1
|
Ardente A, Toddes B, Schultz RL. Nutritional Considerations for Juvenile Exotic Companion Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:449-463. [PMID: 38030515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric exotic companion animal nutrition is a broad topic, spanning small mammals, reptiles, and birds. Little research has been performed focusing on the juvenile life stages of these species because they are largely acquired by clients at the young adult stage. The information that does exist has been compiled by wildlife rehabilitators, commercial breeders, and/or exotic captive breeding programs, such as those that exist in zoologic facilities. In this article, we discuss natural history, feeding strategies, energy requirements, digestive physiology and diet digestibility, and key nutrients of concern as factors for determining an appropriate diet for pediatric exotic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ardente
- Ardente Veterinary Nutrition LLC, 399 Southeast 90th Street, Ocala, FL 34480, USA.
| | - Barbara Toddes
- Philadelphia Zoo, 3400 West Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Desmarchelier MR. Behavioral Development of Pediatric Exotic Pets and Practical Applications. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:431-448. [PMID: 38103997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of epigenetics and the interaction between genes and the environment have moved our understanding of how animal behavior develops from gestation to adulthood, and even throughout generations, to a new level. Studying the natural biology of exotic pets is key to providing them with a rich social and physical environment that will encourage species-specific behaviors. Combining parent-raising with appropriately timed human handling is likely to result in individuals with more resilience to stress. Using operant conditioning techniques early in life to train the animals' basic behaviors gives them control over their environment, empowering them through their social interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion R Desmarchelier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, J2S 2M2 Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pratt EN, Lockwood JL, King EG, Pienaar EF. Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14189. [PMID: 37768191 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has focused on the regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state-level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States. Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms pet and companion animal were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the United States owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the United States, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate the movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that a transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Pratt
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie L Lockwood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth G King
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Pienaar
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wissink-Argilaga N, Simpson-Brown E, Patterson S, Naguib M, Pellett S, Miles S, Varga-Smith M, Witkowska A, Deli G, Bailey L, Bardsley G, Eddis A, Fielding M, Docherty D. Emergency care provision for exotic pets. Vet Rec 2024; 194:270. [PMID: 38551282 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Naguib
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | - Sarah Pellett
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | - Sonya Miles
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | | | | | - Gianluca Deli
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | - Lizzie Bailey
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | | | - Abigail Eddis
- BVZS, Sandhole Lane, Crowton, Northwich, Cheshire, CW8 2FJ
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barbosa CK, Teixeira VN, Pimpão CT. Antibiotic usage patterns in exotic pets: A study in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1543-1553. [PMID: 38292714 PMCID: PMC10824100 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The link between the reckless use of antimicrobials with the increasing development of multidrug-resistant strains of antibiotics is well established. To control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), action plans, recommendations and guidelines on the prudent use of antibiotics have been developed for food-producing animals and companion animals but appear to be lacking in exotic pets due to the scarcity of data and information on the use of antibiotics in these species. Aim The purpose of this study is to bring qualitative and quantitative data regarding the use of antimicrobials in exotic pets in a veterinary center in southern Brazil, seeking to measure the consumption of these animals to determine and guide future actions to combat AMR. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted by surveying 2,190 open care records in a specialized clinic of wildlife medicine in 2018. Data evaluation was performed in a descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative way, and the analysis of antimicrobial consumption was performed by calculating the daily dose/g of animal ml/day/kg by animal order, condition and active principle, adaptation to DDDVet. For statistical analysis, Levene´s, ANOVA followed by Tukey´s tests were used. Results Approximately 57% (1250/2190) of the visits made use of one or more antimicrobials in the treatment of animals referred to the clinic. Of these, 67% (n = 839) were birds, 26% (n = 327) were mammals, and 7% (n = 84) were reptiles. In 2018, the total consumption of antimicrobials prescribed was 2.21 l for a total biomass of 129.24 kg. The relation between the dosages of the main antimicrobials used and the conditions treated showed that there is no variation between the treatments by disease and by animal class, due to the great variation within each group. Conclusion The antimicrobial prescription in exotic pets requires a multifaceted and dynamic approach applied to safeguard the efficacy of the antimicrobials, optimizing consumption, minimizing the emergence of AMR and other possible adverse effects, and considering the physiological differences present within each species. The doses between the different classes and conditions do not obtain a significant difference, reflected in a possible nonstandardization of the dosages used, requiring further investigation of the recommended dosages for each animal species, avoiding the over or underdosing of these drugs. It is worth highlighting that professionals must always make rational use of antimicrobials in these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Konkel Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Valéria Natasha Teixeira
- Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Turra Pimpão
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D. Exotic Animal Pain Management. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:xiii-xiv. [PMID: 36402491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roiser N, Scholz J, Kimm MA, Andrejewski J, Baumgartner C, Braig E, Herzen J, Pfeiffer D, Korbel R. [X-Ray Dark-field radiography: Does this carry potential for diagnosing gout in exotic pets?]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2022; 50:185-196. [PMID: 35790166 DOI: 10.1055/a-1843-7736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate whether X-ray dark-field (DF) radiography is useful for the diagnosis of gout in birds and reptiles and whether this preclinical model could be helpful to establish this non-invasive imaging method in human medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 18 limbs originating from 11 birds (7 different species) and 7 reptiles (4 different species) with and without suspected joint gout were measured using a grating-based X-ray dark-field setup and conventional X-ray examination, respectively. Each image acquisition generated a dark-field and a conventional absorption x-ray image. The results of the individual scans were compared with the results of a pathological examination and arthrocentesis. RESULTS In 5 of the birds and 4 of the reptiles examined, gout was detected by pathologic examination. In each group, uric acid crystals were found in the joints of 3 animals by means of arthrocentesis. The uric acid crystals were detectable in 2 bird and 2 reptile limbs in the dark-field image. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that the urate crystals evoke a clearly visible dark field signal, whereas this was not the case in the conventional radiographs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results obtained show that uric acid crystal detection using less invasive imaging methods in an animal model with birds and reptiles may expand gout diagnostics not only in veterinary medicine but also in human medicine and possibly replace arthrocentesis if a DF signal is detectable. Preclinical scanners which use X-ray dark-field and phase-contrast radiography already exist for hands and mammography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Roiser
- Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin, Klinik für Vögel, Kleinsäuger, Reptilien und Zierfische, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Josef Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Fakultät für Physik und Munich School of BioEngineering, Technische Universität München
| | - Melanie A Kimm
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar
| | - Jana Andrejewski
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Fakultät für Physik und Munich School of BioEngineering, Technische Universität München
| | | | - Eva Braig
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Fakultät für Physik und Munich School of BioEngineering, Technische Universität München
| | - Julia Herzen
- Lehrstuhl für Biomedizinische Physik, Fakultät für Physik und Munich School of BioEngineering, Technische Universität München
| | - Daniela Pfeiffer
- Institut für diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin, Klinik für Vögel, Kleinsäuger, Reptilien und Zierfische, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pees M. Cardiology in Exotic Pets: Challenges and Evolution. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:xi-xii. [PMID: 35422267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 7, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
LaCour M, Hughes B, Goldwater M, Ireland M, Worthy D, Van Allen J, Gaylord N, Van‐Hoosier G, Davis T. The Double Bind of Communicating About Zoonotic Origins: Describing Exotic Animal Sources of COVID-19 Increases Both Healthy and Discriminatory Avoidance Intentions. Risk Anal 2022; 42:506-521. [PMID: 34076291 PMCID: PMC8242573 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many novel diseases are of zoonotic origin, likely including COVID-19. Describing diseases as originating from a diverse range of animals is known to increase risk perceptions and intentions to engage in preventative behaviors. However, it is also possible that communications depicting use of exotic animals as food sources may activate stereotypes of cultures at the origin of a disease, increasing discriminatory behaviors and disease stigma. We used general linear modeling and mediation analysis to test experimental data on communications about zoonotic disease origins from the critical first two months leading up to the declaration of a global pandemic. Results suggest that communications about potential familiar food origins (pigs) affected people's risk perceptions, health behaviors, and COVID-19 stigma compared to more exotic food sources (e.g., snakes). Participants (N = 707) who read descriptions of exotic origins viewed the virus as riskier and reported stronger intentions to engage in preventative behaviors than those who read about familiar origins (pigs). However, reading exotic origin descriptions was also associated with stronger intentions to avoid Asian individuals and animal products. These results are critical for both theory and public policy. For theory, they are the first to experimentally demonstrate that zoonotic origin descriptions can impact intentions to engage in discriminatory behaviors for cultures viewed as the origin of a novel infectious disease. For policy, they offer clear, actionable insights on how to communicate about risks associated with a novel zoonosis while managing the potential impact on discriminatory behaviors and stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark LaCour
