Experimentation Centre, Directorate General of Maritime Fisheries (DGPM), Regional Ministry of Rural Development and Natural Resources from the Principality of Asturias, 33212 Gijón, Spain; (M.d.P.F.-R.); (L.G.-F.)
| | - Yaisel J. Borrell
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (Y.J.B.)
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Genetic monitoring on the world's first MSC eco-labeled common octopus (O. vulgaris) fishery in western Asturias, Spain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2730. [PMID: 36792695 PMCID: PMC9932175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) is a cephalopod species with great economic value. In western Asturias (northwest of Spain), O. vulgaris artisanal fisheries are relatively well monitored and conditionally eco-labeled by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Despite this, the Asturian octopus stocks have not been genetically assessed so far. In order to improve the current fishery plan and contrast the octopus eco-label validity in Asturias, 539 individuals from five regions of the O. vulgaris geographic distribution, including temporal samplings in Asturias, were collected and genotyped at thirteen microsatellite loci. All the samples under analysis were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Spatial levels of genetic differentiation were estimated using F-statistics, multidimensional scaling, and Bayesian analyses. Results suggested that the O. vulgaris consists of at least four genetically different stocks coming from two ancestral lineages. In addition, temporal analyses showed stability in terms of genetic variation and high NE (> 50) for several generations in different localities within Asturias, pointing out to indeed sustainable fishery exploitation levels. Even though, the current Asturias fishery plan shows no significant genetic damages to the stocks, the regional-specific management plans need systematic genetic monitoring schemes as part of an efficient and preventive regional fishery regulation strategy.
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Amodio P, Josef N, Shashar N, Fiorito G. Bipedal locomotion in Octopus vulgaris: A complementary observation and some preliminary considerations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3679-3684. [PMID: 33976767 PMCID: PMC8093653 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacking an external shell and a rigid endoskeleton, octopuses exhibit a remarkable flexibility in their movements. Bipedal locomotion is perhaps the most iconic example in this regard. Until recently, this peculiar mode of locomotion had been observed only in two species of tropical octopuses: Amphioctopus marginatus and Abdopus aculeatus. Yet, recent evidence indicates that bipedal walking is also part of the behavioral repertoire of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. Here we report a further observation of a defense behavior that encompasses both postural and locomotory elements of bipedal locomotion in this cephalopod. By highlighting differences and similarities with the other recently published report, we provide preliminary considerations with regard to bipedal locomotion in the common octopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Amodio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine OrganismsStazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNapoliItaly
| | - Noam Josef
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion UniversityEilatIsrael
| | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion UniversityEilatIsrael
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine OrganismsStazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNapoliItaly
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Carducci F, Biscotti MA, Trucchi E, Giuliani ME, Gorbi S, Coluccelli A, Barucca M, Canapa A. Omics approaches for conservation biology research on the bivalve Chamelea gallina. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19177. [PMID: 33154500 PMCID: PMC7645701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The striped venus (Chamelea gallina) is an important economic resource in the Mediterranean Basin; this species has exhibited a strong quantitative decline in the Adriatic Sea. The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive view of the biological status of C. gallina to elucidate the bioecological characteristics and genetic diversity of wild populations. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation is the first to perform a multidisciplinary study on C. gallina based on two omics approaches integrated with histological, ecotoxicological, and chemical analyses and with the assessment of environmental parameters. The results obtained through RNA sequencing indicated that the striped venus has a notable ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. Moreover, the stock reduction exhibited by this species in the last 2 decades seems not to have negatively affected its genetic diversity. Indeed, the high level of genetic diversity that emerged from our ddRAD dataset analyses is ascribable to the high larval dispersal rate, which might have played a “compensatory role” on local fluctuations, conferring to this species a good adaptive potential to face the environmental perturbations. These findings may facilitate the efforts of conservation biologists to adopt ad hoc management plans for this fishery resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Carducci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Biscotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Coluccelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Barucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adriana Canapa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Quinteiro J, Rodríguez-Castro J, Rey-Méndez M, González-Henríquez N. Phylogeography of the insular populations of common octopus, Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, in