1
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Collard R, Majtan T. Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation of Cellular Proteostasis Leads to Partial Functional Rescue of Homocystinuria-Causing Cystathionine-Beta Synthase Variants. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:664-674. [PMID: 38051092 PMCID: PMC10761163 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2284147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocystinuria (HCU), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by lack of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) activity, is chiefly caused by misfolding of single amino acid residue missense pathogenic variants. Previous studies showed that chemical, pharmacological chaperones or proteasome inhibitors could rescue function of multiple pathogenic CBS variants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using Chinese hamster DON fibroblasts devoid of CBS and stably overexpressing human WT or mutant CBS, we showed that expression of pathogenic CBS variant mostly dysregulates gene expression of small heat shock proteins HSPB3 and HSPB8 and members of HSP40 family. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor BiP was found upregulated with CBS I278T variant associated with proteasomes suggesting proteotoxic stress and degradation of misfolded CBS. Co-expression of the main effector HSP70 or master regulator HSF1 rescued steady-state levels of CBS I278T and R125Q variants with partial functional rescue of the latter. Pharmacological proteostasis modulators partially rescued expression and activity of CBS R125Q likely due to reduced proteotoxic stress as indicated by decreased BiP levels and promotion of refolding as indicated by induction of HSP70. In conclusion, targeted manipulation of cellular proteostasis may represent a viable therapeutic approach for the permissive pathogenic CBS variants causing HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Collard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Kaur B, Sharma PK, Chatterjee B, Bissa B, Nattarayan V, Ramasamy S, Bhat A, Lal M, Samaddar S, Banerjee S, Roy SS. Defective quality control autophagy in Hyperhomocysteinemia promotes ER stress and consequent neuronal apoptosis through proteotoxicity. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:258. [PMID: 37749555 PMCID: PMC10518934 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy), produced physiologically in all cells, is an intermediate metabolite of methionine and cysteine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) resulting from an in-born error of metabolism that leads to accumulation of high levels of Hcy, is associated with vascular damage, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Using a HHcy model in neuronal cells, primary cortical neurons and transgenic zebrafish, we demonstrate diminished autophagy and Hcy-induced neurotoxicity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, fragmentation and apoptosis. We find this mitochondrial dysfunction is due to Hcy-induced proteotoxicity leading to ER stress. We show this sustained proteotoxicity originates from the perturbation of upstream autophagic pathways through an aberrant activation of mTOR and that protetoxic stress act as a feedforward cues to aggravate a sustained ER stress that culminate to mitochondrial apoptosis in HHcy model systems. Using chemical chaperones to mitigate sustained ER stress, Hcy-induced proteotoxicity and consequent neurotoxicity were rescued. We also rescue neuronal lethality by activation of autophagy and thereby reducing proteotoxicity and ER stress. Our findings pave the way to devise new strategies for the treatment of neural and cognitive pathologies reported in HHcy, by either activation of upstream autophagy or by suppression of downstream ER stress. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavneet Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Barun Chatterjee
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bhawana Bissa
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vasugi Nattarayan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Soundhar Ramasamy
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajay Bhat
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Megha Lal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | | | | | - Soumya Sinha Roy