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Brent Hughes
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California RiversideCAUSA
| | | | - Molly Ireland
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Darrell Worthy
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jason Van Allen
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | | | | | - Tyler Davis
- Department of Psychological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ellerd R, Saleh MN, Luksovsky JL, Verocai GG. Endoparasites of pet reptiles and amphibians from exotic pet shows in Texas, United States. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 27:100671. [PMID: 35012730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles and amphibians are becoming increasingly more common in the exotic pet trade and as such veterinary care is also rising. Parasitic infections can pose a serious threat to pet reptiles and amphibians and are a common finding in these exotic pets. The purpose of the present study was to determine the species composition of parasites among reptiles and amphibians entering the pet industry. Excreta were collected from 283 reptiles and amphibians (181 geckos, 23 chameleons, 21 frogs, 16 tortoises, 11 snakes, 1 caiman, and 31 other lizard species), representing 58 different species. Samples were collected from animals being sold at exotic pet shows in Texas, USA, where breeders from throughout the United States gathered to showcase their exotic pets. Excreta samples were tested using double centrifugation flotation with Sheather's sucrose solution. Endoparasites were identified in 51.9% of samples. The most prevalent helminth parasite among reptiles and amphibians were Pharyngodonidae (44.5%) nematodes. Oocysts of coccidians such as Isospora, Eimeria, and Choleoeimeria, and cysts of the ciliate Nyctotherus were also identified. The prevalence rates of endoparasites among animal groups ranged from 0 to 87.5%. The highest prevalence of infection was found in Testudines (87.5%), followed by Chamaeleonidae (87%), other lizards (76.7%), Amphibia (71.4%), Serpentes (63.6%), and then Gekkonidae (55.2%). No endoparasites were detected in the one Crocodylia sampled. Our results show that parasitic infections, many of which can cause clinical disease and mortality, are common in exotic reptiles and amphibians being sold or traded as pets in the United States, underlining the need for veterinary care and routine diagnostic screening for parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ellerd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Meriam N Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joe L Luksovsky
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Taylor N. Improving the lives of exotic and unusual pets. Vet Rec 2021; 188:79. [PMID: 34651843 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Moloney GK, Tuke J, Dal Grande E, Nielsen T, Chaber AL. Is YouTube promoting the exotic pet trade? Analysis of the global public perception of popular YouTube videos featuring threatened exotic animals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0235451. [PMID: 33848287 PMCID: PMC8043400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of threatened exotic species via social media challenges efforts to regulate the exotic pet trade and consequently threatens species conservation. To investigate how such content is perceived by the global community, mixed model sentiment analysis techniques were employed to explore variations in attitudes expressed through text and emoji usage in public comments associated with 346 popular YouTube® videos starring exotic wild cats or primates in 'free handling' situations. Negative interactions between wild cats and primates with other species were found to be associated with both text and emoji median sentiment reduction, however were still accompanied by a median emoji sentiment above zero. Additionally, although a negative trend in median text sentiment was observed in 2015 for primates, an otherwise consistent positive median text and emoji sentiment score through time across all IUCN Red List categories was revealed in response to both exotic wild cat and primate videos, further implying the societal normalisation and acceptance of exotic pets. These findings highlight the urgency for effective YouTube® policy changes and content management to promote public education and conservation awareness, whilst extinguishing false legitimisation and demand for the exotic pet trade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kate Moloney
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eleonora Dal Grande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Torben Nielsen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bezerra-Santos MA, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Thompson RCA, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Illegal Wildlife Trade: A Gateway to Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:181-184. [PMID: 33454218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a criminal practice bringing several ecological and public health consequences, such as the spreading of zoonotic pathogens and/or the introduction of exotic species of animals into new geographical areas. Here, we discuss potential risks of IWT on the spreading and emergence of zoonotic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R C Andrew Thompson
