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Kwong A, Zawistowski M, Fritsche LG, Zhan X, Bragg-Gresham J, Branham KE, Advani J, Othman M, Ratnapriya R, Teslovich TM, Stambolian D, Chew EY, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A. Whole genome sequencing of 4,787 individuals identifies gene-based rare variants in age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:374-385. [PMID: 37934784 PMCID: PMC10840384 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have contributed extensively to the discovery of disease-associated common variants. However, the genetic contribution to complex traits is still largely difficult to interpret. We report a genome-wide association study of 2394 cases and 2393 controls for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) via whole-genome sequencing, with 46.9 million genetic variants. Our study reveals significant single-variant association signals at four loci and independent gene-based signals in CFH, C2, C3, and NRTN. Using data from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) for a gene-based test, we demonstrate an enrichment of predicted rare loss-of-function variants in CFH, CFI, and an as-yet unreported gene in AMD, ORMDL2. Our method of using a large variant list without individual-level genotypes as an external reference provides a flexible and convenient approach to leverage the publicly available variant datasets to augment the search for rare variant associations, which can explain additional disease risk in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kwong
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Jennifer Bragg-Gresham
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC 0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC 0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 51 N. 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Application, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Building 10-CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, MSC 0610, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Acar IE, Galesloot TE, Luhmann UFO, Fauser S, Gayán J, den Hollander AI, Nogoceke E. Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies Novel Common and Low-Frequency Variants Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:24. [PMID: 37975850 PMCID: PMC10664724 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify associations of common, low-frequency, and rare variants with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Methods WGS data were obtained for 2123 advanced AMD patients (participants of clinical trials for advanced AMD) and 2704 controls (participants of clinical trials for asthma [N = 2518] and Alzheimer's disease [N = 186]), and joint genotype calling was performed, followed by quality control of the dataset. Single variant association analyses were performed for all identified common, low-frequency, and rare variants. Gene-based tests were executed for rare and low-frequency variants using SKAT-O and three groups of variants based on putative impact information: (1) all variants, (2) modifier impact variants, and (3) high- and moderate-impact variants. To ascertain independence of the identified associations from previously reported AMD and asthma loci, conditional analyses were performed. Results Previously identified AMD variants at the CFH, ARMS2/HTRA1, APOE, and C3 loci were associated with AMD at a genome-wide significance level. We identified new single variant associations for common variants near the PARK7 gene and in the long non-coding RNA AC103876.1, and for a rare variant near the TENM3 gene. In addition, gene-based association analyses identified a burden of modifier variants in eight intergenic and gene-spanning regions and of high- and moderate-impact variants in the C3, CFHR5, SLC16A8, and CFI genes. Conclusions We describe the largest WGS study in AMD to date. We confirmed previously identified associations and identified several novel associations that are worth exploring in further follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan E. Acar
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich F. O. Luhmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Gayán
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Evers CD, Chen L, Messinger JD, Killingsworth M, Freund KB, Curcio CA. HISTOLOGY, DIMENSIONS, AND FLUORESCEIN STAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF NODULAR AND CUTICULAR DRUSEN IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2023; 43:1708-1716. [PMID: 37399252 PMCID: PMC10527195 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enable in vivo analysis of drusen composition and lifecycle, the macular nodular and cuticular drusen were assessed using histology. METHODS Median and interquartile range of base widths of single (nonconfluent) nodular drusen in three sources were determined histologically: 43 eyes of 43 clinically undocumented donors, in an online resource; one eye with punctate hyperfluorescence in fluorescein angiography; and two eyes of one patient with bilateral "starry sky" cuticular drusen. All tissues were processed for high-resolution epoxy-resin histology and for cuticular drusen, transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS All drusen localized between the retinal pigment epithelium basal lamina and inner collagenous layer of the Bruch membrane. They were solid, globular, homogeneously stained with toluidine blue, and uncovered by basal laminar deposit and basal mounds. Median base widths were 13.0 µ m (Source 1, N = 128 drusen, interquartile range 7.7, 20.0 µ m), 15.3 µ m (Source 2, N = 87, interquartile range 10.6, 20.5 µ m), and 7.3 µ m (Source 3, N = 78, interquartile range 3.9, 14.1 µ m). CONCLUSION In three samples, >90% of solitary nodular drusen were <30 µ m, the visibility threshold in color fundus photography; these drusen are hyperfluorescent in fluorescein angiography. Whether these progress to soft drusen, known as high-risk from epidemiology studies and hypofluorescent, may be determinable from multimodal imaging datasets that include fluorescein angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Evers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham Alabama, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham Alabama, USA
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jeffrey D. Messinger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham Alabama, USA
| | - Murray Killingsworth
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South West Sydney Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K. Bailey Freund
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Grossman New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham Alabama, USA
