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Kharwadkar S, Attanayake V, Duncan J, Navaratne N, Benson J. The impact of climate change on the risk factors for tuberculosis: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113436. [PMID: 35550808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a major public health risk in many countries. The current incidence of disease exceeds guidelines proposed by the World Health Organisation and United Nations. Whilst the relationship between climate change and TB has surfaced in recent literature, it remains neglected in global agendas. There is a need to acknowledge TB as a climate-sensitive disease to facilitate its eradication. OBJECTIVE To review epidemiological and prediction model studies that explore how climate change may affect the risk factors for TB, as outlined in the Global Tuberculosis Report 2021: HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, undernutrition, overcrowding, poverty, and indoor air pollution. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify studies examining the association between climate variables and the risk factors for TB. Each study that satisfied the inclusion criteria was assessed for quality and ethics. Studies then underwent vote-counting and were categorised based on whether an association was found. RESULTS 53 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Vote-counting revealed that two out of two studies found a positive association between the examined climate change proxy and HIV, nine out of twelve studies for diabetes, eight out of seventeen studies for undernutrition, four out of five studies for overcrowding, twelve out of fifteen studies for poverty and one out of three studies for indoor air pollution. DISCUSSION We found evidence supporting a positive association between climate change and each of the discussed risk factors for TB, excluding indoor air pollution. Our findings suggest that climate change is likely to affect the susceptibility of individuals to TB by increasing the prevalence of its underlying risk factors, particularly in developing countries. This is an evolving field of research that requires further attention in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kharwadkar
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - John Duncan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Jill Benson
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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2
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Shiba K, Daoud A, Kino S, Nishi D, Kondo K, Kawachi I. Uncovering heterogeneous associations of disaster-related traumatic experiences with subsequent mental health problems: A machine learning approach. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:97-105. [PMID: 34936171 PMCID: PMC9102396 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Understanding the differential mental health effects of traumatic experiences is important to identify particularly vulnerable subpopulations. We examined the heterogeneous associations between disaster-related traumatic experiences and postdisaster mental health, using a novel machine learning-based causal inference approach. METHODS Data were from a prospective cohort study of Japanese older adults in an area severely affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The baseline survey was conducted 7 months before the disaster and the 2 follow-up surveys were conducted 2.5 and 5.5 years after (n = 1150 to n = 1644 depending on the exposure-outcome combinations). As disaster-related traumatic experiences, we assessed complete home loss and loss of loved ones. Using the generalized random forest algorithm, we estimated conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) of the disaster damages on postdisaster mental health outcomes to examine the heterogeneous associations by 51 predisaster characteristics of the individuals. RESULTS We found that, even when there was no population average association between disaster-related trauma and subsequent mental health outcomes, some subgroups experienced severe impacts. We also identified and compared characteristics of the most and least vulnerable groups (ie, top versus bottom deciles of the estimated CATEs). While there were some unique patterns specific to each exposure-outcome combination, the most vulnerable group tended to be from lower socioeconomic backgrounds with preexisting depressive symptoms for many exposure-outcome combinations. CONCLUSIONS We found considerable heterogeneity in the association between disaster-related traumatic experiences and subsequent mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Shiba
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adel Daoud
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- The Division of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shiho Kino
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Abstract
This article presents a new open source extension to the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) that allows researchers, for the first time, to explore and make use of subnational, geocoded data on major disasters triggered by natural hazards. The Geocoded Disasters (GDIS) dataset provides spatial geometry in the form of GIS polygons and centroid latitude and longitude coordinates for each administrative entity listed as a disaster location in the EM-DAT database. In total, GDIS contains spatial information on 39,953 locations for 9,924 unique disasters occurring worldwide between 1960 and 2018. The dataset facilitates connecting the EM-DAT database to other geographic data sources on the subnational level to enable rigorous empirical analyses of disaster determinants and impacts. Measurement(s) | geographic location • geocoded disaster locations | Technology Type(s) | digital curation • geocoding | Factor Type(s) | year that the disaster has occurred | Sample Characteristic - Environment | climate system | Sample Characteristic - Location | global • subnational administrative areas |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13177022