- Division of Veterinary Biology, School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hallinger MJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Endoparasites infecting exotic captive amphibian pet and zoo animals (Anura, Caudata) in Germany. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3659-3673. [PMID: 32960371 PMCID: PMC7578172 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alongside exotic reptiles, amphibians, such as toads, frogs, salamanders, and newts, are nowadays considered popular pets worldwide. As reported for other exotic pet animals, amphibians are known to harbor numerous gastrointestinal parasites. Nonetheless, very little data are available on captive amphibian parasitic diseases. In this study, we applied direct saline fecal smears (DSFS) to examine in total 161 stool samples from 41 different amphibian species belonging to the orders Anura and Caudata. In addition, carbolfuchsin-smear (CFS) staining (n = 74 samples) was used to detect amphibian Cryptosporidium oocysts. Also, complete dissections of deceased amphibians (n = 107) were performed to specify parasite infections and to address parasite-associated pathogenicity. Overall, examined amphibian fecal samples contained 12 different parasite taxa. The order Rhabditida with the species Rhabdias spp. and Strongyloides spp. were the most prevalent nematode species (19.3%), followed by flagellated protozoans (8.7%), Amphibiocapillaria spp./Neocapillaria spp. (7.5%), Oswaldocruzia spp. (4.3%), Blastocystis spp. (3.1%), Cosmocerca spp. (3.1%), oxyurids (Pharyngonoidae) (3.1%), spirurids (1.2%), un-sporulated coccidian oocysts (0.6%), Tritrichomonas spp. (0.6%), Karotomorpha spp. (0.6%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%). One CFS-stained fecal sample (1.4%) was positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Within dissected amphibians, 31 (48.4%) of the anurans and 11 (26.2%) of the salamanders were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. One cutaneous Pseudocapillaroides xenopi infection was diagnosed in an adult African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Etiologically, 17 (15.9%) of them died due to severe parasitic and/or bacterial infections (e.g., Chryseobacterium indologenes, Citrobacter freudii, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Klebsiella pneumoniae). High prevalence and pathological findings of several clinical amphibian parasitoses call for more detailed investigation on gastrointestinal parasite-derived molecular mechanisms associated with detrimental lesions or even death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malek J Hallinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- exomed GmbH, Schönhauser Str. 62, 13127, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Unusual presentation of cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2019; 185:622-5. [PMID: 31757913 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
16
|
Nontraditional Pets Policy-Reaffirmed With Reference & Data Updates. Pediatrics 2020; 145:e20200582. [PMID: 32238566 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
17
|
Pees M. [Not Available]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2020; 48:77. [PMID: 32325522 DOI: 10.1055/a-1085-3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review some of the technological advances in endoscopy and endosurgery. The article focuses on a few key areas relevant to exotic pets, including advances in urolith management, visualization, and laparoscopic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izidora Sladakovic
- Northside Veterinary Specialists, 335 Mona Vale Road, Terrey Hills, New South Wales 2085, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Divers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fletcher RA, Brooks RK, Lakoba VT, Sharma G, Heminger AR, Dickinson CC, Barney JN. Invasive plants negatively impact native, but not exotic, animals. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:3694-3705. [PMID: 31389131 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite our growing understanding of the impacts of invasive plants on ecosystem structure and function, important gaps remain, including whether native and exotic species respond differently to plant invasion. This would elucidate basic ecological interactions and inform management. We performed a meta-analytic review of the effects of invasive plants on native and exotic resident animals. We found that invasive plants reduced the abundance of native, but not exotic, animals. This varied by animal phyla, with invasive plants reducing the abundance of native annelids and chordates, but not mollusks or arthropods. We found dissimilar impacts among "wet" and "dry" ecosystems, but not among animal trophic levels. Additionally, the impact of invasive plants increased over time, but this did not vary with animal nativity. Our review found that no studies considered resident nativity differences, and most did not identify animals to species. We call for more rigorous studies of invaded community impacts across taxa, and most importantly, explicit consideration of resident biogeographic origin. We provide an important first insight into how native and exotic species respond differently to invasion, the consequences of which may facilitate cascading trophic disruptions further exacerbating global change consequences to ecosystem structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Fletcher
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachel K Brooks
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vasiliy T Lakoba
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Gourav Sharma
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ariel R Heminger
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Jacob N Barney
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
This month, a first-time dog owner recounts their experience of getting their puppy neutered.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Medical devices are defined as implantable if they are intended to remain in the body after the procedure. In veterinary medicine, use of such devices is marginal but may find some indications. Use in exotic pet medicine is even more challenging due to size restriction and the limited data available. This review focuses on the esophageal and tracheal stent in the case of stricture, ureteral stent and subcutaneous ureteral bypass in the case of ureteral obstruction, permanent urinary diversion in the case of bladder atony, and pacemaker in the case of severe arrythmias. Comparative aspects are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huynh