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110020, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Beesabathuni NS, Park S, Shah PS. Quantitative and temporal measurement of dynamic autophagy rates. Autophagy 2023; 19:1164-1183. [PMID: 36026492 PMCID: PMC10012960 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2117515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a multistep degradative process that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is often dysregulated during disease. Systematically quantifying flux through this pathway is critical for gaining fundamental insights and effectively modulating this process. Established methods to quantify flux use steady-state measurements, which provide limited information about the perturbation and the cellular response. We present a theoretical and experimental framework to measure autophagic steps in the form of rates under non-steady-state conditions. We use this approach to measure temporal responses to rapamycin and wortmannin treatments, two commonly used autophagy modulators. We quantified changes in autophagy rates in as little as 10 min, which can establish direct mechanisms for autophagy perturbation before feedback begins. We identified concentration-dependent effects of rapamycin on the initial and temporal progression of autophagy rates. We also found variable recovery time from wortmannin's inhibition of autophagy, which is further accelerated by rapamycin. Furthermore, we applied this approach to study the effect of serum and glutamine starvation on autophagy. Serum starvation led to a rapid and transient increase in all the rates. Glutamine starvation led to a decrease in the rates on a longer timescale. In summary, this new approach enables the quantification of autophagy flux with high sensitivity and temporal resolution and facilitates a comprehensive understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
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4
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Capatina N, Burton GJ, Yung HW. Elevated homocysteine activates unfolded protein responses and causes aberrant trophoblast differentiation and mouse blastocyst development. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15467. [PMID: 36117391 PMCID: PMC9483615 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia may arise from folate/vitamin B12 deficiency, genetic polymorphisms, kidney disease, or hypothyroidism. It is associated with an increased risk of early pregnancy loss and placenta-related complications of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. While the majority of studies of hyperhomocysteinemia focus on epigenetic changes secondary to metabolic disruption, the effects of homocysteine toxicity on placental development remain unexplored. Here, we investigated the influence of hyperhomocysteinemia on early blastocyst development and trophoblast differentiation. Exposure of cultured blastocysts to high homocysteine levels reduces cell number in the trophectoderm layer, most likely through increased apoptosis. Homocysteine also promotes differentiation of a trophoblast stem cell line. Both effects diminish the stem cell pool, and are mediated in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPRER )-dependent manner. Targeted alleviation of UPRER may therefore provide a new therapeutic intervention to improve pregnancy outcome in women with hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Capatina
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Graham J. Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Hong Wa Yung
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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5
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Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes: Inextricably Linked with Autophagy Process. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7086807. [PMID: 36052160 PMCID: PMC9427242 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7086807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), physical connection sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as calcium ion transport, lipid metabolism, autophagy, ER stress, mitochondria morphology, and apoptosis. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process in which cellular contents are delivered by double-membrane vesicles, called autophagosomes, to the lysosomes for destruction and recycling. Autophagy, typically triggered by stress, eliminates damaged or redundant protein molecules and organelles to maintain regular cellular activity. Dysfunction of MAMs or autophagy is intimately associated with various diseases, including aging, cardiovascular, infections, cancer, multiple toxic agents, and some genetic disorders. Increasing evidence has shown that MAMs play a significant role in autophagy development and maturation. In our study, we concentrated on two opposing functions of MAMs in autophagy: facilitating the formation of autophagosomes and inhibiting autophagy. We recognized the link between MAMs and autophagy in the occurrence and progression of the diseases and therefore collated and summarized the existing intrinsic molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we draw attention to several crucial data and open issues in the area that may be helpful for further study.