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Avtar R, Komolafe AA, Kouser A, Singh D, Yunus AP, Dou J, Kumar P, Gupta RD, Johnson BA, Thu Minh HV, Aggarwal AK, Kurniawan TA. Assessing sustainable development prospects through remote sensing: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 20:100402. [PMID: 34173437 PMCID: PMC7470744 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Earth's ecosystems face severe environmental stress from unsustainable socioeconomic development linked to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Governments worldwide are interested in sustainability measures to address these issues. Remote sensing allows for the measurement, integration, and presentation of useful information for effective decision-making at various temporal and spatial scales. Scientists and decision-makers have endorsed extensive use of remote sensing to bridge gaps among disciplines and achieve sustainable development. This paper presents an extensive review of remote sensing technology used to support sustainable development efforts, with a focus on natural resource management and assessment of natural hazards. We further explore how remote sensing can be used in a cross-cutting, interdisciplinary manner to support decision-making aimed at addressing sustainable development challenges. Remote sensing technology has improved significantly in terms of sensor resolution, data acquisition time, and accessibility over the past several years. This technology has also been widely applied to address key issues and challenges in sustainability. Furthermore, an evaluation of the suitability and limitations of various satellite-derived indices proposed in the literature for assessing sustainable development goals showed that these older indices still perform reasonably well. Nevertheless, with advancements in sensor radiometry and resolution, they were less exploited and new indices are less explored. Effectiveness of remote sensing tools to address sustainability issues. Decadal changes in remote sensing research to address various challenges. There is a need to explore new indices with the development of new satellite sensors. Remote sensing-based information to policymakers for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akinola Adesuji Komolafe
- Department of Remote Sensing and Geoscience Information System, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Asma Kouser
- Department of Economics, Bengaluru Central University (BCU), Post Office Road, Ambedkar Veedhi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560001, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ali P Yunus
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, China
| | - Jie Dou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kami-Tomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Rajarshi Das Gupta
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Brian Alan Johnson
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Huynh Vuong Thu Minh
- Department of Water Resources, College of Environment and Natural Resources, Cantho University, Cantho City, 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Ashwani Kumar Aggarwal
- Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, 148106, Punjab, India
| | - Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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5
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Bhutta ZA, Siddiqi S, Aftab W, Siddiqui FJ, Huicho L, Mogilevskii R, Mahmood Q, Friberg P, Akbari F. What will it take to implement health and health-related sustainable development goals? BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002963. [PMID: 32938608 PMCID: PMC7497140 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children SickKids Learning Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameen Siddiqi
- Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University Medical College Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Wafa Aftab
- Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University Medical College Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Javaid Siddiqui
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children SickKids Learning Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Academia, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Luis Huicho
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Materna e Infantil, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru
- Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Roman Mogilevskii
- Institute of Public Policy and Administration, University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Qamar Mahmood
- International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Friberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Global Health Transformation (SIGHT), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fawad Akbari
- Aga Khan Foundation Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Seddighi H, Sajjadi H, Yousefzadeh S, López López M, Vameghi M, Rafiey H, Khankeh HR, Garzon Fonseca M. Students' preparedness for disasters in schools: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000913. [PMID: 33324767 PMCID: PMC7722369 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in disasters. Improving students' knowledge and skills to prepare for disasters can play a major role in children's health. School as a place to teach children can make a significant contribution to provide the necessary skills. This study aims to identify the effects, strengths and weaknesses of interventions in schools to prepare children for disasters. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We use Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to develop a protocol for this systematic review. The included studies will report on the results of interventions targeting 'schoolchildren' defined as individuals between 4 and under 18 years old studying in schools. Different electronic databases will be used for a comprehensive literature search, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE to identify the records that match the mentioned inclusion criteria published till December 2020. The main search terms are 'disaster', 'preparedness', 'children' and 'school'. Four types of data will be extracted from the qualified studies including study characteristics (study design, year of publication and geographical region where the study was conducted), participant characteristics (sample size, age and gender), intervention characteristics (aim of intervention, intervention facilitators and barriers) and intervention outcomes. The quality appraisal of the selected papers will be conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias for quantitative studies and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies. We use a narrative synthesis for this systematic review. The narrative synthesis refers to an approach to systematic reviews which focuses mostly on applying words and texts to summarise and explain findings. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This paper is a part of a Ph.D. thesis of Hamed Seddighi at University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences with ethics code IR.USWR.REC.1399.008 approved by the Ethics Committee of the above-mentioned university. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020146536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Seddighi
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Sajjadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Yousefzadeh
- University Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, Friesland, Netherlands
| | - Mónica López López
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Meroe Vameghi
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rafiey
- Department of Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khankeh
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Magdalena Garzon Fonseca
- Department of Child & Family Welfare, Graduate School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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7