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Xu F, Guo D, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Yu T, Yin X, Wu S, Liu D, Wen Y, Wu J, Bi A, Jiang W, Bi H. Association between anti-fibrillin-2 protein induced retinal degeneration via intravitreous delivery and activated TGF-β signaling in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:586-595. [PMID: 35108420 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillin-2 (FBN2) is a major component of tissue microfibrils, and the decrease of FBN2 perturbs the signaling events mediated by TGF-β, thereby playing a role in macular degeneration. However, the association between the retinal degeneration resulting from the abnormality of FBN2 and the activation of TGF-β signaling has not been fully addressed. In the present study, the mice were divided into a normal control group (NC group), a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection group (PBS group), and an anti-FBN2 protein injection group (anti-FBN2 group), and the mice in PBS and anti-FBN2 groups received the relevant treatment via the intravitreal injection once a week for three consecutive weeks. One week later after injection, the retinal morphology and visual function of the fundus were detected. Further, the expression of FBN2, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 in retina was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. As a result, fundus examination suggests that after intravitreous injection of anti-FBN2 protein, there were a large patchy yellow white degeneration region and numerous pigmentations in the retina in anti-FBN2-treated mice; by contrast, there was no apparent change in mice from the NC and PBS groups. The retina suffered markedly damage, and the thickness of whole retina and outer nuclear layer markedly thinned. The expression of FBN2 was decreased whereas the levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 were upregulated. Together, our findings indicate that the intravitreous delivery of anti-FBN2 protein could induce retina degeneration in mice, accompanied by the higher activated TGF-β. The retinal degeneration mouse model established will provide a platform for the investigation of the retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furu Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Disease, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xuewei Yin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dezheng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Ailing Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Disease, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Disease, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
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Goh KL, Chen FK, Balaratnasingam C, Abbott CJ, Hodgson LAB, Guymer RH, Wu Z. Cuticular Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Association with Progression and Impact on Visual Sensitivity. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:653-660. [PMID: 35120992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prognostic significance and impact on visual function of the cuticular drusen phenotype in a cohort with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Longitudinal observational study. PARTICIPANTS Participants aged 50 years or older, with bilateral large conventional drusen, without late AMD. METHODS Multimodal imaging (MMI) and microperimetry were performed at baseline, and then every 6 months for up to 3 years. Eyes were graded for the MMI-presence of cuticular drusen at baseline. Color fundus photographs were used to grade for the presence of pigmentary abnormalities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were used to calculate drusen volume. The association between cuticular drusen and progression to MMI-defined late AMD (including OCT signs of atrophy), as well as the impact on visual sensitivity were examined, with and without adjustment for the confounders of baseline age, pigmentary abnormalities and drusen volume. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to develop MMI-defined late AMD and change in mean visual sensitivity. RESULTS 280 eyes from 140 participants were included, with 70 eyes from 35 (25%) individuals having cuticular drusen at baseline. Cuticular drusen were not significantly associated with an increased rate of progression to late AMD, with and without adjustment for confounders (P ≥ 0.784 for both). In an adjusted model, cuticular drusen were not associated with lower baseline visual sensitivity (P = 0.758) or with a faster rate of visual sensitivity decline (P = 0.196). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort with bilateral large conventional drusen, individuals with the cuticular drusen phenotype neither had a higher, nor lower, risk of developing late AMD over 3 years, and were not associated with a difference in rate of visual sensitivity decline compared to those without this phenotype. As such, individuals with this phenotype currently warrant similar monitoring strategies to those with conventional drusen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lyn Goh
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carla J Abbott
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren A B Hodgson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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de Breuk A, Lechanteur YT, Heesterbeek TJ, Fauser S, Klaver CC, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI. Genetic Risk in Families with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100087. [PMID: 36246952 PMCID: PMC9562327 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the contribution of common and rare genetic risk variants in families with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Case-control study. Participants A family cohort (355 affected and 342 unaffected family members from 144 families with AMD) and an unrelated case-control cohort (1078 patients, 952 controls), recruited from the European Genetic Database. Methods Genetic data of both cohorts were filtered for carriership of rare genetic variants in the coding and splice-site regions of the complement factor H (CFH) and complement factor I (CFI) genes, and 52 AMD-associated variants were extracted for calculation of genetic risk scores (GRS). To compare GRSs between familial and nonfamilial rare CFH and CFI variant carriers and noncarriers and between AMD disease stages, we performed a 2-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Within families with AMD carrying rare CFH and CFI variants, we analyzed segregation patterns by calculating the proportion of affected among carriers. Main Outcome Measures GRSs and segregation of rare CFH and CFI variants. Results We observed higher GRSs in familial versus nonfamilial individuals without rare CFH and CFI variants: mean GRS, 1.76 (standard error [SE], 0.08) versus 0.83 (SE, 0.03; P < 0.001). In 51 of 144 families (35.4%), rare CFH and CFI variants were identified. Within the AMD family cohort, carriers of rare CFH and CFI variants showed lower GRSs compared with noncarriers (mean GRS, 1.05 [SE, 0.23] vs. 1.76 [SE, 0.08]; P = 0.02). The proportion of affected family members with a high GRS was 57.3% (176/307). Of the affected family members with a low or intermediate GRS, 40.0% carried rare CFH or CFI variants. Among carriers of 11 rare CFH or CFI variants, the proportion affected by AMD was more than 75%. Conclusions Genetic risk in families with AMD often is attributed to high GRSs based on common variants. However, in part of the families with a low or intermediate GRS, rare CFH and CFI variants contributed to disease development. We recommend computing GRSs and sequencing the CFH and CFI genes in families with AMD, in particular in the light of ongoing gene-specific clinical trials.