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6
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Guéant JL, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Kosgei VJ, Coelho D. Causes and consequences of impaired methionine synthase activity in acquired and inherited disorders of vitamin B 12 metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 57:133-155. [PMID: 34608838 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-Cobalamin (Cbl) derives from dietary vitamin B12 and acts as a cofactor of methionine synthase (MS) in mammals. MS encoded by MTR catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to generate methionine and tetrahydrofolate, which fuel methionine and cytoplasmic folate cycles, respectively. Methionine is the precursor of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the universal methyl donor of transmethylation reactions. Impaired MS activity results from inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption of B12 and inborn errors of Cbl metabolism (IECM). The mechanisms at the origin of the high variability of clinical presentation of impaired MS activity are classically considered as the consequence of the disruption of the folate cycle and related synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and the decreased synthesis of endogenous methionine and SAM. For one decade, data on cellular and animal models of B12 deficiency and IECM have highlighted other key pathomechanisms, including altered interactome of MS with methionine synthase reductase, MMACHC, and MMADHC, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered cell signaling, and genomic/epigenomic dysregulations. Decreased MS activity increases catalytic protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and produces imbalanced phosphorylation/methylation of nucleocytoplasmic RNA binding proteins, including ELAVL1/HuR protein, with subsequent nuclear sequestration of mRNAs and dramatic alteration of gene expression, including SIRT1. Decreased SAM and SIRT1 activity induce ER stress through impaired SIRT1-deacetylation of HSF1 and hypomethylation/hyperacetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), which deactivate nuclear receptors and lead to impaired energy metabolism and neuroplasticity. The reversibility of these pathomechanisms by SIRT1 agonists opens promising perspectives in the treatment of IECM outcomes resistant to conventional supplementation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Guéant
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Departments of Digestive Diseases and Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Departments of Digestive Diseases and Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Viola J Kosgei
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - David Coelho
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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7
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Gil-Hernández A, Silva-Palacios A. Relevance of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria interactions in age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101193. [PMID: 33069818 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the elixir of youth remains in the darkness, medical and scientific advances have succeeded in increasing human longevity; however, the predisposition to disease and its high economic cost are raising. Different strategies (e.g., antioxidants) and signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2) have been identified to help regulate disease progression, nevertheless, there are still missing links that we need to understand. Contact sites called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) allow bi-directional communication between organelles as part of the essential functions in the cell to maintain its homeostasis. Different groups have deeply studied the role of MAM in aging; however, it's necessary to analyze their involvement in the progression of age-related diseases. In this review, we highlight the role of contact sites in these conditions, as well as the morphological and functional changes of mitochondria and ER in aging. We emphasize the intimate relationship between both organelles as a reflection of the biological processes that take place in the cell to try to regulate the deterioration characteristic of the aging process; proposing MAM as a potential target to help limit the disease progression with age.
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8
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Kožich V, Stabler S. Lessons Learned from Inherited Metabolic Disorders of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids Metabolism. J Nutr 2020; 150:2506S-2517S. [PMID: 33000152 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) requires an orchestrated interplay among several dozen enzymes and transporters, and an adequate dietary intake of methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), and B vitamins. Known human genetic disorders are due to defects in Met demethylation, homocysteine (Hcy) remethylation, or cobalamin and folate metabolism, in Hcy transsulfuration, and Cys and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) catabolism. These disorders may manifest between the newborn period and late adulthood by a combination of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, thromboembolism, megaloblastic anemia, hepatopathy, myopathy, and bone and connective tissue abnormalities. Biochemical features include metabolite deficiencies (e.g. Met, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), intermediates in 1-carbon metabolism, Cys, or glutathione) and/or their accumulation (e.g. S-adenosylhomocysteine, Hcy, H2S, or sulfite). Treatment should be started as early as possible and may include a low-protein/low-Met diet with Cys-enriched amino acid supplements, pharmacological doses of B vitamins, betaine to stimulate Hcy remethylation, the provision of N-acetylcysteine or AdoMet, or experimental approaches such as liver transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy. In several disorders, patients are exposed to long-term markedly elevated Met concentrations. Although these conditions may inform on Met toxicity, interpretation is difficult due to the presence of additional metabolic changes. Two disorders seem to exhibit Met-associated toxicity in the brain. An increased risk of demyelination in patients with Met adenosyltransferase I/III (MATI/III) deficiency due to biallelic mutations in the MATIA gene has been attributed to very high blood Met concentrations (typically >800 μmol/L) and possibly also to decreased liver AdoMet synthesis. An excessively high Met concentration in some patients with cystathionine β-synthase deficiency has been associated with encephalopathy and brain edema, and direct toxicity of Met has been postulated. In summary, studies in patients with various disorders of SAA metabolism showed complex metabolic changes with distant cellular consequences, most of which are not attributable to direct Met toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sally Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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9
