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Gomes B, Brant FGC, Pereira-Pinto CJ, Welbert JP, Costa JPS, Yingling AV, Hurwitz I, David MR, Genta FA. The impact of yeast-encapsulated orange oil in Aedes aegypti oviposition. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301816. [PMID: 38743802 PMCID: PMC11093346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The yeast-encapsulated orange oil (YEOO) is a novel larvicide under development against vector mosquitoes. Despite its efficiency against Aedes aegypti (L.) in small scale experiments, its applicability in vector control can be influenced by other effects on mosquito behaviour or physiology. For this reason, the impact of YEOO particles in mosquito oviposition was evaluated in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Oviposition assays with one gravid Aedes aegypti female were carried under laboratory and semi-field conditions with natural light and temperature fluctuation. For all ovitraps, the number of eggs was manually counted in the wooden paddle and in the solution of each ovitrap. The proportion of eggs between substrates (wooden paddle and solution) varied between conditions, with females in laboratory presenting a lower preference to lay eggs in paddles when compared with studies in semi-field. This behaviour shifts in laboratory can create challenges to extrapolate results from laboratory to the field. Here, studies in both conditions indicate a similar impact of YEOO particles in Aedes aegypti oviposition. The potential treatment concentration of YEOO particles presents a strong repellent/deterrent effect (-0.559 > OAI > -0.760) within the initial 72h of application when compared with water, and weak repellent/deterrent signal (OAI = -0.220) when compared against inactivated yeast. Control ovitraps with water were more positive for egg presence than treated ovitraps, while ovitraps with YEOO particles and inactivated yeast present similar number of positive ovitraps. It is possible that the repellent/deterrent action is partially driven by the delivery system, since most times Citrus sinensis EO oviposition repellent/deterrent signal is weak, and it seem influenced by solvent/delivery used. However, it is unclear how the yeast wall that protect/surrounds the orange oil will negatively affect oviposition since live yeast are normally consider an attractant for mosquito oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Endemias Rurais (INERU-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiane G. Caldeira Brant
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila J. Pereira-Pinto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Welbert
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jean P. S. Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Endemias Rurais (INERU-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra V. Yingling
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Mariana R. David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Endemias Rurais (INERU-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia Em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhao WJ, Li Y, Jiao ZL, Su PP, Yang LB, Sun CQ, Xiu JF, Shang XL, Guo G. Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:157-172. [PMID: 38160324 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Long Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao-Qin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Burgess ER, Sanscrainte ND, Taylor CE, Buss LJ, Estep AS. Expression, activity, and consequences of biochemical inhibition of α- and β-glucosidases in different life stages of Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286609. [PMID: 37643188 PMCID: PMC10464971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes have a wide range of digestive enzymes that enable them to utilize requisite blood and sugar meals for survival and reproduction. Sugar meals, typically derived from plant sources, are critical to maintain energy in both male and female mosquitoes, whereas blood meals are taken only by females to complete oogenesis. Enzymes involved in sugar digestion have been the subject of study for decades but have been limited to a relatively narrow range of mosquito species. The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is of public health importance and seldom considered in these types of studies outside of topics related to Bacillus sphaericus, a biocontrol agent that requires interaction with a specific gut-associated α-glucosidase. Here we sought to describe the nature of α-glucosidases and unexplored β-glucosidases that may aid Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae in acquiring nutrients from cellulosic sources in their aquatic habitats. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found both α- and β-glucosidase activity in larvae. Interestingly, β-glucosidase activity all but disappeared at the pupal stage and remained low in adults, while α-glucosidase activity remained in the pupal stage and then exceeded larval activity by approximately 1.5-fold. The expression patterns of the putative α- and β-glucosidase genes chosen did not consistently align with observed enzyme activities. When the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose was administered to adults, mortality was seen especially in males but also in females after two days of exposure and key energetic storage molecules, glycogen and lipids, were significantly lower than controls. In contrast, administering the β-glucosidase inhibitor conduritol β-epoxide to larvae did not produce mortality even at the highest soluble concentration. Here we provide insights into the importance of α- and β-glucosidases on the survival of Cx. quinquefasciatus in their three mobile life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R. Burgess
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Neil D. Sanscrainte
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Caitlin E. Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lyle J. Buss
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Alden S. Estep
