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Arciola CR, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Dolzani P, Montanaro L, Daglia M, Campoccia D. Biofilms in Periprosthetic Orthopedic Infections Seen through the Eyes of Neutrophils: How Can We Help Neutrophils? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16669. [PMID: 38068991 PMCID: PMC10706149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in our knowledge of neutrophil responses to planktonic bacteria during acute inflammation, much remains to be elucidated on how neutrophils deal with bacterial biofilms in implant infections. Further complexity transpires from the emerging findings on the role that biomaterials play in conditioning bacterial adhesion, the variety of biofilm matrices, and the insidious measures that biofilm bacteria devise against neutrophils. Thus, grasping the entirety of neutrophil-biofilm interactions occurring in periprosthetic tissues is a difficult goal. The bactericidal weapons of neutrophils consist of the following: ready-to-use antibacterial proteins and enzymes stored in granules; NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS); and net-like structures of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, which neutrophils extrude to extracellularly trap pathogens (the so-called NETs: an allusive acronym for "neutrophil extracellular traps"). Neutrophils are bactericidal (and therefore defensive) cells endowed with a rich offensive armamentarium through which, if frustrated in their attempts to engulf and phagocytose biofilms, they can trigger the destruction of periprosthetic bone. This study speculates on how neutrophils interact with biofilms in the dramatic scenario of implant infections, also considering the implications of this interaction in view of the design of new therapeutic strategies and functionalized biomaterials, to help neutrophils in their arduous task of managing biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Paolo Dolzani
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
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2
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Grazul M, Balcerczak E, Sienkiewicz M. Analysis of the Presence of the Virulence and Regulation Genes from Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and the Influence of the Staphylococcal Cross-Talk on Their Functions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5155. [PMID: 36982064 PMCID: PMC10049693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are increasingly becoming a public health issue worldwide due to their growing resistance to antibiotics and common involvement in complications related to invasive surgical procedures, and nosocomial and urinary tract infections. Their behavior either as a commensal or a pathogen is a result of strict regulation of colonization and virulence factors. Although functionality of virulence factors and processes involved in their regulation are quite well understood in S. aureus, little is known about them in CoNS species. Therefore, the aim of our studies was to check if clinical CoNS strains may contain virulence factors and genes involved in resistance to methicillin, that are homologous to S. aureus. Moreover, we checked the presence of elements responsible for regulation of genes that encode virulence factors typical for S. aureus in tested isolates. We also investigated whether the regulation factors produced by one CoNS isolate can affect virulence activity of other strains by co-incubation of tested isolates with supernatant from other isolates. Our studies confirmed the presence of virulence factor and regulatory genes attributed to S. aureus in CoNS isolates and indicated that one strain with an active agr gene is able to affect biofilm formation and δ-toxin activity of strains with inactive agr genes. The cognition of prevalence and regulation of virulence factors as well as antibiotic resistance of CoNS isolates is important for better control and treatment of CoNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1 Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Molendijk MM, Phan MVT, Bode LGM, Strepis N, Prasad DK, Worp N, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Schapendonk CME, Boekema BKHL, Verbon A, Koopmans MPG, de Graaf M, van Wamel WJB. Microcalorimetry: A Novel Application to Measure In Vitro Phage Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Serum. Viruses 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 36680055 PMCID: PMC9865112 DOI: 10.3390/v15010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections involving antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) represent a major challenge to successful treatment. Further, although bacteriophages (phages) could be an alternative to antibiotics, there exists a lack of correlation in phage susceptibility results between conventional in vitro and in vivo assays. This discrepancy may hinder the potential implementation of bacteriophage therapy. In this study, the susceptibility of twelve S. aureus strains to three commercial phage cocktails and two single phages was assessed. These S. aureus strains (including ten clinical isolates, five of which were methicillin-resistant) were compared using four assays: the spot test, efficiency of plating (EOP), the optical density assay (all in culture media) and microcalorimetry in human serum. In the spot test, EOP and optical density assay, all cocktails and single phages lysed both methicillin susceptible and methicillin resistant S. aureus strains. However, there was an absence of phage-mediated lysis in high concentrations of human serum as measured using microcalorimetry. As this microcalorimetry-based assay more closely resembles in vivo conditions, we propose that microcalorimetry could be included as a useful addition to conventional assays, thereby facilitating more accurate predictions of the in vivo susceptibility of S. aureus to phages during phage selection for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M. Molendijk
- Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - My V. T. Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
| | - Lonneke G. M. Bode
- Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas Strepis
- Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Divyae K. Prasad
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Worp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Annelies Verbon
- Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Halder M, Saha S, Mookerjee S, Palit A. Exploring the dynamics of toxigenic environmental Vibrio mimicus and its comparative analysis with Vibrio cholerae of the southern Gangetic delta. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:420. [PMID: 35748957 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae are closely related species. Environmental V.mimicus were comparatively analyzed with V.cholerae, for the presence of virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance genes, in-vitro hemolysis, and biofilm formation. Phylogenetic analysis was performed depending on toxin-gene disposition and isolation area. One V.mimicus isolate harbored ctxA, tcp El-Tor, toxT and toxS, whereas several strains contained incomplete copies of virulence cassettes and associated toxin genes. V.cholerae isolates harbored ctx, tcp and toxT genes, with a higher preponderance of hlyA, rtxA and toxR genes. V.mimicus were highly sensitive to amino/carboxy-penicillins, furazolidone & gentamycin, with quinolone & tetracycline resistance genes. V.cholerae isolates were sensitive to penicillins and cephalosporins, with 29% of the strains bearing the sxt gene. Phylogenetically, the apomorphic strains of both species were unique to the inland sites. V.cholerae has embodied an enormous public health burden globally but our findings emphasize the role of V.mimicus as an emerging etiological agent with similar epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumanti Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Suvajit Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Subham Mookerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Anup Palit
- Division of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India.