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, Arcueil 94110, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Roon A, Maas M, Toale D, Tafro N, van der Giessen J. Live exotic animals legally and illegally imported via the main Dutch airport and considerations for public health. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220122. [PMID: 31339955 PMCID: PMC6655733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trade in live animals and animal products is considered one of the major drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Schiphol airport in the Netherlands is one of the largest European airports and is considered a main hub for legal and illegal import of exotic animals. However, so far there is little information about what pathogens these imported animals might carry with them. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the zoonotic risks of exotic animals imported into the Netherlands through Schiphol airport in 2013 and 2014. Based on a previous list of highly prioritised emerging zoonoses for the Netherlands (EmZoo list), WAHID and Promed databases, literature and expert opinions, a list of 143 potentially relevant zoonotic pathogens was compiled. In a step-wise selection process eighteen pathogen-host combinations that may pose a public health risk by the import of exotic animals via Schiphol airport were identified and these were assessed by expert elicitation. The five pathogens with the highest combined scores were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and arenaviruses, but overall, the public health risk of the introduction of these exotic pathogens into the Netherlands via the legal import of exotic animals was considered low. However, the vast majority of imported exotic animals were imported by trade companies, increasing the risk for specific groups such as retail and hobbyists/pet owners. It is expected that the risk of introduction of exotic zoonotic pathogens via illegal import is substantial due to the unknown health status. Due to changing trade patterns combined with changing epidemiological situation in the world and changing epidemiological features of pathogens, this risk assessment needs regular updating. The results could give directions for further adjusting of health requirements and risk based additional testing of imported exotic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika van Roon
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Toale
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nedzib Tafro
- Border inspection, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Locoregional techniques are used in exotic pets to improve perioperative analgesia as well as decrease the requirement of systemic analgesics during and after invasive surgeries. This article focuses on the techniques that have been described for exotic mammals, birds, and reptiles, focusing on those that rely on ultrasonographic or nerve stimulator guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private Practitioner, Via Cristoforo Colombo 118, Arzano, NA 80022, Italy.
| | - Chiara Adami
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield AL97TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maas AK. Ambulatory Exotic and Nontraditional Species Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:529-537. [PMID: 30078445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambulatory veterinary practice is anything but a new concept; although it was not a significant portion of companion animal medicine for the last 5 decades, it has been and continues to be the mainstay of large animal practice. As exotic animal medicine has been one of the fastest growing segments of veterinary medicine, mobile and on-site care for these nontraditional species (both pets and collection based) is a rapidly growing segment of on-demand veterinary care. With good planning, organization, and equipment, ambulatory medical services can provide as good of care as what can be practiced in any stationary practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolf K Maas
- Toledo Zoo, 2 Hippo Drive, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA; ZooVet Consulting, PLLC, PO Box 1007, Bothell, WA 98041, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mede E. The Veterinary Technician in Ambulatory Exotic Animal Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:563-578. [PMID: 30078448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary technicians are continuously evolving with changes in veterinary medicine specialties. Traditionally, ambulatory medicine has focused on large farm animal medicine. In today's world, technicians are finding themselves on house calls and in ambulatory practices that focus on exotic and zoologic species. In ambulatory medicine, technicians assist during field surgery work, onsite diagnostics, and in other various roles. The conditions often are not ideal and require attention to detail to avoid mistakes in record keeping, inventory, and unnecessary risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Mede
- Exotic, Zoo, and Wildlife, Chicago Exotics Animal Hospital, 3757 W Dempster Street, Skokie, IL 60076, USA; Friends of Scales Reptile Rescue, PO Box 553, Wheeling, IL 60090, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
An exotic companion animal ambulatory practice has unique challenges, advantages, and disadvantages. Not all veterinarians are suited to this type of practice, but it can be exceptionally rewarding. It can also be exceptionally frustrating. Ambulatory practice offers veterinary services to those clients who for a variety of reasons do not or cannot take their exotic companion animal, potbellied pig, or llama to a veterinary practice. Being able to observe husbandry and feeding practices and an animal's environment, the mobile veterinarian gets a more well-rounded picture of the patient.