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Khalil SMS, Alahmed AM, Munawar K. RNAi-mediated mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus using two delivery methods of potential field application. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106938. [PMID: 37146864 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing reports of resistance to traditional insecticides, there is a need for innovative ways for mosquito control. RNAi is a sequence-specific molecular biology technique for gene silencing through degradation of mRNA and prevention of protein translation. Some genes are essential for insect life and their silencing can lead to insect morbidity and/or mortality. Searching for lethal genes in Culex quinquefasciatus, we found dynamin, ROP, HMGR and JHAMT to be lethal targets for RNAi in initial screening through larval soaking in dsRNA solution. Two delivery methods, chitosan nanoparticles and genetically modified yeast cells, were used in this study and proved effective in inducing high larval mortality and low adult emergence. Adult emergence after chitosan nanoparticles/dsRNA treatment was 12.67% ± 1.76 (HMGR), 17.33% ± 1.76 (dynamin), 18.67% ± 0.67 (ROP), and 35.33% ± 0.67 (JHAMT). Genetically modified yeast increased mortalities as adult emergence was 8.33% ± 1.67 (HMGR), 13.33% ± 3.33 (dynamin), and 10% ± 2.89 (JHAMT and ROP). Chitosan nanoparticles retained 75% of its biological activity whereas yeast cells retained >95% of their activities after 7 days of incubation in water. In conclusion, our results showed that these four genes are good targets for C. quinquefasciatus control using RNAi packaged in either chitosan nanoparticles or genetically modified yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M S Khalil
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Azzam M Alahmed
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Munawar
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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MosChito rafts as effective and eco-friendly tool for the delivery of a Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticide to Aedes albopictus larvae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3041. [PMID: 36810640 PMCID: PMC9944263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mosquito females, through their bites, are responsible for the transmission of different zoonotic pathogens. Although adult control represents a pillar for the prevention of disease spread, larval control is also crucial. Herein we characterized the effectiveness of a suitable tool, named "MosChito raft", for the aquatic delivery of a Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) formulate, a bioinsecticide active by ingestion against mosquito larvae. MosChito raft is a floating tool composed by chitosan cross-linked with genipin in which a Bti-based formulate and an attractant have been included. MosChito rafts (i) resulted attractive for the larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, (ii) induced larval mortality within a few hours of exposure and, more importantly, (iii) protected the Bti-based formulate, whose insecticidal activity was maintained for more than one month in comparison to the few days residual activity of the commercial product. The delivery method was effective in both laboratory and semi-field conditions, demonstrating that MosChito rafts may represent an original, eco-based and user-friendly solution for larval control in domestic and peri-domestic aquatic habitats such as saucers and artificial containers in residential or urban environments.
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Defining the mechanisms of action and mosquito larva midgut response to a yeast-encapsulated orange oil larvicide. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:183. [PMID: 35643588 PMCID: PMC9148471 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast-encapsulated orange oil (YEOO) is a novel, ingestible larvicide that combines the benefits of a low-cost essential oil with yeast, an attractive food source for mosquito larvae. In this work, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of action associated with YEOO ingestion by Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae (L3) were treated with sublethal or lethal concentrations of YEOO. Genes associated with apoptosis, autophagy and innate immune responses were investigated by RT-qPCR in guts and carcasses dissected from treated and control larvae. Differential expression of cytochrome P450 genes in the CYP6 and CYP9 families were also investigated. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess damage caused by YEOO throughout the larval alimentary canal. TUNEL was used to assess apoptosis via DNA fragmentation. RESULTS The apoptosis genes IAP1 and IAP2 in larvae displayed opposing effects following exposure to lethal doses of YEOO, with a 26-fold induction of IAP1 at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The effector caspase CASPS8 displayed a 6.7-fold induction in the gut and concomitant 70-fold induction in the carcass at 8 h post YEOO ingestion. The midgut epithelia regenerator, Vein, had an 11-fold induction in the gut after 4 h and was repressed 7.6-fold in the carcass at 24 h. Sublethal concentrations (< LC50) led to significant differential expression of CYP6 and CYP9 genes. Midgut epithelial damage was highlighted by the destruction of microvilli, vacuolization of midgut cells and damage to cell junctions and basal lamina as early as 30 min. Larval type 2 peritrophic matrix structural integrity and porosity remain unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that the robust larvicidal activity of YEOO is due to a generalized broad-acting mechanism combining epithelial damage and apoptosis, with concomitant expression of multiple innate response genes involved in epithelial regeneration and detoxification. YEOO's amenability for use as part of an integrated vector management program makes this novel larvicide a practical approach for mosquito larval control in the future.