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Hua X, Jia Y, Yang Q, Zhang W, Dong Z, Liu S. Transcriptional Analysis of the Effects of Gambogic Acid and Neogambogic Acid on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31572177 PMCID: PMC6753875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major threat to human health, as this bacterium has developed resistance to a variety of conventional antibiotics. This is especially true of MRSA biofilms, which not only exhibit enhanced pathogenicity but also are resistant to most antibiotics. In this work, we demonstrated that two natural products with antitumor activity, namely, gambogic acid (GA) and neogambogic acid (NGA), have significant inhibitory activity toward MRSA. GA and NGA can not only effectively inhibit planktonic MRSA strains in vivo and in vitro, but also have strong inhibitory effects on MRSA biofilms formation. By transcriptome sequencing, Q-RT-PCR and PRM, we found that GA and NGA could reduce the expression of S. aureus virulence factors by inhibiting the saeRS two-component, thus achieving inhibition of MRSA. We found that GA and NGA had anti-MRSA activity in vivo and in vitro and identified saeRS to be the target, indicating that saeRS inhibitors may be used to treat biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Dong
- Innovation Team of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control, Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Graf AC, Leonard A, Schäuble M, Rieckmann LM, Hoyer J, Maass S, Lalk M, Becher D, Pané-Farré J, Riedel K. Virulence Factors Produced by Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Have a Moonlighting Function Contributing to Biofilm Integrity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1036-1053. [PMID: 30850421 PMCID: PMC6553939 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of various biofilm-associated infections in humans causing major healthcare problems worldwide. This type of infection is inherently difficult to treat because of a reduced metabolic activity of biofilm-embedded cells and the protective nature of a surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about S. aureus biofilm physiology and the proteinaceous composition of the ECM. Thus, we cultivated S. aureus biofilms in a flow system and comprehensively profiled intracellular and extracellular (ECM and flow-through (FT)) biofilm proteomes, as well as the extracellular metabolome compared with planktonic cultures. Our analyses revealed the expression of many pathogenicity factors within S. aureus biofilms as indicated by a high abundance of capsule biosynthesis proteins along with various secreted virulence factors, including hemolysins, leukotoxins, and lipases as a part of the ECM. The activity of ECM virulence factors was confirmed in a hemolysis assay and a Galleria mellonella pathogenicity model. In addition, we uncovered a so far unacknowledged moonlighting function of secreted virulence factors and ribosomal proteins trapped in the ECM: namely their contribution to biofilm integrity. Mechanistically, it was revealed that this stabilizing effect is mediated by the strong positive charge of alkaline virulence factors and ribosomal proteins in an acidic ECM environment, which is caused by the release of fermentation products like formate, lactate, and acetate because of oxygen limitation in biofilms. The strong positive charge of these proteins most likely mediates electrostatic interactions with anionic cell surface components, eDNA, and anionic metabolites. In consequence, this leads to strong cell aggregation and biofilm stabilization. Collectively, our study identified a new molecular mechanism during S. aureus biofilm formation and thus significantly widens the understanding of biofilm-associated S. aureus infections - an essential prerequisite for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Graf
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Anne Leonard
- §Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics
| | - Manuel Schäuble
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Lisa M Rieckmann
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Maass
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- §Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics
| | - Dörte Becher
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Katharina Riedel
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology;
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Kathirvel M, Buchad H, Nair M. Enhancement of the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman by a small noncoding RNA SprX1. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:563-574. [PMID: 27438010 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from local infection to systemic dissemination involves a range of virulence factors including structural and secreted products. Among various control mechanisms, small noncoding RNAs are involved in the regulation of multiple pathogenicity factors in S. aureus. The sRNA SprX which is encoded in the pathogenicity island of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strain Newman and was shown to influence antibiotic resistance previously, upregulated the expression of virulence genes, especially the cell wall-associated clumping factor B (ClfB) and delta hemolysin (Hld). Bioinformatic analysis revealed several multiple mRNAs associated with pathogenicity as targets for SprX1, one of the three copies of sprX. Both overexpression and chromosomal disruption of sprX1 supported the scheme of upregulation of clfB and hld expression. Altered expression of SprX1 altered the levels of Hld and ClfB mRNAs, hemolysis, clumping of cells, biofilm formation by plate adhesion studies and confocal microscopic analysis as well as infection pathology of modified strains in mice models. ClfB and Hld mRNAs interacted directly with SprX1 in in vitro assays. Increased level of the regulatory RNA, namely RNAIII, that comprises Hld mRNA and also regulates the biofilm formation, indicates that SprX1 may also function through RNAIII for regulating virulence factors. An immunodominant protein, antigen A, was downregulated by SprX1 in two-dimensional electrophoresis. Taken together, these results signify the role of sRNA SprX in the pathogenicity of S. aureus Newman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Kathirvel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Hasmatbanu Buchad
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Mrinalini Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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