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Ratnapriya R, Acar İE, Geerlings MJ, Branham K, Kwong A, Saksens NTM, Pauper M, Corominas J, Kwicklis M, Zipprer D, Starostik MR, Othman M, Yashar B, Abecasis GR, Chew EY, Ferrington DA, Hoyng CB, Swaroop A, den Hollander AI. Family-based exome sequencing identifies rare coding variants in age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2022-2034. [PMID: 32246154 PMCID: PMC7390936 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 52 independent variants at 34 genetic loci that are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of incurable vision loss in the elderly worldwide. However, causal genes at the majority of these loci remain unknown. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing of 264 individuals from 63 multiplex families with AMD and analyzed the data for rare protein-altering variants in candidate target genes at AMD-associated loci. Rare coding variants were identified in the CFH, PUS7, RXFP2, PHF12 and TACC2 genes in three or more families. In addition, we detected rare coding variants in the C9, SPEF2 and BCAR1 genes, which were previously suggested as likely causative genes at respective AMD susceptibility loci. Identification of rare variants in the CFH and C9 genes in our study validated previous reports of rare variants in complement pathway genes in AMD. We then extended our exome-wide analysis and identified rare protein-altering variants in 13 genes outside the AMD-GWAS loci in three or more families. Two of these genes, SCN10A and KIR2DL4, are of interest because variants in these genes also showed association with AMD in case-control cohorts, albeit not at the level of genome-wide significance. Our study presents the first large-scale, exome-wide analysis of rare variants in AMD. Further independent replications and molecular investigation of candidate target genes, reported here, would assist in gaining novel insights into mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - İlhan E Acar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Alan Kwong
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole T M Saksens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Corominas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Madeline Kwicklis
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Zipprer
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Beverly Yashar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
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8
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Sodi A, Mucciolo DP, Giorgio D, Passerini I, Pacini B, Bruschi M, Verdina T, Virgili G, Giansanti F, Murro V. Clinical and molecular findings in patients with pattern dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:577-587. [PMID: 34240658 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1938140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Purposes: To study the clinical and genetic background of a series of Italian patients affected by pattern dystrophy (PD).Methods: We reviewed patients with a clinical diagnosis of PD examined at the Eye Clinic in Florence from 2012 to 2019. We took into consideration patients with a standard ophthalmological examination, personal and familial ophthalmological history, fundus imaging, and molecular genetic analysis of genes PRPH2 and BEST1. We labelled patients with BEST1 and PRPH2 mutations as m-PD group (mutated) whereas patients with no mutations in these 2 genes as nm-PD group (non-mutated).Results: Seventy-seven PD patients were assessed (average age 59.7 ± 14.2, range 31-88 years). Fifty patients were placed in the nm-PD group and 27 in the m-PD. Pathogenic BEST1 and PRPH2 mutations were detected in 7% and 22% of PD patients, respectively. In total, we reported 1 BEST1 and 8 PRPH2 novel mutations. Ten patients were characterized by drusen in the nm-PD group whereas in no patients in the m-PD group drusen were detected at the fundus.Conclusions: An important proportion of patients affected by PD showed BEST1 or PRPH2 mutations. Patients affected by drusen represent a different sub-phenotype. Genetic examination is recommended for a correct clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Pasquale Mucciolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Ophthalmology Unit, San Jacopo Hospital, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Dario Giorgio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Passerini
- Department of Genetic Diagnosis, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Bianca Pacini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Bruschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Verdina
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione G. B. Bietti, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giansanti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittoria Murro
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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9
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Identification of candidate genes and pathways in retinopathy of prematurity by whole exome sequencing of preterm infants enriched in phenotypic extremes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4966. [PMID: 33654115 PMCID: PMC7925531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disease affecting premature infants. In addition to prematurity itself and oxygen treatment, genetic factors have been suggested to predispose to ROP. We aimed to identify potentially pathogenic genes and biological pathways associated with ROP by analyzing variants from whole exome sequencing (WES) data of premature infants. As part of a multicenter ROP cohort study, 100 non-Hispanic Caucasian preterm infants enriched in phenotypic extremes were subjected to WES. Gene-based testing was done on coding nonsynonymous variants. Genes showing enrichment of qualifying variants in severe ROP compared to mild or no ROP from gene-based tests with adjustment for gestational age and birth weight were selected for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Mean BW of included infants with pre-plus, type-1 or type 2 ROP including aggressive posterior ROP (n = 58) and mild or no ROP (n = 42) were 744 g and 995 g, respectively. No single genes reached genome-wide significance that could account for a severe phenotype. GSEA identified two significantly associated pathways (smooth endoplasmic reticulum and vitamin C metabolism) after correction for multiple tests. WES of premature infants revealed potential pathways that may be important in the pathogenesis of ROP and in further genetic studies.
