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da Silva ANE, Dutra GHP, Justo AA, de Araujo GSM, Bressan TF, Carregaro AB. Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane and cardiorespiratory effects of varying inspired oxygen fractions in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1621-1630. [PMID: 38433171 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) and sevoflurane (MACSEVO) and evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by varying fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Twenty adult penguins (3.53 ± 0.44 kg) of undetermined sex were used. Both MACISO (n = 9) and MACSEVO (n = 13) were established using an up-and-down design. Next, twelve mechanically ventilated penguins were maintained at 1 MACISO or 1 MACSEVO (n = 6 per group) with the FiO2 initially set at 1.0. Three FiO2 values (0.6, 0.4 and 0.2) were then held constant during anesthesia for 20 minutes each. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis after the 20-minute period for each FiO2. Mean ± SD MACISO was 1.93 ± 0.10% and MACSEVO was 3.53 ± 0.13%. Other than heart rate at 0.6 FiO2 (86 ± 11 beats/minute in MACISO and 132 ± 37 beats/minute in MACSEVO; p = 0.041), no significant cardiorespiratory differences were detected between groups. In both groups, decreasing the FiO2 produced increased pH values and reduced partial pressures of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) gradually lowered from 1.0 FiO2 through 0.2 FiO2, though hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mmHg) occurred only with the latter FiO2. The MACISO and the MACSEVO for the Magellanic penguin fell within the upper range of reported avian MAC estimates. To prevent hypoxemia in healthy, mechanically ventilated, either isoflurane- or sevoflurane-anesthetized Magellanic penguins, a minimum FiO2 of 0.4 should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nicolai Elias da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Pereira Dutra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
- Veterinary Unit of the Santos Aquarium, Santos Aquarium, Santos, SP, 11030-600, Brazil
| | - André Augusto Justo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Souza Mendonça de Araujo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Thais Feres Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Escobar A, Dzikiti BT, Thorogood JC, Bailey S, Maney JK. Effects of two continuous infusion doses of lidocaine on isoflurane minimum anesthetic concentration in chickens. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:91-97. [PMID: 36456405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of two intravenous (IV) doses of lidocaine on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens. STUDY DESIGN Blinded, prospective, randomized, experimental crossover study. ANIMALS A total of six adult female chickens weighing 1.90 ± 0.15 kg. METHODS Chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanically ventilated. Isoflurane MAC values were determined (T0) in duplicate using an electrical noxious stimulus and the bracketing method. After MAC determination, a low dose (LD; 3 mg kg-1 followed by 3 mg kg-1 hour-1) or high dose (HD; 6 mg kg-1 followed by 6 mg kg-1 hour-1) of lidocaine was administered IV. MAC determination was repeated at 1.5 (T1.5) and 3 (T3) hours of lidocaine administration and blood was collected for analysis of plasma lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) concentrations. Pulse rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, noninvasive systolic arterial pressure and cloacal temperature were recorded at T0, T1.5 and T3. Treatments were separated by 1 week. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects model for repeated measures. RESULTS MAC of isoflurane (mean ± standard deviation) at T0 was 1.47 ± 0.18%. MAC at T1.5 and T3 was 1.32 ± 0.27% and 1.26 ± 0.09% (treatment LD); and 1.28 ± 0.06% and 1.30 ± 0.06% (treatment HD). There were no significant differences between treatments or times. Maximum plasma lidocaine concentrations at T3 were 496 ± 98 and 1200 ± 286 ng mL-1 for treatments LD and HD, respectively, and were not significantly different from T1.5. With treatment HD, plasma concentration of MEGX was significantly higher at T3 than at T1.5. Physiological variables were not significantly different among times with either treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of lidocaine did not significantly change isoflurane MAC in chickens. Within treatments, plasma lidocaine concentrations were not significantly different at 1.5 and 3 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Escobar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.