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Ferreira TN, Barufi JB, Horta PA, Castro DP, Genta FA. Beta-1,3-glucanase inhibitors in Brazilian brown seaweed. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191402. [PMID: 34378638 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-1,3-glucanases are enzymes that hydrolyze beta-1,3-glucans, and they are essential for the metabolism of seaweed, plants and fungi. These enzymes also participate in the digestion of herbivore and fungivore animals. Because of the importance of these enzymes in insects, beta-1,3-glucanase inhibitors may be used for the development of new control strategies against agricultural pests and disease vectors. Beta-1,3-glucanase inhibitors have been described in the brown seaweed Laminaria cichorioides, but were never recorded in Brazilian seaweed species. We evaluated the presence of beta-1,3-glucanase inhibitors in samples of Padina gymnospora, Dictyota sp., Colpomenia sinuosa, and Lobophora sp., collected in Arraial d'Ajuda (Bahia). Ethanolic or buffer extracts were used in inhibition tests against the beta-1,3-glucanase of Trichoderma sp. Extracts in buffer showed no inhibition, but ethanolic extracts from all species showed different extents of inhibition. Samples from Dictyota sp. and P. gymnospora showed inhibitions above 75% (absolute ethanol) or 50% (ethanol 50%). In summary, extraction with absolute ethanol resulted in better inhibitions, and P. gymnospora showed the higher inhibitions. Brazilian seaweed may be good sources of beta-1,3-glucanase inhibitors for biochemical and physiological studies of these enzymes. Besides that, these molecules show potential for the development of new biotechnological tools for insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá N Ferreira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Pav. Leônidas Deane, sala 207, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José B Barufi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, Rua Engenheiro Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, 216, Carvoeira, 88040-535 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, Rua Engenheiro Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, 216, Carvoeira, 88040-535 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniele P Castro
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Pav. Leônidas Deane, sala 207, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco D-SS, Sala 05, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Genta
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Pav. Leônidas Deane, sala 207, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco D-SS, Sala 05, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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The Possible Role of Microorganisms in Mosquito Mass Rearing. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070645. [PMID: 34357305 PMCID: PMC8305455 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the most promising control methods against Aedes albopictus is the sterile insect technique, which consists of mass rearing the target species, separation of males from females, and male exposure to sterilizing ionizing radiation. Once released in the environment, the sterile males are expected to search for wild females to mate with. The quality of sterile males is a crucial aspect in SIT programs in order to optimize effectiveness and limit production costs. The integration of probiotic microorganisms in larval and adult mosquito diets could enhance the quality parameters of the released sterile males. Abstract In Europe, one of the most significant mosquitoes of public health importance is Aedes albopictus (Skuse), an allochthonous species of Asian origin. One of the most promising control methods against Aedes albopictus is the sterile insect technique (SIT), which consists of mass rearing the target species, separation of males from females, and male exposure to sterilizing ionizing radiation. Once released in the environment, the sterile males are expected to search for wild females to mate with. If mating occurs, no offspring is produced. The quality of sterile males is a crucial aspect in SIT programs in order to optimize effectiveness and limit production costs. The integration of probiotic microorganisms in larval and adult mosquito diets could enhance the quality parameters of the released sterile males. In this review, we attempt to give the most representative picture of the present knowledge on the relationships between gut microbiota of mosquitoes and the natural or artificial larval diet. Furthermore, the possible use of probiotic microorganisms for mosquito larvae rearing is explored. Based on the limited amount of data found in the literature, we hypothesize that a better understanding of the interaction between mosquitoes and their microbiota may bring significant improvements in mosquito mass rearing for SIT purposes.