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10
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Clinically-identified C-terminal mutations in fibulin-3 are prone to misfolding and destabilization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2998. [PMID: 33542268 PMCID: PMC7862258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct mutations in the secreted extracellular matrix protein, fibulin-3 (F3), have been associated with a number of ocular diseases ranging from primary open angle glaucoma to cuticular age-related macular degeneration to a rare macular dystrophy, Malattia Leventinese (ML). The R345W F3 mutation that causes ML leads to F3 misfolding, inefficient secretion and accumulation at higher intracellular steady state levels in cultured cells. Herein, we determined whether fifteen other clinically-identified F3 mutations also led to similar levels of misfolding and secretion defects, which might provide insight into their potential pathogenicity. Surprisingly, we found that only a single F3 variant, L451F, presented with a significant secretion defect (69.5 ± 2.4% of wild-type (WT) F3 levels) and a corresponding increase in intracellular levels (226.8 ± 25.4% of WT F3 levels). Upon follow-up studies, when this conserved residue (L451) was mutated to a charged (Asp or Arg) or bulky (Pro, Trp, Tyr) residue, F3 secretion was also compromised, indicating the importance of small side chains (Leu, Ala, or Gly) at this residue. To uncover potential inherent F3 instability not easily observed under typical culture conditions, we genetically eliminated the sole stabilizing N-linked glycosylation site (N249) from select clinically-identified F3 mutants. This removal exacerbated R345W and L451F secretion defects (19.8 ± 3.0% and 12.4 ± 1.2% of WT F3 levels, respectively), but also revealed a previously undiscovered secretion defect in another C-terminal variant, Y397H (42.0 ± 10.1% of WT F3 levels). Yet, glycan removal did not change the relative secretion of the N-terminal mutants tested (D49A, R140W, I220F). These results highlight the uniqueness and molecular similarities between the R345W and L451F variants and also suggest that previously identified disease-associated mutations (e.g., R140W) are indistinguishable from WT with respect to secretion, hinting that they may lead to disease by an alternative mechanism.
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11
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Egea G, Jiménez-Altayó F, Campuzano V. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Genetic Diseases of the Connective Tissue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101013. [PMID: 33086603 PMCID: PMC7603119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue is known to provide structural and functional “glue” properties to other tissues. It contains cellular and molecular components that are arranged in several dynamic organizations. Connective tissue is the focus of numerous genetic and nongenetic diseases. Genetic diseases of the connective tissue are minority or rare, but no less important than the nongenetic diseases. Here we review the impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress on the onset and/or progression of diseases that directly affect connective tissue and have a genetic origin. It is important to consider that ROS and oxidative stress are not synonymous, although they are often closely linked. In a normal range, ROS have a relevant physiological role, whose levels result from a fine balance between ROS producers and ROS scavenge enzymatic systems. However, pathology arises or worsens when such balance is lost, like when ROS production is abnormally and constantly high and/or when ROS scavenge (enzymatic) systems are impaired. These concepts apply to numerous diseases, and connective tissue is no exception. We have organized this review around the two basic structural molecular components of connective tissue: The ground substance and fibers (collagen and elastic fibers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Egea
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociencies I Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-909
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Victoria Campuzano
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
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12
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Fibulin-3 knockout mice demonstrate corneal dysfunction but maintain normal retinal integrity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1639-1656. [PMID: 32964303 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibulin-3 (F3) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein found in basement membranes across the body. An autosomal dominant R345W mutation in F3 causes a macular dystrophy resembling dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), whereas genetic removal of wild-type (WT) F3 protects mice from sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposit formation. These observations suggest that F3 is a protein which can regulate pathogenic sub-RPE deposit formation in the eye. Yet the precise role of WT F3 within the eye is still largely unknown. We found that F3 is expressed throughout the mouse eye (cornea, trabecular meshwork (TM) ring, neural retina, RPE/choroid, and optic nerve). We next performed a thorough structural and functional characterization of each of these tissues in WT and homozygous (F3-/-) knockout mice. The corneal stroma in F3-/- mice progressively thins beginning at 2 months, and the development of corneal opacity and vascularization starts at 9 months, which worsens with age. However, in all other tissues (TM, neural retina, RPE, and optic nerve), gross structural anatomy and functionality were similar across WT and F3-/- mice when evaluated using SD-OCT, histological analyses, electron microscopy, scotopic electroretinogram, optokinetic response, and axonal anterograde transport. The lack of noticeable retinal abnormalities in F3-/- mice was confirmed in a human patient with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in F3. These data suggest that (i) F3 is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the cornea, (ii) absence of F3 does not affect the structure or function of any other ocular tissue in which it is expressed, and (iii) targeted silencing of F3 in the retina and/or RPE will likely be well-tolerated, serving as a safe therapeutic strategy for reducing sub-RPE deposit formation in disease. KEY MESSAGES: • Fibulins are expressed throughout the body at varying levels. • Fibulin-3 has a tissue-specific pattern of expression within the eye. • Lack of fibulin-3 leads to structural deformities in the cornea. • The retina and RPE remain structurally and functionally healthy in the absence of fibulin-3 in both mice and humans.