| | - Brighton T Dzikiti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Jemma C Thorogood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Sabrina Bailey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Jill K Maney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
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Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Hawkins MG. Treatment of Pain in Birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:83-120. [PMID: 36402490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the current understanding of evidence-based clinical analgesic use in birds. The field of avian analgesia has dramatically expanded during the last 20 years, affording more options for alleviating both acute and chronic pain. These options include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, and/or other drugs like gabapentin, amantadine, and cannabinoids, acting at different points in the nociceptive system thereby helping to provide greater pain relief while reducing the risk of adverse effects when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kubiak M. Administering analgesia to birds: NSAIDs, opioids and other agents. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Molter C, Escobar A, Schroeder C. Backyard Poultry and Waterfowl Sedation and Anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:163-180. [PMID: 34823690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of backyard poultry (chickens, turkey, guinea fowl) and waterfowl (ducks and geese) is increasing in the United States, and these animals frequently present for veterinary care. Like other birds, these species have unique anatomy that should be clinically considered before anesthesia. A balanced approach to an injectable, inhalational, or combination anesthesia protocol must be taken to ensure a safe outcome for the patient and to achieve the procedural needs. A well-informed clinician may use both sedation and general anesthesia to care for backyard bird patients in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Molter
- Animal Health Department, Houston Zoo, Inc., 1513 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - André Escobar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Carrie Schroeder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Velasco Gallego ML, Martin Jurado O, Hatt JM. Effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane alone and in combination with butorphanol or medetomidine on the bispectral index in chickens. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:201. [PMID: 34049559 PMCID: PMC8161974 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bispectral index (BIS) is an anaesthesia monitoring technique able to assess the level of central nervous system depression in humans and various animal species. In birds, it has been validated in chickens undergoing isoflurane anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate in an avian species the influence of isoflurane and sevoflurane on BIS, each at different minimum anaesthetic concentrations (MAC) multiples, alone or combined with butorphanol or medetomidine. Ten chickens (5 males and 5 females) underwent general anaesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane alone, and combined with either intramuscular administration of butorphanol (1 mg/kg) or medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg), in a prospective and cross-over study (i.e., 6 treatments per animal). BIS measurements were compared to heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) and to a visual analogue scale (VAS) of anaesthesia depth. RESULTS HR was significantly increased, and both NIBP and VAS were significantly reduced, with higher gas concentrations. NIBP (but not HR or VAS) was additionally affected by the type of gas, being lower at higher concentrations of sevoflurane. Butorphanol had no additional effect, but medetomidine led to differences in HR, NIBP, and in particular a reduction in VAS. With respect to deeper level of hypnosis at higher concentrations and the absence of difference between gases, BIS measurements correlated with all other measures (except with HR, where no significant relationship was found) The difference in BIS before (BISpre) and after stimulation (BISpost) did not remain constant, but increased with increasing MAC multiples, indicating that the BISpost is not suppressed proportionately to the suppression of the BISpre values due to gas concentration. Furthermore, neither butorphanol nor medetomidine affected the BIS. CONCLUSIONS The difference of degree of central nervous system depression monitored by BIS compared with neuromuscular reflexes monitored by VAS, indicate that BIS records a level of anaesthetic depth different from the one deducted from VAS monitoring alone. BIS provided complementary information such as that medetomidine suppressed spinal reflexes without deepening the hypnotic state. As a consequence, it is concluded that BIS improves the assessment of the level of hypnosis in chickens, improving anaesthesia monitoring and anaesthesia quality in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Velasco Gallego
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Martin Jurado
- Natural Vet Care, Pain Clinic, Alte Landstrasse 133, CH-8700, Kusnacht, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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ISOFLURANE RESPIRATORY ANESTHETIC INDEX IN CHICKENS ( GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:327-331. [PMID: 33827194 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression from isoflurane seems to be greater in birds than in mammals. Isoflurane respiratory anesthetic index (AI) has only been evaluated in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), which indeed showed a lower AI compared to mammals, but the isoflurane AI for other avian species is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the isoflurane AI in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Six adult hens were anesthetized with isoflurane for determination of the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) using the bracketing method. During a second anesthetic event, the isoflurane AI was determined by progressively increasing the expired fraction of isoflurane by 0.5 times MAC until apnea was achieved (ETiso-apnea). The isoflurane AI was considered the ratio between the ETiso-apnea and the MAC. Heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were continuously monitored throughout both anesthetic events. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model with Greenhouse-Geisser correction, followed by Tukey's test. The MAC for isoflurane was 1.18% ± 0.09% (mean ± SD). The ETiso-apnea was 3.31% ± 0.34% and the isoflurane AI was 2.80 ± 0.26. In chickens, isoflurane AI is similar to that measured in mammals, which is in contrast with published data in other avian species.