the Atlantic Macaronesia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230294. [PMID: 32191765 PMCID: PMC7082011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploited, understudied populations of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, occur in the northeastern Atlantic (NEA) throughout Macaronesia, comprising the Azores, Madeira and Canaries, and also the Cabo Verde archipelago. This octopus species, found from the intertidal to shallow continental-shelf waters, is largely sedentary, and the subject of intense, frequently unregulated fishing effort. We infer connectivity among insular populations of this octopus. Mitochondrial control region and COX1 sequence datasets reveal two highly divergent haplogroups (α and β) at similar frequencies, with opposing clinal distributions along the sampled latitudinal range. Haplogroups have different demographic and phylogeographic patterns, with origins related to the two last glacial maxima. FST values suggest a significant differentiation for most pairwise comparisons, including insular and continental samples, from the Galicia and Morocco coasts, with the exception of pairwise comparisons for samples from Madeira and the Canaries populations. Results indicate the existence of genetically differentiated octopus populations throughout the NEA. This emphasizes the importance of regulations by autonomous regional governments of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries, for appropriate management of insular octopus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quinteiro
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Castro
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey-Méndez
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Nieves González-Henríquez
- BIOMOL Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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6
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Genetic diversity and population structure of the threatened chocolate mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis McClelland 1839) based on SSR markers: implications for conservation management in Northeast India. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5237-5249. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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The survey and reference assisted assembly of the Octopus vulgaris genome. Sci Data 2019; 6:13. [PMID: 30931949 PMCID: PMC6472339 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, is an active marine predator known for the richness and plasticity of its behavioral repertoire, and remarkable learning and memory capabilities. Octopus and other coleoid cephalopods, cuttlefish and squid, possess the largest nervous system among invertebrates, both for cell counts and body to brain size. O. vulgaris has been at the center of a long-tradition of research into diverse aspects of its biology. To leverage research in this iconic species, we generated 270 Gb of genomic sequencing data, complementing those available for the only other sequenced congeneric octopus, Octopus bimaculoides. We show that both genomes are similar in size, but display different levels of heterozygosity and repeats. Our data give a first quantitative glimpse into the rate of coding and non-coding regions and support the view that hundreds of novel genes may have arisen independently despite the close phylogenetic distance. We furthermore describe a reference-guided assembly and an open genomic resource (CephRes-gdatabase), opening new avenues in the study of genomic novelties in cephalopods and their biology. Design Type(s) | species comparison design • sequence analysis objective • sequence assembly objective | Measurement Type(s) | whole genome sequencing assay | Technology Type(s) | DNA sequencing | Factor Type(s) | Sample Characteristic(s) | Octopus vulgaris • testis • ocean biome |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
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Arechavala-Lopez P, Capó X, Oliver-Codorniú M, Sillero-Rios J, Busquets-Cortés C, Sanchez-Jerez P, Sureda A. Fatty acids and elemental composition as biomarkers of Octopus vulgaris populations: Does origin matter? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:299-310. [PMID: 30686431 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the novel use of fatty acids (FAs) and element profiles of Octopus vulgaris inhabiting three coastal areas in the W-Mediterranean Sea. These populations are exposed to different anthropogenic activities, and were compared at different geographical scales. The FA composition in the mantle of O. vulgaris exhibited significant differences in 22:6 n-3 (DHA) and 22:5 n-3 (EPA) among the sampled populations. The essential microelements Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni, and the non-essential microelements As, Sr, Al and Cd were the main contributors of variability among sampled octopus populations, with some notable differences among tissues. The variations in the FAs and elemental composition in octopus tissues were detected with other populations throughout the species distribution range, which might reflect differences in natural habitats and foraging strategies. Therefore, these may be considered biomarkers as a proxy to distinguish the origin of octopus specimens at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arechavala-Lopez
- Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - X Capó
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M Oliver-Codorniú
- Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - J Sillero-Rios
- Fish Ecology Group, Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute of Advance Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - C Busquets-Cortés
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - P Sanchez-Jerez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - A Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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9