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13
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Choquet H, Melles RB, Yin J, Hoffmann TJ, Thai KK, Kvale MN, Banda Y, Hardcastle AJ, Tuft SJ, Glymour MM, Schaefer C, Risch N, Nair KS, Hysi PG, Jorgenson E. A multiethnic genome-wide analysis of 44,039 individuals identifies 41 new loci associated with central corneal thickness. Commun Biol 2020; 3:301. [PMID: 32528159 PMCID: PMC7289804 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Central corneal thickness (CCT) is one of the most heritable human traits, with broad-sense heritability estimates ranging between 0.68 to 0.95. Despite the high heritability and numerous previous association studies, only 8.5% of CCT variance is currently explained. Here, we report the results of a multiethnic meta-analysis of available genome-wide association studies in which we find association between CCT and 98 genomic loci, of which 41 are novel. Among these loci, 20 were significantly associated with keratoconus, and one (RAPSN rs3740685) was significantly associated with glaucoma after Bonferroni correction. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis suggests that thinner CCT does not causally increase the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma. This large CCT study explains up to 14.2% of CCT variance and increases substantially our understanding of the etiology of CCT variation. This may open new avenues of investigation into human ocular traits and their relationship to the risk of vision disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Ronald B Melles
- KPNC, Department of Ophthalmology, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Khanh K Thai
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Mark N Kvale
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yambazi Banda
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Alison J Hardcastle
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Neil Risch
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - K Saidas Nair
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London, Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, London, UK
- King's College London, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Division of Research, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhao G. Association Between Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 Variants and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Onset Among Chinese People. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921584. [PMID: 32485729 PMCID: PMC7291784 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We assessed the potential association between monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) variants (rs1024611 and rs3760396) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) susceptibility among Chinese Han people. Material/Methods Our research included 129 AMD patients and 131 healthy controls. Genotyping for MCP-1 variants was performed in the 2 groups, and genotype and allele distributions were checked between groups by χ2 analysis. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) reflected the potential association between MCP-1 variants and AMD risk. The linkage disequilibrium of polymorphisms was detected using Haploview. Results Significant differences in rs1024611 genotype distributions were detected between the 2 groups, and homozygous carriers with GG genotype had higher AMD incidence (P<0.05, OR=2.650, 95% CI=1.127–6.231). The rs1024611 G allele frequency was significantly higher in AMD patients, suggesting that the G allele promotes AMD onset (P<0.05, OR=1.447, 95% CI=1.013–2.068). Strong linkage disequilibrium was found between rs1024611 and rs3760396, and haplotype Ars1024611–Crs3760396 was significantly associated with decreased risk of AMD (P=0.001, OR=0.502, 95% CI=0.335–0.752). Conclusions MCP-1 rs1024611 variant appears to contribute to risk of AMD in the Chinese Han population, and the interaction of MCP-1 polymorphisms may also influence individual susceptibility to AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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15
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Bretaud S, Guillon E, Karppinen SM, Pihlajaniemi T, Ruggiero F. Collagen XV, a multifaceted multiplexin present across tissues and species. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100023. [PMID: 33543021 PMCID: PMC7852327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type XV collagen is a non-fibrillar collagen that is associated with basement membranes and belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. Collagen XV was initially studied because of its sequence homology with collagen XVIII/endostatin whose anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties were subjects of wide interest in the past years. But during the last fifteen years, collagen XV has gained growing attention with increasing number of studies that have attributed new functions to this widely distributed collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule. Despite the cumulative evidence of its functional pleiotropy and its evolutionary conserved function, no review compiling the current state of the art about collagen XV is currently available. Here, we thus provide the first comprehensive view of the knowledge gathered so far on the molecular structure, tissue distribution and functions of collagen XV in development, tissue homeostasis and disease with an evolutionary perspective. We hope that our review will open new roads for promising research on collagen XV in the coming years. Type XV collagen belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. It is evolutionarily conserved collagen and associated with basement membranes. This collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule contains an anti-angiogenic restin domain. It has important functions in the cardiovascular and the neuromuscular systems. Its expression is dysregulated in various diseases including cancers.
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Key Words
- Animal models
- BM, basement membrane
- BMZ, basement membrane zone
- COL, collagenous domain
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- Collagen-related disease
- Collagens
- Development
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Evolution
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HFD, High fat diet
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- Multiplexin
- NC, non-collagenous domain
- TD, trimerization domain
- TSPN, Thrombospondin-1 N-terminal like domain
- dpf, day post-fertilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bretaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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16
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Cunningham WJ, Balaratnasingam C, Chen Y, Chen FK. CUTICULAR DRUSEN IN AN INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2020; 14:239-242. [PMID: 29219932 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To report a case of cuticular drusen in an indigenous Australian. METHODS A 37-year-old indigenous (aboriginal) Australian woman from a remote Western Australian town presented with a 2-month history of vision loss. Clinical history, examination, and multimodal retinal imaging data from spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography were analyzed. RESULTS Multimodal imaging confirmed cuticular drusen complicated by a right choroidal neovascularization with pigment epithelial detachment and a left foveal vitelliform lesion. An unusual "negative-staining" pattern was noted on late phase indocyanine green angiography and this spared the regions affected by cuticular drusen. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report of cuticular drusen in an indigenous Australian. We hypothesize that this may be secondary to ancestral mixing of the gene pool. An unusual staining pattern witnessed on indocyanine green angiography suggests widespread disturbance of lipoprotein deposition in the Bruch membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Cunningham
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yi Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
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17
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Predictive genetics for AMD: Hype and hopes for genetics-based strategies for treatment and prevention. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107894. [PMID: 31862397 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. In the age of molecular genetics, many investigators have established a link between genes and development or progression of the disease. This later evolved to determine whether phenotypic features of AMD have distinct genetic profiles. Molecular genetics have subsequently been introduced as factors in risk assessment models, increasing the predictive value of these tools. Models seek to predict either development or progression of disease, and different AMD-related genes aid our understanding of these respective features. Several investigators have attempted to link molecular genetics with treatment response, but results and their clinical significance vary. Ocular and systemic biomarkers may interact with established genes, promising future routes of ongoing clinical assessment. Our understanding of AMD molecular genetics is not yet sufficient to recommend routine testing, despite its utility in the research setting. Clinicians must be wary of misusing population-based risk models from genetic and biomarker associations, as they are not necessarily relevant for individual counseling. This review addresses the known uses of predictive genetics, and suggests future directions.