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Escobar A, Barletta M, Pypendop BH, Sakai DM, Gordon J, Quandt JE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone administered intravenously and intramuscularly to isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:181-188. [PMID: 33629899 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone after IV or IM administration to isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult Hy-Line hens. PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover-design study, methadone (6 mg/kg) was administered IV and IM to isoflurane-anesthetized chickens with a 1-week washout period between experiments. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at predetermined time points up to 480 minutes after methadone administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and appropriate compartmental models were fit to the plasma concentration-versus-time data. Cardiorespiratory variables were compared between treatments and over time with mixed-effect repeated-measures analysis. RESULTS A 3-compartment model best described the changes in plasma methadone concentration after IV or IM administration. Estimated typical values for volumes of distribution were 692 mL/kg for the central compartment and 2,439 and 2,293 mL/kg for the first and second peripheral compartments, respectively, with metabolic clearance of 23.3 mL/kg/min and first and second distributional clearances of 556.4 and 51.8 mL/kg/min, respectively. Typical bioavailability after IM administration was 79%. Elimination half-life was 177 minutes, and maximum plasma concentration after IM administration was 950 ng/mL. Heart rate was mildly decreased at most time points beginning 5 minutes after IV or IM drug administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Disposition of methadone in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens was characterized by a large volume of distribution and moderate clearance, with high bioavailability after IM administration. Additional studies are warranted to assess pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methadone in awake chickens.
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Uscategui RA, Barros FF, Almeida VT, Kawanami AE, Feliciano MA, Vicente WR. Evaluation of chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and methadone or tramadol as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca) subjected to laparoscopy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:82-91. [PMID: 33229231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine-midazolam for chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and tramadol or methadone as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas subjected to laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective placebo-controlled blinded trial. ANIMALS A total of eight captive female Cuniculus paca weighing 9.3 ± 0.9 kg. METHODS Animals were anesthetized on three occasions with 15 day intervals. Manually restrained animals were administered midazolam (0.5 mg kg-1) and ketamine (25 mg kg-1) intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane 30 minutes later. Tramadol (5 mg kg-1), methadone (0.5 mg kg-1) or saline (0.05 mL kg-1) were administered intramuscularly 15 minutes prior to laparoscopy. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (Pe'CO2), end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (Fe'Iso), pH, PaO2, PaCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap (AG) and base excess (BE) were monitored after chemical restraint, anesthesia induction and at different laparoscopy stages. Postoperative pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) for 24 hours. Variables were compared using anova or Friedman test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Chemical restraint was effective in 92% of animals. Isoflurane anesthesia was effective; however, HR, MAP, pH and AG decreased, whereas Pe'CO2, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3- and BE increased. MAP was stable with tramadol and methadone treatments; HR, Fe'Iso and postoperative VAS decreased. VAS was lower for a longer time with methadone treatment; SpO2 and AG decreased, whereas Pe'CO2, PaCO2 and HCO3- increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ketamine-midazolam provided satisfactory restraint. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopy was effective but resulted in hypotension and respiratory acidosis. Tramadol and methadone reduced isoflurane requirements, provided postoperative analgesia and caused hypercapnia, with methadone causing severe respiratory depression. Thus, the anesthetic protocol is adequate for laparoscopy in Cuniculus paca; however, methadone should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ar Uscategui
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Jequithonha and Mucury Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, MG, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Fpc Barros
- Department of Medicine and Veterinary Surgery, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline E Kawanami
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Ar Feliciano
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilter Rr Vicente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Santos EA, Monteiro ER, Herrera JR, Mombach VS, Boos MZ, Gutierrez LG, Alievi MM. Total intravenous anesthesia in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with propofol alone or in combination with methadone, nalbuphine or fentanyl for ulna osteotomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:347-355. [PMID: 32222345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the propofol infusion rate and cardiopulmonary effects during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol alone and propofol combined with methadone, fentanyl or nalbuphine in domestic chickens undergoing ulna osteotomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, experiment trial. ANIMALS A total of 59 healthy Hissex Brown chickens weighing 1.5 ± 0.2 kg. METHODS Anesthesia was induced with propofol (9 mg