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Verrez-Bagnis V, Sotelo CG, Mendes R, Silva H, Kappel K, Schröder U. Methods for Seafood Authenticity Testing in Europe. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hupało K, Teixeira MAL, Rewicz T, Sezgin M, Iannilli V, Karaman GS, Grabowski M, Costa FO. Persistence of phylogeographic footprints helps to understand cryptic diversity detected in two marine amphipods widespread in the Mediterranean basin. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 132:53-66. [PMID: 30476552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphipods of the genus Gammarus are a vital component of macrozoobenthic communities in European inland and coastal, marine and brackish waters of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Exceptional levels of cryptic diversity have been revealed for several widespread freshwater Gammarus species in Europe. No comprehensive assessment has yet been made for brackishwater counterparts, such as Gammarus aequicauda and G. insensibilis, which are among the most widely dispersed members of the so-called "G. locusta group" in the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. Here we probe the diversity of these morphospecies examining the partitioning of mtDNA and nDNA across multiple populations along their distribution range and discuss it within the regional paleogeographic framework. We gathered molecular data from a collection of 166 individuals of G. aequicauda and G. insensibilis from 47 locations along their distribution range in the Mediterranean including the Black Sea. They were amplified for both mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA as well as the nuclear 28S rRNA. All five MOTU delimitation methods (ABGD, BIN, bPTP, GMYC single and multiple threshold models) applied revealed deep divergence between Black Sea and Mediterranean populations in both G. aequicauda and G. insensibilis. There were eight distinct MOTUs delimited for G. aequicauda (6-18% K2P) and 4 MOTUs for G. insensibilis (4-14% K2P). No sympatric MOTUs were detected throughout their distribution range. Multimarker time-calibrated phylogeny indicated that divergence of both G. aequicauda and G. insensibilis species complexes started already in the late Oligocene/early Miocene with the split between clades inhabiting eastern and western part of the Mediterranean occurring in both species at the similar time. Our results indicate a high cryptic diversity within Mediterranean brackishwater Gammarus, similar to that observed for freshwater counterparts. Moreover, the phylogenetic history combined with the current geographic distribution indicate that the evolution of both studied Gammarus morphogroups has been strongly connected with the geological events in the Mediterranean Basin and it reflect the turbulent history of the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hupało
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - M A L Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Portugal
| | - T Rewicz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - M Sezgin
- Sinop University Fisheries Faculty, Marine Biology and Ecology Department, Sinop, Turkey
| | - V Iannilli
- ENEA C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - G S Karaman
- Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Riste Stijovica Podgorica Črna Gora, Montenegro
| | - M Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - F O Costa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Portugal
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Tedesco P, Gestal C, Begić K, Mladineo I, Castellanos-Martínez S, Catanese G, Terlizzi A, Fiorito G. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Aggregata spp. Frenzel 1885 (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) in Octopus vulgaris Cuvier 1797 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from Central Mediterranean. Protist 2017; 168:636-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Taboada S, Pérez-Portela R. Contrasted phylogeographic patterns on mitochondrial DNA of shallow and deep brittle stars across the Atlantic-Mediterranean area. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32425. [PMID: 27585743 PMCID: PMC5009426 DOI: 10.1038/srep32425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on Ophiothrix in European waters demonstrated the existence of two distinct species, Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiothrix sp. II. Using phylogenetic and species delimitation techniques based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase I and 16S rRNA) we prove the existence of a new congeneric species (Ophiothrix sp. III), occurring in the deep Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the Alboran Sea. We compared phylogeographic patterns of these three Ophiothrix species to test whether closely related species are differentially affected by past demographic events and current oceanographic barriers. We used 432 sequences (137 of O. fragilis, 215 of Ophiothrix sp. II, and 80 of Ophiothrix sp. III) of the 16S rRNA from 23 Atlantic-Mediterranean locations for the analyses. We observed different geographic and bathymetric distributions, and contrasted phylogeography among species. Ophiothrix fragilis appeared genetically isolated between the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins, attributed to past vicariance during Pleistocene glaciations and a secondary contact associated to demographic expansion. This contrasts with the panmixia observed in Ophiothrix sp. II across the Atlantic-Mediterranean area. Results were not conclusive for Ophiothrix sp. III due to the lack of a more complete sampling within the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Taboada
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, CSIC, Accés a la cala St. Francesc, 14, 17300, Blanes, Spain
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