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Gomes B, Ogélio H, Brant F, Pereira-Pinto CJ, Workman MJ, Costa M, Lima JBP, Martins AJ, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Durvasula R, Hurwitz I, David MR, Genta FA. High larvicidal efficacy of yeast-encapsulated orange oil against Aedes aegypti strains from Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:272. [PMID: 34022935 PMCID: PMC8140510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botanical substances such as essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated insecticidal properties and are a valid option for vector control. However, free EOs are unreliable as mosquito larvicides due their easy degradation by environmental exposure to ultraviolet light and higher temperatures. Here, we assessed the efficacy of a mosquito larvicide based on orange oil in a yeast-based delivery system against Aedes aegypti strains with different resistance status towards chemical neurotoxic insecticides. This larvicide preparation was physicochemically characterized in a previous report. Methods Larvae of four Ae. aegypti strains from different regions of Brazil and different resistance profiles for deltamethrin (pyrethroid) and temephos (organophosphate) were tested against yeast-encapsulated orange oil (YEOO) in laboratory conditions for measurement of LC50 and LC90 values. The same assays were performed with the Belo Horizonte strain under environmental conditions (natural light and temperature). The resistance profiles of these strains were compared to the Rockefeller reference strain in all conditions. Results YEOO was found to be a highly active larvicide (LC50 < 50 mg/L) against all Ae. aegypti strains tested in both laboratory conditions (LC50 = 8.1–24.7 mg/L) and environmental conditions with natural light and temperature fluctuation (LC50 = 20.0–49.9 mg/L). Moreover, all strains were considered susceptible (RR < 5) to YEOO, considering resistance ratios calculated based on the Rockefeller strain. The resistance ratios were only higher than 2.5 for LC90–95 of Belo Horizonte in the laboratory, probably due the higher heterogeneity associated with older egg papers (> 5 months). Conclusion YEOO demonstrates high larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti strains with resistant phenotypes for deltamethrin (PY) and temephos (OP). This larvicidal activity suggests the potential for the development of YEOO as an alternative intervention to synthetic insecticides in integrated vector management programs, for populations with resistance to commonly used insecticides. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04733-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica E Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Huarlen Ogélio
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Brant
- Laboratório de Bioquímica E Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Jesus Pereira-Pinto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica E Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael J Workman
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Monique Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia E Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia E Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia E Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia Em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mariana Rocha David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica E Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia Em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, Reis dos Santos Mallet J, Mesquita E, Silva Gôlo P, Fiorotti J, Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt V, Guedes Pontes E, da Costa Angelo I. Larvicidal activity, route of interaction and ultrastructural changes in Aedes aegypti exposed to entomopathogenic fungi. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105732. [PMID: 33188750 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blastospores or conidia (formulated or not) of entomopathogenic fungi were assessed against Aedes aegypti larvae. Larvae (L2) were exposed to 105, 106, 107, and 108 propagules mL-1 water suspension. Mineral oil at 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% (v/v) was employed to observe the effect on larval survival. The 0.1% mineral oil did not affect larval survival. Accordingly, 107 propagules mL-1 and 0.1% mineral oil were used to prepare all fungal emulsions. The fungal suspension or formulation was prepared as follows: 107 propagules mL-1 on 0.03% TweenⓇ 80 (v/v) aqueous solution or 107 propagules mL-1 on 0.03% TweenⓇ 80 plus 0.1% mineral oil; larval survival rates were evaluated for 7 days, and median survival time (S50) was also determined. The presence of fungi in larvae was examined both histologically and by scanning electron microscopy 24 h or 48 h after exposure. To evaluate the larval growth, larvae were exposed to 107 propagules mL-1 for 48 hours and their length measured using a digital caliper. Here, propagules had similar results in reducing the larvae survival rate and time. The treatment with Beauveria bassiana s.l. at 108 propagules mL-1 or with Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. at 108 blastopores mL-1 reduced the larval survival time to two days. M. anisopliae s.l. at 108 conidia mL-1 reduced the survival time to three days. The survival time of larvae submitted to the other treatments ranged from 6 days to over 7 days. M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana s.l. oil-in-water emulsions at 107 propagules mL-1 yielded better results than the water suspensions, the larvae survival rate was 2 days for both propagules in oil-in-water emulsion. Larvae exposed to blastospores from both isolates or M. anisopliae conidia were longer than in the other treatments. Scanning electron microscopy and histology analyzes found fungi predominantly in the gut, mouthparts, and perispiracular lobes of larvae. Formulated fungus yielded better results than the aqueous suspensions for control of mosquito larvae. Thus, for the first time, the effect of mineral oil on the fungal interaction on A. aegypti larvae was observed as well as the effect of entomopathogenic fungi in the growth of larvae, supporting the search for strategies to control this arthropod.