Collapse
|
27
|
Burkett RG. Avian Ambulatory Practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:635-649. [PMID: 30078453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An avian ambulatory practice is a veterinary practice that can be started with a small investment and has low overhead and operating expenses. It is an opportunity for veterinarians who want to open their own practice. This type of practice has advantages and disadvantages. Practitioners can set their own hours and be their own boss. They are better able accommodate clients by making it more convenient for them to schedule appointments. Practitioners can take advantage of home visits to correct environmental issues. Disadvantages center on practitioners being the sole source of income and how that affects their lives outside the practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gregory Burkett
- The Bird Hospital: Avian Veterinary Services, The Birdie Boutique, Inc, 3039 University Drive, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Contento L, Hilhorst D, Mimura M. Ecological invasion in competition-diffusion systems when the exotic species is either very strong or very weak. J Math Biol 2018; 77:1383-1405. [PMID: 29968094 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction-diffusion systems with a Lotka-Volterra-type reaction term, also known as competition-diffusion systems, have been used to investigate the dynamics of the competition among m ecological species for a limited resource necessary to their survival and growth. Notwithstanding their rather simple mathematical structure, such systems may display quite interesting behaviours. In particular, while for [Formula: see text] no coexistence of the two species is usually possible, if [Formula: see text] we may observe coexistence of all or a subset of the species, sensitively depending on the parameter values. Such coexistence can take the form of very complex spatio-temporal patterns and oscillations. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no known tools for a complete analytical study of such systems for [Formula: see text]. This means that establishing general criteria for the occurrence of coexistence appears to be very hard. In this paper we will instead give some criteria for the non-coexistence of species, motivated by the ecological problem of the invasion of an ecosystem by an exotic species. We will show that when the environment is very favourable to the invading species the invasion will always be successful and the native species will be driven to extinction. On the other hand, if the environment is not favourable enough, the invasion will always fail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Contento
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS), Meiji University, Tokyo, 164-8525, Japan.
| | - Danielle Hilhorst
- CNRS and Laboratoire de Mathématiques, University of Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Masayasu Mimura
- Department of Mathematical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Musashino University, Tokyo, 135-8181, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The selection and dosing of medications for exotic pets are often challenging because most drugs are used in an extralabel manner without pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Doses are often extrapolated from common domestic animals and safety data are often lacking in exotic species. Just as the bioavailability and therapeutic levels are different for each species, what may be a safe and commonly used medication in one species can be deadly in another. Various drugs with documented contraindications in certain exotic pet species are outlined in this review and the pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment options are described when applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Sue Chen
- Gulf Coast Avian and Exotics, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 3800 Southwest Freeway, Houston, TX 77027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The nontraditional therapies of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and chiropractic care are adjunct treatments that can be used in conjunction with more conventional therapies to treat a variety of medical conditions. Nontraditional therapies do not need to be alternatives to Western medicine but, instead, can be used simultaneously. Exotic animal practitioners should have a basic understanding of nontraditional therapies for both client education and patient referral because they can enhance the quality of life, longevity, and positive outcomes for various cases across multiple taxa.
Collapse
|
31
|
Septicaemic pasteurellosis in unvaccinated lambs in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2017; 181:531-4. [PMID: 29150579 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Northern ireland disease surveillance, july to september 2017Bibersteinia trehalosi causing septicaemic pasteurellosis in lambsAbortion due to Streptococcus pluranimalium in cattleLymphoma in cattleAcute fasciolosis in sheepErysipelas in pigsMarek's disease in chickens.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The importance of appropriate recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain in all veterinary species, including exotic animals, cannot be overstated. Although the assessment of pain perception in nondomestic species is still in its infancy, this does not preclude appropriate analgesic management in these species. Although analgesic drug selection is often based on data extrapolated from similar species, as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs can vary greatly between species, an evidence-based approach to analgesic therapy should be used whenever possible. This article provides an overview of recent advances in evidence-based analgesic management in companion exotic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Balko
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA.
| | - Sathya K Chinnadurai
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Anesthesia and sedation of pet nondomestic species are often necessary for both invasive and noninvasive procedures. Even minimally invasive procedures can be stressful for small prey species that are not domesticated or acclimated to human contact and restraint. Recent advancements in evidence-based practice will continue to improve the field based on scientifically sound best practices and rely less on anecdotal recommendations. This article focuses on new scientific literature that has been published in the past 5 years. For ease of reading, the authors divide the article to highlight advances in anesthetic pharmacology and discoveries in anesthetic physiology and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Balko
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA.