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18
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Shoshany N, Weiner C, Safir M, Einan-Lifshitz A, Pokroy R, Kol A, Modai S, Shomron N, Pras E. Rare Genetic Variants in Jewish Patients Suffering from Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100825. [PMID: 31635417 PMCID: PMC6826738 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify rare genetic variants in early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) utilizing whole-exome sequencing (WES). Methods: Eight non-related early-AMD families of different Jewish ethnicities were ascertained. Initial mutation screening (phase-1) included common complement factor-H (CFH) p.Y402H; and age related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) p.A69S; and rare variants complement factor-I (CFI) p.V412M; and hemicentin1 (HMCN1) c.4163delC identified previously in our population. Four families, whose initial screening for the aforementioned variants was negative, underwent WES (phase-2). Bioinformatics filtering was based on functionality (from a panel of 234 genes with proven or presumed association to AMD); predicted severity; and frequency (rare variants with minor allele frequency <1%). When applicable, further screening for specific rare variants was carried out on additional cases of similar ethnicities and phenotypes (phase-3). Results: Phase-1 identified three families carrying CFI p.V412M mutation. WES analysis detected probable disease-related variants in three out of the remaining families. These included: a family with a variant in PLEKHA1 gene p.S177N; a family with previously reported variant p.R1210C in CFH gene; and two families with the C3 p.R735W variant. Conclusions: Rare, high-penetrance variants have a profound contribution to early-AMD pathogenesis. Utilization of WES in genetic research of multifactorial diseases as AMD, allows a thorough comprehensive analysis with the identification of previously unreported rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Shoshany
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | - Chen Weiner
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Margarita Safir
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Adi Einan-Lifshitz
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Russell Pokroy
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | - Ayala Kol
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | | | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
- Variantyx Inc, MA 01701, USA.
| | - Eran Pras
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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19
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Basement membrane collagens and disease mechanisms. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:297-312. [PMID: 31387942 PMCID: PMC6744580 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) structures and collagens are a key component required for BM function. While collagen IV is the major BM collagen, collagens VI, VII, XV, XVII and XVIII are also present. Mutations in these collagens cause rare multi-systemic diseases but these collagens have also been associated with major common diseases including stroke. Developing treatments for these conditions will require a collective effort to increase our fundamental understanding of the biology of these collagens and the mechanisms by which mutations therein cause disease. Novel insights into pathomolecular disease mechanisms and cellular responses to these mutations has been exploited to develop proof-of-concept treatment strategies in animal models. Combined, these studies have also highlighted the complexity of the disease mechanisms and the need to obtain a more complete understanding of these mechanisms. The identification of pathomolecular mechanisms of collagen mutations shared between different disorders represent an attractive prospect for treatments that may be effective across phenotypically distinct disorders.