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Silva-Palacios A, Zazueta C, Pedraza-Chaverri J. ER membranes associated with mitochondria: Possible therapeutic targets in heart-associated diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104758. [PMID: 32200027 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular system cell biology is tightly regulated and mitochondria play a relevant role in maintaining heart function. In recent decades, associations between such organelles and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) have been raised great interest. Formally identified as mitochondria-associated SR membranes (MAMs), these structures regulate different cellular functions, including calcium management, lipid metabolism, autophagy, oxidative stress, and management of unfolded proteins. In this review, we highlight MAMs' alterations mainly in cardiomyocytes, linked with cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac ischemia-reperfusion, heart failure, and dilated cardiomyopathy. We also describe proteins that are part of the MAMs' machinery, as the FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1), the sigma 1 receptor (Sig-1R) and others, which might be new molecular targets to preserve the function and structure of the heart in such diseases. Understanding the machinery of MAMs and its function demands our attention, as such knowledge might contribute to strengthen the role of these relative novel structures in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Silva-Palacios
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology-Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology-Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior S/N, C. U., 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Reddy VS, Trinath J, Reddy GB. Implication of homocysteine in protein quality control processes. Biochimie 2019; 165:19-31. [PMID: 31269461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a key metabolite generated during methionine metabolism. The elevated levels of Hcy in the blood are reffered to as hyperhomocystenimeia (HHcy). The HHcy is caused by impaired metabolism/deficiency of either folate or B12 or defects in Hcy metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests that HHcy is associated with cardiovascular and brain diseases including atherosclerosis, endothelial injury, and stroke etc. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin; B12) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for two metabolic reactions. It acts as a co-factor for methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Besides, it is also vital for DNA synthesis and maturation of RBC. Deficiency of B12 is associated with haematological and neurological disorders. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced toxicity is thought to be mediated by the accumulation of Hcy and its metabolites, homocysteinylated proteins. Cellular protein quality control (PQC) is essential for the maintenance of proteome integrity, and cell viability and its failure contributes to the development of multiple diseases. Chaperones, unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and autophagy are analogous strategies of PQC that maintain cellular proteome integrity. Recently, multiple studies reported that HHcy responsible for perturbation of PQC by reducing chaperone levels, activating UPR, and impairing autophagy. Besides, HHcy also induce cytotoxicity, inflammation, protein aggregation and apoptosis. It has been shown that some of the factors including altered SIRT1-HSF1 axis and irreversible homocysteinylation of proteins are responsible for folate and/or B12 deficiency or HHcy-induced impairment of PQC. Therefore, this review highlights the current understanding of HHcy in the context of cellular PQC and their pathophysiological and clinical consequences, epigenomic changes, therapeutic implications of B12, and chemical chaperones based on cell culture and experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sudhakar Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Jamma Trinath
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS-Pilani, 500078, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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11
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García-Cazorla À, Saudubray JM. Cellular neurometabolism: a tentative to connect cell biology and metabolism in neurology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1043-1054. [PMID: 30014209 PMCID: PMC6326994 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are particularly prevalent as diseases of the nervous system and that a broader, more inclusive definition of IEM is necessary. In fact, as long as biochemistry is involved, any kind of monogenic disease can become an IEM. This new, extended definition includes new categories and mechanisms, and as a general trend will go beyond a single biochemical pathway and/or organelle, and will appear as a connection of multiple crossroads in a system biology approach.From one side, a simplified and updated classification of IEM is presented that mixes elements from the diagnostic approach with pathophysiological considerations into three large categories based on the size of molecules ("small and simple" or "large and complex") and their implication in energy metabolism. But from another side, whatever their size, metabolites involved in IEM may behave in the brain as signalling molecules, structural components and fuels, and many metabolites have more than one role. Neurometabolism is becoming more relevant, not only in relation to these new categories of diseases but also as a necessary way to explain the mechanisms of brain damage in classically defined categories of IEM. Brain metabolism, which has been largely disregarded in the traditional approach to investigating and treating neurological diseases, is a major clue and probably the next imminent "revolution" in neurology and neuroscience. Biochemistry (metabolism) and cell neurobiology need to meet. Additionally, the brain should be studied as a system (connecting different levels of complexity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels García-Cazorla
- Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Lab (Department of Neurology), Institut Pediàtric de Recerca. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Marie Saudubray
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Hopital Pitié Salpétrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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12
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Jacomin AC, Gul L, Sudhakar P, Korcsmaros T, Nezis IP. What We Learned From Big Data for Autophagy Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:92. [PMID: 30175097 PMCID: PMC6107789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cytoplasmic components are engulfed in double-membraned vesicles before being delivered to the lysosome to be degraded. Defective autophagy has been linked to a vast array of human pathologies. The molecular mechanism of the autophagic machinery is well-described and has been extensively investigated. However, understanding the global organization of the autophagy system and its integration with other cellular processes remains a challenge. To this end, various bioinformatics and network biology approaches have been developed by researchers in the last few years. Recently, large-scale multi-omics approaches (like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics) have been developed and carried out specifically focusing on autophagy, and generating multi-scale data on the related components. In this review, we outline recent applications of in silico investigations and big data analyses of the autophagy process in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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13
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Altered Redox Homeostasis in Branched-Chain Amino Acid Disorders, Organic Acidurias, and Homocystinuria. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1246069. [PMID: 29743968 PMCID: PMC5884027 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1246069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are a group of monogenic disorders characterized by dysregulation of the metabolic networks that underlie development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence points to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as major contributors to the multiorgan alterations observed in several IEMs. The accumulation of toxic metabolites in organic acidurias, respiratory chain, and fatty acid oxidation disorders inhibits mitochondrial enzymes and processes resulting in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In other IEMs, as in homocystinuria, different sources of ROS have been proposed. In patients' samples, as well as in cellular and animal models, several studies have identified significant increases in ROS levels along with decreases in antioxidant defences, correlating with oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Elevated ROS disturb redox-signaling pathways regulating biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, or cell death; however, there are few studies investigating these processes in IEMs. In this review, we describe the published data on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired redox signaling in branched-chain amino acid disorders, other organic acidurias, and homocystinuria, along with recent studies exploring the efficiency of antioxidants and mitochondria-targeted therapies as therapeutic compounds in these diseases.
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Ilacqua N, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Bachmann M, Costiniti V, Del Pozo MA, Giacomello M. Protein Localization at Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites in Basal and Stress Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:107. [PMID: 29312934 PMCID: PMC5733094 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts (MERCs) are sites at which the outer mitochondria membrane and the Endoplasmic Reticulum surface run in parallel at a constant distance. The juxtaposition between these organelles determines several intracellular processes such as to name a few, Ca2+ and lipid homeostasis or autophagy. These specific tasks can be exploited thanks to the enrichment (or re-localization) of dedicated proteins at these interfaces. Recent proteomic studies highlight the tissue specific composition of MERCs, but the overall mechanisms that control MERCs plasticity remains unclear. Understanding how proteins are targeted at these sites seems pivotal to clarify such contextual function of MERCs. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on protein localization at MERCs and the possible contribution of the mislocalization of MERCs components to human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Ilacqua
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 may protect against kainic acid-induced damage to hippocampal neurons: Dependence on the degree of injury. Epilepsy Res 2017; 137:84-94. [PMID: 28963903 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) provokes changes, which lead to neuronal alterations. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) can affect the neuronal survival during excitotoxicity and brain damage. Using a kainic acid (KA)-induced experimental SE model, we investigated whether cellular changes entail damage to endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and nuclei in hippocampal cells (CA1 field), and whether these alterations can be diminished by treatment with URB597, an inhibitor of eCB enzymatic degradation. MATERIAL AND METHODS SE was induced in Wistar rats by the microinjection of KA into the lateral ventricle. URB597 or a vehicle (10% DMSO) were injected in the same way into the brain of animals 24h after the KA infusion and then daily for the next nine days. The behavior of animals was controlled visually and recorded with a video system. The intensity of SE significantly varied in different animals. Convulsive (stages 3-5 according to the Racine scale) and nonconvulsive seizures (mainly stages 1, 2 and rarely 3, 4) were recognized. RESULTS Two weeks after SE, a significant loss of hippocampal cells occurred in animals with KA injections. In survived cells, ultrastructural alterations in ER, mitochondria, and nuclei of hippocampal neurons were observed. The degree of cell injury depended on the severity of SE. Alterations evoked by moderate seizures were prevented or diminished by URB597, but strong seizures induced mostly irreversible damage. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial impact of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 can give impetus to the development of novel neuroprotective strategies.