| | - Sathya K Chinnadurai
- Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Di Girolamo N, Winter AL. How to Report Exotic Animal Research. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:997-1010. [PMID: 28781046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reporting the results of primary research is a key step in knowledge creation. Many well-conducted studies are rejected by journal editors, criticized by peers, or unsuitable for systematic reviewers because of poor reporting. This article summarizes the most important methodological items to report when writing an original research article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Girolamo
- Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, Hong Kong; EBMVet, Via Sigismondo Trecchi 20, Cremona, Italy.
| | - Alexandra L Winter
- American Veterinary Medical Association, 1931 N. Meacham Road, Suite 100, Schaumburg, IL 60173, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Parasitic pneumonia in calvesAbomasitis in calvesActinobacillosis in a bullCopper toxicity in ram lambsFasciolosis in ewes and lambsLarval paramphistomosis in shearlingsAspergillosis in a gentoo penguin These are among matters discussed in the Northern Ireland animal disease surveillance quarterly report for October to December 2016.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis arthritis and pneumonia in six-month-old calvesSudden deaths in housed suckler cows due to hypomagnesaemiaBovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in two-year-old heifersBovine abortion associated with Parachlamydia speciesFibrinous pericarditis due to Aeromonas hydrophila in weaner pigsThese are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for December 2016 from SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services (SAC C VS).
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Diagnoses of neoplasia in exotic animals have historically been made at death or just before euthanasia. Routine physical examinations are enabling early diagnosis while accessibility and affordability of advanced diagnostics are improving. With increasing expectations for care, treatment options are more frequently explored. Numerous oncologic medications have been adopted from human and small animal medicine and successfully used in exotic animals. Although there is a need for extended research, this article evaluates which medications have been used thus far for treatment protocols in zoologic and exotic animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Myers Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Barbara E Kitchell
- Department of Oncology, VCA Veterinary Care Referral Center, 9901 Montgomery Boulevard, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that is widely used in veterinary medicine, although its use in exotic animal practice has remained limited. However, there are case reports and case series of treating birds, small mammals, and reptiles for a variety of cancers with radiotherapy with varied outcomes. In this article the basic principles of radiation therapy are reviewed and the literature regarding its use in exotic animal practice is summarized. Side effects of radiotherapy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2112 Tupper Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lamb deaths associated with administration of oral minerals. Vet Rec 2016; 179:402-5. [PMID: 27770092 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Deaths in preweaned lambs associated with administering oral minerals containing copperCongenital malformations in calvesIdiopathic necrotising enteritis in calvesAbomasal obstruction due to trichobezoars in suckled calvesRadial neuropathy (kangaroo gait) in a ewe These are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for July 2016 from SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services (SAC C VS).
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Although snake bites are rare in Europe, there are a constant number of snake bites in Switzerland. There are two domestic venomous snakes in Switzerland: the aspic viper (Vipera aspis) and the common European adder (Vipera berus). Bites from venomous snakes are caused either by one of the two domestic venomous snakes or by an exotic venomous snake kept in a terrarium. Snake- bites can cause both a local and/or a systemic envenoming. Potentially fatal systemic complications are related to disturbances of the hemostatic- and cardiovascular system as well as the central or peripheral nervous system. Beside a symptomatic therapy the administration of antivenom is the only causal therapy to neutralize the venomous toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Plate
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich
| | | | - Markus Schneemann
- 1 Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Northern Ireland disease surveillance report, January to March 2016. Vet Rec 2016; 178:523-7. [PMID: 27199046 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abomasitis in calvesAortic aneurysm in a dairy cowAbortion due to Salmonella Brandenberg in ewesStreptococcus dysgalactia polyarthritis in lambs These are among matters discussed in the Northern Ireland animal disease surveillance quarterly report for January to March 2016.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Small animal veterinary hospitals will have exotic animal emergencies. Preparing the hospital space, equipment, and staff will provide optimal exotic animal emergency medicine and care. A well-gathered history can be more valuable in exotic pet medicine than most diagnostics. A gentle, well-planned approach, combined with common sense and focused observational skills, is necessary for avian and exotic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Hildreth
- Avian and Exotic Pet Service, Carolina Veterinary Specialists, 12117 Statesville Road, Huntersville, NC 28078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