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11
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Fontana JD, Ferreira RL, Zuccolotto T, de Borba Dallagassa C, Wielewski LP, Chalcoski BMS, da Silva MAN, Richardi VS, Golart J, de Melo Rodovalho C. Accelerating the Morphogenetic Cycle of the Viral Vector Aedes aegypti Larvae for Faster Larvicidal Bioassays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7405421. [PMID: 32908910 PMCID: PMC7475756 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7405421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Any bioassay to test new chemically synthesized larvicides or phytolarvicides against Culicidae and more harmful mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which specifically transmit dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya viral fevers as well as Zika virus, or Anopheles gambiae, a vector for malaria and philariasis, requires thousands of well-developed larvae, preferably at the fourth instar stage. The natural morphogenetic cycle of Aedes spp., in the field or in the laboratory, may extend to 19 days at room temperature (e.g., 25°C) from the first permanent contact between viable eggs and water and the last stage of larval growth or metamorphosis into flying adults. Thus, accelerated sequential molting is desirable for swifter bioassays of larvicides. We achieved this goal in Aedes aegypti with very limited strategic and low-cost additions to food, such as coconut water, milk or its casein, yeast extract, and to a lesser extent, glycerol. The naturally rich coconut water was excellent for quickly attaining the population of instar IV larvae, the most advanced one before pupation, saving about a week, for subsequent larvicidal bioassays. Diluted milk, as another food source, allowed an even faster final ecdysis and adults are useful for mosquito taxonomical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Domingos Fontana
- Master Program on Urban and Industrial Environments, Federal University of Paraná (MAUI-UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lopes Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Zuccolotto
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Pellizzari Wielewski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maria Santano Chalcoski
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mario Antonio Navarro da Silva
- Culicidae and Chironomidae Morphology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Sobrinho Richardi
- Culicidae and Chironomidae Morphology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jonas Golart
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cynara de Melo Rodovalho
- Arthropod Vectors Control and Physiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Li J, Cao C, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Shen Y, Ni J. A Novel Digestive GH16 β-1,3(4)-Glucanase from the Fungus-Growing Termite Macrotermes barneyi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:1284-1297. [PMID: 32725373 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-glucanases are the main digestive enzymes of plant and fungal cell wall. Transcriptomic analysis of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi revealed a high expression of a predicted β-1,3(4)-glucanase (Mbbgl) transcript in termite gut. Here, we described the cDNA cloning, heterologous expression, and enzyme characterization of Mbbgl. Sequence analysis and RT-PCR results showed that Mbbgl is a termite-origin GH16 β-1,3(4)-glucanase. The recombinant enzyme showed the highest activity towards laminarin and was active optimally at 50 °C, pH 5.5. The enzyme displayed endo/exo β-1,3(4)-glucanase activities. Moreover, Mbbgl had weak transglycosylation activity. The results indicate that Mbbgl is an endogenous digestive β-1,3(4)-glucanase, which contributes to the decomposition of plant biomass and fungal hyphae. Additionally, the multiple activities, pH, and ion stabilities make Mbbgl a potential candidate for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chunjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Biotechnology Development Institute, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yutong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yulong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jinfeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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13
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Henriques BS, Garcia ES, Azambuja P, Genta FA. Determination of Chitin Content in Insects: An Alternate Method Based on Calcofluor Staining. Front Physiol 2020; 11:117. [PMID: 32132935 PMCID: PMC7040371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an aminopolysaccharide present in yeast cells and arthropod cuticle and is one of the most abundant biopolymers. The conventional methods for the quantitation of chitin content in biological samples are based on its hydrolysis (acid or enzymatic), and the assessment of the byproduct, glucosamine. However, previously described methodologies are time-consuming, laborious, low throughput, and not applicable to insect samples in many cases. Here we describe a new approach to chitin content quantitation based on calcofluor fluorescent brightener staining of samples, followed by microplate fluorescence readings. Calcofluor is a specific chitin stain commonly used for topological localization of the polymer. The protocol was tested in three