kg-1) administered intravenously (IV) and maintained with propofol (1.2 mg kg-1 minute-1) for 30 minutes. Birds were intubated and supplemented with 100% oxygen through a nonrebreathing circuit under spontaneous ventilation. Thereafter, each animal was randomly assigned to one of four groups: group P, no treatment; group PM, methadone (6 mg kg-1) intramuscularly (IM); group PN, nalbuphine IM (12.5 mg kg-1); and group PF, fentanyl IV (30 μg kg-1 loading dose, 30 μg kg-1 hour-1 constant rate infusion). During the osteotomy surgery, the propofol infusion rate was adjusted to avoid movement of birds and provide adequate anesthesia. Pulse rate, invasive blood pressure, respiratory frequency, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pe'CO2) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded. RESULTS Data were available from 58 chickens. The mean ± standard deviation propofol infusion rate (mg kg-1 minute-1) for the duration of anesthesia was: group P, 0.81 ± 0.15; group PM, 0.66 ± 0.11; group PN, 0.60 ± 0.14; and group PF, 0.80 ± 0.07. Significant differences were P versus PM (p = 0.042), P versus PN (p = 0.002) and PF versus PN (p = 0.004). Pulse rate, blood pressure and SpO2 remained acceptable for anesthetized birds with minor differences among groups. Values of Pe'CO2 >60 mmHg (8 kPa) were observed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Methadone and nalbuphine, but not fentanyl, decreased the propofol infusion rate required for anesthesia maintenance, but resulted in no obvious benefit in physiological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ar Santos
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Monteiro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - José R Herrera
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica S Mombach
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Boos
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia G Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Alievi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sparing effect of midazolam in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:341-346. [PMID: 32201049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction of end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'Iso) measured using an electrical stimulus in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six adult Quaker parrots, weighing 98-124 g. METHODS Birds were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, then tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated. Three treatments were applied with a 4 day interval between anesthetic events. Each anesthetized bird was administered midazolam (1 mg kg-1; treatment MID1), midazolam (2 mg kg-1; treatment MID2) or electrolyte solution (control) intramuscularly. The treatments were administered using a replicated Latin square design and the observers were blinded. Based on a pilot bird, the starting Fe'Iso was 1.8%. After equilibration for 10 minutes, a supramaximal stimulus was delivered using an electrical current (20 V and 50 Hz for 10 ms) and birds were observed for non-reflex movement. The Fe'Iso was titrated by 0.1% until a crossover event was observed. The MAC was estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS The MAC of isoflurane (MACISO) was estimated at 2.52% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.19-2.85] with a range of 1.85-2.65%. MACISO in MID1 was 2.04% (95% CI, 1.71-2.37) and in MID2 was 1.81% (95% CI, 1.48-2.14); reductions in MACISO from control of 19% (p = 0.001) and 28% (p < 0.001), respectively. Heart rate, temperature, sex and anesthetic time were not different among treatments. CONCLUSIONS Midazolam (1-2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly resulted in a significant isoflurane-sparing effect in response to a noxious stimulus in Quaker parrots without observable adverse effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Midazolam can be used as part of a balanced anesthetic approach using isoflurane in Quaker parrots, and potentially in other psittacine species.
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Mansano CFM, Macente BI, Silva PDES, da Rocha RW, Escobar A, Sakomura NK, Khan KU, Fernandes JBK, da Silva EP. An update on the cecectomy technique in roosters anesthetized with isoflurane used in subsequent amino acid digestibility experiments. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4042-4047. [PMID: 30839082 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to study an alternative technique of cecectomy in roosters using inhalation anesthesia for subsequent use in digestibility experiments. A total of 30 adult chickens of Leghorn breed were used with an average age of 27 wk. The birds were preoxygenated, and the anesthetic induction was performed using isoflurane diluted in oxygen. After proper muscle relaxation, endotracheal intubation was performed using a Murphy catheter and kept in anesthesia under mechanical ventilation with a constant monitoring of electrocardiography variables, heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and body temperature during the surgical procedure. An incision of approximately 3 cm was made between keel and cloaca in order to expose and extirpate the cecum followed by a simple ligature. The opening of the peritoneal cavity was closed in 2 ways: Sultan suture technique was used for closing the abdominal wall and modified Cushing intradermic continuous points for closing the skin. The time for anesthesia induction and preoperational period noted to be 10 ± 2 min. Surgical procedures completed in 7 ± 1.5 min. No intraoperatively and postoperatively harm observed in animals. Water was immediately provided after the birds returned to cages and feed offered after 24 h of surgery. In remaining birds, no abnormalities were observed during and after the experimental period (3 mo). The present study describes a promising update on cecectomy technique regarding anesthesia induction and surgical procedures in roosters using potential drugs and safer surgical materials without any trans- and postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F M Mansano