This article summarizes the physiology and anatomy of reptiles, highlighting points relevant for emergency room veterinarians. Other systems, such as the endocrine and immune systems, have not been covered. The many other aspects of reptile species variation are too numerous to be covered. This article provides an overview but encourages clinicians to seek additional species-specific information to better medically diagnose and treat their reptile patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Y Long
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Elisabetta Mancinelli is the first vet in Europe to embark on, and pass by examination, the European Diploma in Zoological Medicine with a specialty in small mammals. Having qualified in Italy, she came to the UK nine years ago to pursue further studies in exotic animal medicine.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
This article covers considerations and techniques of eye removal surgeries in exotic pets. After issues including surgical indications, anesthesia, patient preparation, and instrumentation are explored, surgical techniques are described. Enucleation/exenteration and modified evisceration are discussed, with species-specific nuances of small mammals, birds, reptiles, snakes, amphibians, and fish highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia - College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Laparoscopy is an evolving field in veterinary medicine, and there is an increased interest in using laparoscopic techniques in nondomestic mammals, including zoo animals, wildlife, and exotic pets. The aim of this article is to summarize the approach to laparoscopic procedures, including instrumentation, patient selection and preparation, and surgical approaches, and to review the current literature on laparoscopy in exotic mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izidora Sladakovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Zoological Medicine), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephen J Divers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Zoological Medicine), University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The diversity implicit in exotic animal surgery requires a tailored approach to optimize successful outcomes. Outlined is information on patient preparation, instrumentation, hemostatic techniques, and magnification as it pertains to the exotic animal. Application of topical antiseptic solutions and judicious removal of pelage and feathers will decrease bacterial load during patient preparation. The use of specific barrier protection ensures proper aseptic technique and enables optimal patient monitoring. Magnification combined with a focal light source enhances visual acuity, allowing for better use of delicate instrumentation and identification of anatomic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Kroner
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Casey Budgeon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara A Colopy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
In today's world, there is easy access to new and exotic destinations, and many weird and wonderful species can be seen on television. But should these species be kept as pets, and whose job is it to tell people what pets they can and cannot keep? This was a topic discussed at the BVA Congress on November 19. Georgina Mills reports.
Collapse
|
49
|
Northern Ireland disease surveillance report, July to September 2015. Vet Rec 2015; 177:486-9. [PMID: 26564887 DOI: 10.1136/vr.h5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Endocarditis in a cow. Blackleg in unvaccinated calves. Copper poisoning in pedigree sheep. Malignant oedema in a ram. Salmonellosis in fattening pigs. Fungal pneumonia and airsacculitis in turkeys. Coccidiosis and Marek's disease in gamebirds. These are among matters discussed in the Northern Ireland animal disease surveillance quarterly report for July to September 2015.
Collapse
|
50
|
Robinson JE, St. John FAV, Griffiths RA, Roberts DL. Captive Reptile Mortality Rates in the Home and Implications for the Wildlife Trade. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141460. [PMID: 26556237 PMCID: PMC4640569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade in wildlife and keeping of exotic pets is subject to varying levels of national and international regulation and is a topic often attracting controversy. Reptiles are popular exotic pets and comprise a substantial component of the live animal trade. High mortality of traded animals raises welfare concerns, and also has implications for conservation if collection from the wild is required to meet demand. Mortality of reptiles can occur at any stage of the trade chain from collector to consumer. However, there is limited information on mortality rates of reptiles across trade chains, particularly amongst final consumers in the home. We investigated mortality rates of reptiles amongst consumers using a specialised technique for asking sensitive questions, additive Randomised Response Technique (aRRT), as well as direct questioning (DQ). Overall, 3.6% of snakes, chelonians and lizards died within one year of acquisition. Boas and pythons had the lowest reported mortality rates of 1.9% and chameleons had the highest at 28.2%. More than 97% of snakes, 87% of lizards and 69% of chelonians acquired by respondents over five years were reported to be captive bred and results suggest that mortality rates may be lowest for captive bred individuals. Estimates of mortality from aRRT and DQ did not differ significantly which is in line with our findings that respondents did not find questions about reptile mortality to be sensitive. This research suggests that captive reptile mortality in the home is rather low, and identifies those taxa where further effort could be made to reduce mortality rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine E. Robinson
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JER); (DLR)
| | - Freya A. V. St. John
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Roberts
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JER); (DLR)
| |
Collapse
|