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20
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Taylor RL, Poulter JA, Downes SM, McKibbin M, Khan KN, Inglehearn CF, Webster AR, Hardcastle AJ, Michaelides M, Bishop PN, Clark SJ, Black GC. Loss-of-Function Mutations in the CFH Gene Affecting Alternatively Encoded Factor H-like 1 Protein Cause Dominant Early-Onset Macular Drusen. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:1410-1421. [PMID: 30905644 PMCID: PMC6856713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the molecular mechanism underpinning early-onset macular drusen (EOMD), a phenotypically severe subtype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in a subgroup of patients. Design Multicenter case series, in vitro experimentation, and retrospective analysis of previously reported variants. Participants Seven families with apparently autosomal dominant EOMD. Methods Patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic assessment. Affected individuals from families A, B, and E underwent whole exome sequencing. The probands from families C, D, F, and G underwent Sanger sequencing analysis of the complement factor H (CFH) gene. Mutant recombinant factor H like-1 (FHL-1) proteins were expressed in HEK293 cells to assess the impact on FHL-1 expression and function. Previously reported EOMD-causing variants in CFH were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Detailed clinical phenotypes, genomic findings, in vitro characterization of mutation effect on protein function, and postulation of the pathomechanism underpinning EOMD. Results All affected participants demonstrated bilateral drusen. The earliest reported age of onset was 16 years (median, 46 years). Ultra-rare (minor allele frequency [MAF], ≤0.0001) CFH variants were identified as the cause of disease in each family: CFH c.1243del, p.(Ala415ProfsTer39) het; c.350+1G→T het; c.619+1G→A het, c.380G→A, p.(Arg127His) het; c.694C→T p.(Arg232Ter) het (identified in 2 unrelated families in this cohort); and c.1291T→A, p.(Cys431Ser). All mutations affect complement control protein domains 2 through 7, and thus are predicted to impact both FHL-1, the predominant isoform in Bruch’s membrane (BrM) of the macula, and factor H (FH). In vitro analysis of recombinant proteins FHL-1R127H, FHL-1A415f/s, and FHL-1C431S demonstrated that they are not secreted, and thus are loss-of-function proteins. Review of 29 previously reported EOMD-causing mutations found that 75.8% (22/29) impact FHL-1 and FH. In total, 86.2% (25/29) of EOMD-associated variants cause haploinsufficiency of FH or FHL-1. Conclusions Early-onset macular drusen is an underrecognized, phenotypically severe subtype of AMD. We propose that haploinsufficiency of FHL-1, the main regulator of the complement pathway in BrM, where drusen develop, is an important mechanism underpinning the development of EOMD in a number of cases. Understanding the molecular basis of EOMD will shed light on AMD pathogenesis given their pathologic similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Taylor
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James A Poulter
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McKibbin
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kamron N Khan
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Hardcastle
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Bishop
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Clark
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme C Black
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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21
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Schellevis RL, van Dijk EHC, Breukink MB, Keunen JEE, Santen GWE, Hoyng CB, de Jong EK, Boon CJF, den Hollander AI. Exome sequencing in families with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00576. [PMID: 30724488 PMCID: PMC6465660 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a chorioretinal disease characterized by fluid accumulation between the neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium with unknown etiology. Family studies have suggested a heritable component for CSC with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Therefore, exome sequencing was performed on familial cCSC to indentify the genetic components contributing to familial cCSC. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on 72 individuals of 18 families with CSC. In these families, we determined whether rare genetic variants (minor allele frequency < 1%) were segregated with CSC and also performed familial gene-burden analysis. RESULTS In total, 11 variants segregated in two out of 18 families. One of these variants, c.4145C>T; p.T1382I (rs61758735) in the PTPRB gene, was also associated with CSC in a large case-control cohort sequenced previously (p = 0.009). Additionally, in 28 genes two or more different heterozygous variants segregated in two or more families, but no gene showed consistent associations in both the family gene-burden results and gene-burden analysis in the case-control cohort. CONCLUSION We identified potential candidate genes for familial CSC and managed to exclude Mendelian inheritance of variants in one or a limited number of genes. Instead, familial CSC may be a heterogeneous Mendelian disease caused by variants in many different genes, or alternatively CSC may represent a complex disease to which both environmental factors and genetics contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L Schellevis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Myrte B Breukink
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E E Keunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs W E Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Previous models of disease in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were incomplete in that they did not encompass subretinal drusenoid deposits (pseudodrusen), subtypes of neovascularization, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. In addition, Type 3 neovascularization starts in the retina and may not necessarily involve the choroid. As such, the term choroidal neovascularization is not appropriate for these eyes. The new aspects in the AMD construct are to include specific lipoprotein extracellular accumulations, namely drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits, as early AMD. The deposition of specific types of deposit seems to be highly correlated with choroidal thickness and topographical location in the macula. Late AMD includes macular neovascularization or atrophy. The particular type of extracellular deposit is predictive of the future course of the patient. For example, eyes with subretinal drusenoid deposits have a propensity to develop outer retinal atrophy, complete outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, or Type 3 neovascularization as specific forms of late AMD. Given Type 3 neovascularization may never involve the choroid, the term macular neovascularization is suggested for the entire spectrum of neovascular disease in AMD. In contrast to older classification systems, the proposed system encompasses the relevant presentations of disease and more precisely predicts the future course of the patient. In doing so, the concept was developed that there may be genetic risk alleles, which are not necessarily the same alleles that influence disease expression.