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16
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Gallego-Villar L, Hannibal L, Häberle J, Thöny B, Ben-Omran T, Nasrallah GK, Dewik AN, Kruger WD, Blom HJ. Cysteamine revisited: repair of arginine to cysteine mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:555-567. [PMID: 28643139 PMCID: PMC5740875 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteamine is a small aminothiol endogenously derived from coenzyme A degradation. For some decades, synthetic cysteamine has been employed for the treatment of cystinosis, and new uses of the drug continue to emerge. In this review, we discuss the role of cysteamine in cellular and extracellular homeostasis and focus on the potential use of aminothiols to reconstitute the function of proteins harboring arginine (Arg) to cysteine (Cys) mutations, via repair of the Cys residue into a moiety that introduces an amino group, as seen in basic amino acid residues Lys and Arg. Cysteamine has been utilized in vitro and ex vivo in four different genetic disorders, and thus provides "proof of principle" that aminothiols can modify Cys residues. Other aminothiols such as mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) with closer structural resemblance to the guanidinium moiety of Arg are under examination for their predicted enhanced capacity to reconstitute loss of function. Although the use of aminothiols holds clinical potential, more studies are required to refine specificity and treatment design. The efficacy of aminothiols to target proteins may vary substantially depending on their specific extracellular and intracellular locations. Redox potential, pH, and specific aminothiol abundance in each physiological compartment are expected to influence the reactivity and turnover of cysteamine and analogous drugs. Upcoming research will require the use of suitable cell and animal models featuring Arg to Cys mutations. Since, in general, Arg to Cys changes comprise about 8% of missense mutations, repair of this specific mutation may provide promising avenues for many genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallego-Villar
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Häberle
- University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Thöny
- University Children's Hospital and Children's Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - G K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Al-N Dewik
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - W D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H J Blom
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Richard E, Brasil S, Leal F, Navarrete R, Vega A, Ecay MJ, Desviat LR, Pérez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Merinero B, Pérez B. Isolated and Combined Remethylation Disorders. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409816685732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Richard
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Brasil
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Leal
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Navarrete
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vega
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Ecay
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes R. Desviat
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Pérez-Cerda
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Merinero
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Sun GZ, Gao FF, Zhao ZM, Sun H, Xu W, Wu LW, He YC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the penumbra aggravates secondary damage in rats with traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1260-6. [PMID: 27651773 PMCID: PMC5020824 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways such as the membrane-mediated, mitochondrial, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Few studies have examined the endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis pathway in the penumbra after traumatic brain injury, and it remains unclear whether endoplasmic reticulum stress can activate the caspase-12-dependent apoptotic pathway in the traumatic penumbra. Here, we established rat models of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury and found that protein expression of caspase-12, caspase-3 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein increased in the traumatic penumbra 6 hours after injury and peaked at 24 hours. Furthermore, numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells in the traumatic penumbra also reached peak levels 24 hours after injury. These findings suggest that caspase-12-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-related apoptosis is activated in the traumatic penumbra, and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-zhu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Correspondence to: Guo-zhu Sun,
| | - Fen-fei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zong-mao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hai Sun
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong-chang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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