important disease vector species, namely Lutzomyia longipalpis, Aedes aegypti, and Rhodnius prolixus, and then compared to a classic colorimetric chitin assessment method. Results show that chitin content in the tested insects can vary largely in a range of 8–4600 micrograms of chitin per insect, depending on species, sex, and instar. Comparisons between measurements from the previous protocol and calcofluor method showed statistically significant differences in some samples. However, the difference might be due to interference in the classic method from non-chitin sources of glucosamine and reducing agents. Furthermore, chitinase hydrolysis reduces the total chitin mass estimated between 36 and 74%, consolidating the fluorescent measurements as actual stained chitin in the same extent that was observed with the standard protocol. Therefore, the calcofluor staining method revealed to be a fast and reliable technique for chitin quantitation in homogenized insect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Santos Henriques
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloi Souza Garcia
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Workman MJ, Gomes B, Weng JL, Ista LK, Jesus CP, David MR, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Genta FA, Matthews SK, Durvasula R, Hurwitz I. Yeast-encapsulated essential oils: a new perspective as an environmentally friendly larvicide. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:19. [PMID: 31931883 PMCID: PMC6958686 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective mosquito control approaches incorporate both adult and larval stages. For the latter, physical, biological, and chemical control have been used with varying results. Successful control of larvae has been demonstrated using larvicides including insect growth regulators, e.g. the organophosphate temephos, as well as various entomopathogenic microbial species. However, a variety of health and environmental issues are associated with some of these. Laboratory trials of essential oils (EO) have established the larvicidal activity of these substances, but there are currently no commercially available EO-based larvicides. Here we report on the development of a new approach to mosquito larval control using a novel, yeast-based delivery system for EO. METHODS Food-grade orange oil (OO) was encapsulated into yeast cells following an established protocol. To prevent environmental contamination, a proprietary washing strategy was developed to remove excess EO that is adsorbed to the cell exterior during the encapsulation process. The OO-loaded yeast particles were then characterized for OO loading, and tested for efficacy against Aedes aegypti larvae. RESULTS The composition of encapsulated OO extracted from the yeast microparticles was demonstrated not to differ from that of un-encapsulated EO when analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. After lyophilization, the oil in the larvicide comprised 26-30 percentage weight (wt%), and is consistent with the 60-65% reduction in weight observed after the drying process. Quantitative bioassays carried with Liverpool and Rockefeller Ae. aegypti strains in three different laboratories presented LD50 of 5.1 (95% CI: 4.6-5.6) to 27.6 (95% CI: 26.4-28.8) mg/l, for L1 and L3/L4 mosquito larvae, respectively. LD90 ranged between 18.9 (95% CI: 16.4-21.7) mg/l (L1 larvae) to 76.7 (95% CI: 69.7-84.3) mg/l (L3/L4 larvae). CONCLUSIONS The larvicide based on OO encapsulated in yeast was shown to be highly active (LD50 < 50 mg/l) against all larval stages of Ae. aegypti. These results demonstrate its potential for incorporation in an integrated approach to larval source management of Ae. aegypti. This novel approach can enable development of affordable control strategies that may have significant impact on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Workman
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ju-Lin Weng
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linnea K Ista
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Camila P Jesus
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana R David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fernando A Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Scott K Matthews
- Department of General Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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15
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Linton SM. Review: The structure and function of cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) and hemicellulase (β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase) enzymes in invertebrates that consume materials ranging from microbes, algae to leaf litter. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110354. [PMID: 31647988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the reaction catalysed, and the structure and function of the cellulase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and the hemicellulase enzymes, β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase that are present in numerous invertebrate groups with a diverse range of feeding specialisations. These range from microbial deposit and filter feeders, micro and macrophagous algal feeders, omnivores to herbivorous leaf litter and wood feeders. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) digests cellulose like β-1,4-glucans from a range of materials. As it hydrolyses crystalline cellulose very slowly, it is a poor cellulase. Where tested, the enzyme has dual endo-β-1,4-glucanase and lichenase activity. Its presence does not necessarily indicate the ability of an animal to digest cellulose. It only indicates the ability to digest β-1,4-glucans and its function, which is discussed in this review, should be considered with reference to the substrates present in the diet. β-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16) and hydrolyses β-1.3-glucans. These polysaccharides are present in the cell walls of algae, protozoans and yeast, and they also occur as storage polysaccharides within protozoans and algae. Depending on their site of expression, these enzymes may function as a digestive enzyme or may be involved in innate immunity. Enzymes present in the digestive fluids or tissues, would be digestive. Haemolymph GH16 proteins may be involved in innate immunity through the activation of the phenol oxidase system. Insect GH16 proteins expressed within the haemolymph have lost their catalytic residues and function as β-glucan binding proteins. In contrast, crustacean GH16 proteins expressed within the same tissue, have retained the catalytic residues and thus possibly their β-1,3-glucanase activity. The potential function of which is discussed. Endo-β-1,4-mannase from glycosyl hydrolase family 5, subfamily 10 (GH5_10) hydrolyses mannan, glucomannan and galactomannan. These hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of plants and algae and also function as storage polysaccharides within legume and palm seeds. They are digestive enzymes whose high expression in some species suggests they are a major contributor to hemicellulose digestion. They may also provide the animal with substantial amounts of monosaccharides for energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Linton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC 3216, Australia.
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16
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Souza RS, Virginio F, Riback TIS, Suesdek L, Barufi JB, Genta FA. Microorganism-Based Larval Diets Affect Mosquito Development, Size and Nutritional Reserves in the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Front Physiol 2019; 10:152. [PMID: 31024326 PMCID: PMC6465640 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito larvae feed on organic detritus from the environment, particularly microorganisms comprising bacteria, protozoa, and algae as well as crustaceans, plant debris, and insect exuviae. Little attention has been paid to nutritional studies in Aedes aegypti larvae. Objectives We investigated the effects of yeast, bacteria and microalgae diets on larval development, pupation time, adult size, emergence, survivorship, lifespan, and wing morphology. Materials and Methods Microorganisms (or Tetramin® as control) were offered as the only source of food to recently hatched first instar larvae and their development was followed until the adult stage. Protein, carbohydrate, glycogen, and lipid were analyzed in single larvae to correlate energetic reserve accumulation by larva with the developmental rates and nutritional content observed. FITC-labeled microorganisms were offered to fourth instar larvae, and its ingestion was recorded by fluorescence microscopy and quantitation. Results and Discussion Immature stages developed in all diets, however, larvae fed with bacteria and microalgae showed a severe delay in development rates, pupation time, adult emergence and low survivorship. Adult males emerged earlier as expected and had longer survival than females. Diets with better nutritional quality resulted in adults with bigger wings. Asaia sp. and Escherichia coli resulted in better nutrition and developmental parameters and seemed to be the best bacterial candidates to future studies using symbiont-based control. The diet quality was measured and presented different protein and carbohydrate amounts. Bacteria had the lowest protein and carbohydrate rates, yeasts had the highest carbohydrate amount and microalgae showed the highest protein content. Larvae fed with microalgae seem not to be able to process and store these diets properly. Larvae were shown to be able to process yeast cells and store their energetic components efficiently. Conclusion Together, our results point that Ae. aegypti larvae show high plasticity to feed, being able to develop under different microorganism-based diets. The important role of Ae. aegypti in the spread of infectious diseases requires further biological studies in order to understand the vector physiology and thus to manage the larval natural breeding sites aiming a better mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Virginio
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Bonomi Barufi
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernando Ariel Genta, ;
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17