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Warwick A, Lotery A. Genetics and genetic testing for age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:849-857. [PMID: 29125146 PMCID: PMC5944647 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in our understanding of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) genetics over the past decade. The genetic associations discovered to date are estimated to account for approximately half of AMD heritability, and functional studies of these variants have revealed new insights into disease pathogenesis, leading to the development of potential novel therapies. There is furthermore growing interest in genetic testing for predicting an individual's risk of AMD and offering personalised preventive or therapeutic treatments. We review the progress made so far in AMD genetics and discuss the possible applications for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lotery
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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24
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Gupta S, Chatterjee S, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Whole exome sequencing: Uncovering causal genetic variants for ocular diseases. Exp Eye Res 2017; 164:139-150. [PMID: 28844620 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of causal genetic defects for human diseases took a significant leap when the first generation DNA sequencing technologies enabled biologists extract sequence-based genetic information from living beings. However, these sequencing methods had unavoidable constraints of throughput, scalability, rapidity, and resolution. In this direction, next-generation sequencing (NGS) since the time of its advent has revolutionized the process of gene discovery for both monogenic and multifactorial genetic diseases. Among several variations of NGS, whole exome sequencing (WES) has emerged as a smart strategy that enables identification of disease causing variants present within the coding region of the human genome. The current review focuses primarily on the application of WES in identification of causal variants for ocular diseases. WES has successfully revealed pathogenic variants in a variety of ocular diseases such as retinal degenerations, refractive errors, lens diseases, corneal dystrophies, and developmental ocular defects. It has demonstrated immense potential for molecular diagnosis of genetic ocular diseases. WES has been extensively used in Mendelian and complex cases, familial and sporadic cases, simplex and multiplex cases, and syndromic and non-syndromic cases of ocular diseases. Although many such ocular diseases have been investigated using WES, reports indicate that it has been employed overwhelmingly for heterogeneous retinal degenerations. WES, within a short period of time, has proved to be a cost-effective and promising approach for understanding the genetic basis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Souradip Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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25
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Chao JR, Knight K, Engel AL, Jankowski C, Wang Y, Manson MA, Gu H, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Hurley JB, Du J. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells prefer proline as a nutrient and transport metabolic intermediates to the retinal side. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12895-12905. [PMID: 28615447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolite transport is a major function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to support the neural retina. RPE dysfunction plays a significant role in retinal degenerative diseases. We have used mass spectrometry with 13C tracers to systematically study nutrient consumption and metabolite transport in cultured human fetal RPE. LC/MS-MS detected 120 metabolites in the medium from either the apical or basal side. Surprisingly, more proline is consumed than any other nutrient, including glucose, taurine, lipids, vitamins, or other amino acids. Besides being oxidized through the Krebs cycle, proline is used to make citrate via reductive carboxylation. Citrate, made either from 13C proline or from 13C glucose, is preferentially exported to the apical side and is taken up by the retina. In conclusion, RPE cells consume multiple nutrients, including glucose and taurine, but prefer proline, and they actively synthesize and export metabolic intermediates to the apical side to nourish the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109.
| | - Kaitlen Knight
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Abbi L Engel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Connor Jankowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Yekai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Megan A Manson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - James B Hurley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Jianhai Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506; Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506.
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Exome Sequencing Identifies Candidate Genetic Modifiers of Syndromic and Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Severity. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017; 10:423-432. [PMID: 28550590 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-017-9753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a genetic disease predisposing to aortic dissection. It is important to identify the genetic modifiers controlling penetrance and expressivity to improve clinical prognostication. Exome sequencing was performed in 27 subjects with syndromic or familial TAA presenting with extreme phenotypes (15 with severe TAA; 12 with mild or absent TAA). Family-based analysis of a subset of the cohort identified variants, genes, and pathways segregating with TAA severity among three families. A rare missense variant in ADCK4 (p.Arg63Trp) segregated with mild TAA in each family. Genes and pathways identified in families were further investigated in the entire cohort using the optimal unified sequence kernel association test, finding significance for the gene COL15A1 (p = 0.025) and the retina homeostasis pathway (p = 0.035). Thus, we identified candidate genetic modifiers of TAA severity by exome-based study of extreme phenotypes, which may lead to improved risk stratification and development of new medical therapies.
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Geerlings MJ, de Jong EK, den Hollander AI. The complement system in age-related macular degeneration: A review of rare genetic variants and implications for personalized treatment. Mol Immunol 2016; 84:65-76. [PMID: 27939104 PMCID: PMC5380947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Common and rare genetic variants in complement genes have been identified in AMD. Several of the rare variants affect the functioning of the complement system. However, a genetic association with AMD cannot always be proven. Functional assays can help identify patients for complement inhibiting therapies.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disease and the major cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. Numerous studies have found both common and rare genetic variants in the complement pathway to play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. In this review we provide an overview of rare variants identified in AMD patients, and summarize the functional consequences of rare genetic variation in complement genes on the complement system. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this work in light of ongoing clinical trials that study the effectiveness of complement inhibitors against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Mapping wild-type and R345W fibulin-3 intracellular interactomes. Exp Eye Res 2016; 153:165-169. [PMID: 27777122 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibulin-3 (F3) is an important, disulfide-rich, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has been associated with a number of diseases ranging from cancer to retinal degeneration. An Arg345Trp (R345W) mutation in F3 causes the rare, autosomal dominant macular dystrophy, Malattia Leventinese. The purpose of this study was to identify and validate novel intracellular interacting partners of wild-type (WT) and R345W F3 in retinal pigment epithelium cells. We used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to generate 'heavy' and 'light' isotopically labeled ARPE-19 cell populations which were subsequently infected with adenovirus encoding for FLAG-tagged WT or R345W F3. After immunoprecipitation, interacting proteins were identified by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). We identified sixteen new intracellular F3 interacting partners, the vast majority of which are involved in protein folding and/or degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Eight of these interactions (ANXA5, ERdj5, PDIA4, P4HB, PDIA6, RCN1, SDF2L1, and TXNDC5) were verified at the western blotting level. These F3 interactome results can serve as the basis for pursuing targeted genetic or pharmacologic approaches in an effort to alter the fate of either WT or mutant F3.
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