- Brazil University (Universidade Brasil), Campus Fernandópolis, 15600-000 Fernandópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - B I Macente
- Brazil University (Universidade Brasil), Campus Fernandópolis, 15600-000 Fernandópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - P do E S Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - R W da Rocha
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - A Escobar
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - K U Khan
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E P da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Pascoe PJ, Pypendop BH, Pavez Phillips JC, DiMaio Knych HK, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Hawkins MG. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous administration in isoflurane-anesthetized red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:606-613. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hawkins MG, Pascoe PJ, DiMaio Knych HK, Drazenovich TL, Kass PH, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D. Effects of three fentanyl plasma concentrations on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:600-605. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Balko JA, Chinnadurai SK. Advancements in Evidence-Based Anesthesia of Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:917-928. [PMID: 28781041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia and sedation of pet nondomestic species are often necessary for both invasive and noninvasive procedures. Even minimally invasive procedures can be stressful for small prey species that are not domesticated or acclimated to human contact and restraint. Recent advancements in evidence-based practice will continue to improve the field based on scientifically sound best practices and rely less on anecdotal recommendations. This article focuses on new scientific literature that has been published in the past 5 years. For ease of reading, the authors divide the article to highlight advances in anesthetic pharmacology and discoveries in anesthetic physiology and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Balko
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA.
| | - Sathya K Chinnadurai
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
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EFFECTS OF TRAMADOL ON THE MINIMUM ANESTHETIC CONCENTRATION OF ISOFLURANE IN WHITE-EYED PARAKEETS (PSITTACARA LEUCOPHTHALMUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:380-387. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0180r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Deori P, Sarma KK, Nath PJ, Singh CK, Nath R. Physiological alteration, quality of anesthesia and economy of isoflurane in domestic chickens ( Gallus domesticus). Vet World 2017; 10:493-497. [PMID: 28620251 PMCID: PMC5465761 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.493-497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on physiological parameters, assessment of anesthetic qualities, and economy of use of isoflurane in domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). Materials and Methods: In this study, 18 apparently healthy adult domestic chickens were selected randomly and divided into three groups. The birds were anesthetized by masked induction with isoflurane at a dose rate of 3.5%, 4%, and 5% and were maintained with 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% isoflurane with oxygen by endotracheal intubation in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Physiological parameters, viz., cloacal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, induction behavior, quality of sedation, production of analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, palpebral reflex, recovery time, and recovery behavior. The economy of anesthesia was calculated in terms of quantity of isoflurane utilized during 60 min of study. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance, Duncan’s multiple range tests. Results: There was significant decrease (p<0.01) in physiological parameters such as in cloacal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate in the birds of all the groups from 0 to 60 min. The induction time was 5.83±0.33, 2.37±0.18, and 0.87±0.15 min, respectively, in Groups I, II, and III. Induction behavior was smooth in Group III, whereas mildly stormy in Group II and I. Quality of sedation was excellent in Group III, better in Group II as compared to Group I. Analgesia was moderate in Group III whereas poor in Group II and I. Degree of muscle relaxation was excellent in Group III, whereas good in Group I and II. Palpebral reflexes were absent in all the groups. Recovery time was 15.33±0.84, 18.83±0.94, and 26.50±0.85 in Groups I, II, and III respectively. Recovery behavior was smooth in birds of all the groups. The cost of the anesthesia was 158.22±1.04, 194.27±0.66, and 236.84±0.60 Indian National Rupee in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Quantity of anesthesia utilized in each group was 7.62±0.05, 9.35±0.03, and 11.41±0.03 ml in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Conclusion: The use of isoflurane at different concentration produces different level of physiological changes, quality of anesthesia and economy without causing any deleterious effect on the birds. The physiological parameters observed in this study can serve as reference values for the wild and endangered birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Deori
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kushal Konwar Sarma
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Parsha Jyoti Nath
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rita Nath
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
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da Rocha RW, Escobar A, Pypendop BH, Zangirolami Filho D, Thiesen R, Gava FN. Effects of a single intravenous bolus of fentanyl on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:546-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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