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Souza RS, Gama MDVF, Schama R, Lima JBP, Diaz-Albiter HM, Genta FA. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 Genes in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Identification of the Major Digestive β-1,3-Glucanase. Front Physiol 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30873040 PMCID: PMC6403176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect β-1,3-glucanases belong to Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 (GHF16) and are involved in digestion of detritus and plant hemicellulose. In this work, we investigated the role of GHF16 genes in Aedes aegypti larvae, due to their detritivore diet. Aedes aegypti genome has six genes belonging to GHF16 (Aae GH16.1 – Aae GH16.6), containing two to six exons. Sequence analysis suggests that five of these GHF16 sequences (Aae GH16.1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) contain the conserved catalytic residues of this family and correspond to glucanases. All genomes of Nematocera analyzed showed putative gene duplications corresponding to these sequences. Aae GH16.4 has no conserved catalytic residues and is probably a β-1,3-glucan binding protein involved in the activation of innate immune responses. Additionally, Ae. aegypti larvae contain significant β-1,3-glucanase activities in the head, gut and rest of body. These activities have optimum pH about 5–6 and molecular masses between 41 and 150 kDa. All GHF16 genes above showed different levels of expression in the larval head, gut or rest of the body. Knock-down of AeGH16.5 resulted in survival and pupation rates lower than controls (dsGFP and water treated). However, under stress conditions, severe mortalities were observed in AeGH16.1 and AeGH16.6 knocked-down larvae. Enzymatic assays of β-1,3-glucanase in AeGH16.5 silenced larvae exhibited lower activity in the gut and no change in the rest of the body. Chromatographic activity profiles from gut samples after GH16.5 silencing showed suppression of enzymatic activity, suggesting that this gene codes for the digestive larval β-1,3-glucanase of Ae. aegypti. This gene and enzyme are attractive targets for new control strategies, based on the impairment of normal gut physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Santos Souza
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maiara do Valle Faria Gama
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratory of Systems and Computational Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology and Control of Arthropod Vectors, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Romeo Aznar V, Alem I, De Majo MS, Byttebier B, Solari HG, Fischer S. Effects of scarcity and excess of larval food on life history traits of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:117-124. [PMID: 29757503 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the effects of food scarcity or excess on the life history traits of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) independently from larval density. We assessed immature survival, development time, and adult size in relation to food availability. We reared cohorts of 30 Ae. aegypti larvae from newly hatched to adult emergence with different food availability. Food conditions were kept constant by transferring larvae each day to a new food solution. Immature development was completed by some individuals in all treatments. The shortest development time, the largest adults, and the highest survival were observed at intermediate food levels. The most important effects of food scarcity were an extension in development time, a decrease in the size of adults, and a slight decrease in survival, while the most important effects of food excess were an important decrease in survival and a slight decrease in the size of adults. The variability in development time and adult size within sex and treatment increased at decreasing food availability. The results suggest that although the studied population has adapted to a wide range of food availabilities, both scarcity and excess of food have important negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Romeo Aznar
- Departamento de Física, and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iris Alem
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol De Majo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Byttebier
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Solari
- Departamento de Física, and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abrieux A, Chiu JC. Oral delivery of dsRNA by microbes: Beyond pest control. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1236163. [PMID: 28042376 PMCID: PMC5193050 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1236163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) by oral delivery of dsRNA in insects has great potential as a tool for integrated pest management (IPM), especially with respect to addressing the need to reduce off-target effect and slow down resistance development to chemical insecticides. Employing the natural association existing between insect and yeast, we developed a novel method to enable the knock down of vital genes in the pest insect Drosophila suzukii through oral delivery of species-specific dsRNA using genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisae. D. suzukii that were fed with our “yeast biopesticide” showed a significant decrease in fitness. In this perspective article, we postulate that this approach could be adapted to a large number of species, given the great diversity of symbiotic interactions involving microorganisms and host species. Furthermore, we speculate that beyond its application as biopesticide, dsRNA delivery by genetically modified microbes can also serve to facilitate reverse genetic applications, specifically in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Abrieux
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
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