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Brain diseases in changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108637. [PMID: 31416010 PMCID: PMC6717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - João B T da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Daoud A, Reinsberg B. Structural adjustment, state capacity and child health: evidence from IMF programmes. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:445-454. [PMID: 30521004 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus is growing that policy reform programmes by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)-an international organization mandated with upholding global financial stability and assisting countries in economic turmoil-produce adverse effects on public health. However, this consensus is unclear about which policies of these programmes underlie these effects. This article fills parts of this gap by examining the impact of four kinds of IMF policies (fiscal policy, public-sector employment, privatization of state-owned enterprises and price liberalization) on public-health expenditure, child vaccination and child mortality. METHODS We conducted time-series cross-section analyses for up to 128 developing countries over the 1980-2014 period using observational data on health outcomes and IMF conditionality for different policy areas. IMF effectiveness research faces two types of potential biases: self-selection into IMF programmes and IMF policy conditions. We deployed instrumental variables in a seemingly unrelated regression framework to address both types of endogeneity, besides traditional remedies such as the use of fixed effects on countries and years. RESULTS IMF policy conditions on public-sector employment are negatively related to child health. A change from the minimum to the maximum number of such policy conditions decreases vaccination (which ranges from 0 to 100) by 10.97% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16 to 20.79]. This effect is robust against different sets of control variables. In addition, IMF programmes increase the share of government expenditure devoted to public health in developing countries by 0.91 percentage points (95% CI: 0.15 to 1.68). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IMF policies-particularly those that require public-sector reforms-undermine health by weakening the capacity of states to deliver vaccination. Therefore, international financial institutions need to increase their awareness of the public-health impact of their policy prescriptions. Strengthening state capacity in times of economic crisis would ensure that increased health spending also delivers quality healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Daoud
- Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,University of Cambridge, Centre for Business Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernhard Reinsberg
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Business Research, Cambridge, UK.,University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Jones A. Malnutrition, Poverty, and Climate Change are also Human Rights Issues in Child Labor. Health Hum Rights 2018; 20:249-251. [PMID: 30568418 PMCID: PMC6293344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Jones
- Senior research associate at Freiburg University, Bergstraesser Institute for Socio-Cultural Research, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Conklin AI, Daoud A, Shimkhada R, Ponce NA. The impact of rising food prices on obesity in women: a longitudinal analysis of 31 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2014. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:774-781. [PMID: 30120427 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether changes in food prices are associated with changes in obesity prevalence among women in developing countries, and assess effect modification by individual socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS Longitudinal study of country-level food price inflation temporally and geographically linked to anthropometric data on non-pregnant adult women (n = 295,984) in 31 low-income and middle-income countries over the 2000-2014 time period, using separate multivariable multilevel growth models of five SES indicators. Post-estimation analysis computed the relationship between food price inflation and predicted mean probabilities of being obese, by SES. RESULTS Rising food price inflation was strongly associated with women's obesity prevalence, and SES consistently modified the relationship. Regardless of indicator used, higher food price inflation was positively associated with obesity among women in top SES categories, but was flat or negative among women in low SES categories, averaging over time. The SES differences were widest across educational strata and were most pronounced when food price inflation was highest. Overall, for every 1-unit increase in food price inflation, predicted mean obesity prevalence was between 0.02 and 0.06 percentage points greater in women of high SES compared to low SES women. CONCLUSION There is a strong link between food price inflation and obesity in adult women in developing countries which is clearly modified by individuals' SES. Greater food price inflation was associated with greater obesity prevalence only among women in higher SES groups, who may be net food buyers most at risk of obesity in low-income and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalijn I Conklin
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada. .,WORLD Policy Analysis Center, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Adel Daoud
- Centre for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Riti Shimkhada
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ninez A Ponce
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA.,Center Global and Immigrant Health, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA
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Becker TK, Hansoti B, Bartels S, Hayward AS, Hexom BJ, Lunney KM, Marsh RH, Osei-Ampofo M, Trehan I, Chang J, Levine AC. Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature From 2016. Acad Emerg Med 2017; 24:1150-1160. [PMID: 28474823 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) conducts an annual search of peer-reviewed and gray literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) to identify, review, and disseminate the most important new research in this field to a global audience of academics and clinical practitioners. METHODS This year 13,890 articles written in four languages were identified by our search. These articles were distributed among 20 reviewers for initial screening based on their relevance to the field of global EM. An additional two reviewers searched the gray literature. All articles that were deemed appropriate by at least one reviewer and approved by their editor underwent formal scoring of overall quality and importance. Two independent reviewers scored all articles. RESULTS A total of 716 articles met our inclusion criteria and underwent full review. Fifty-nine percent were categorized as emergency care in resource-limited settings, 17% as EM development, and 24% as disaster and humanitarian response. Nineteen articles received scores of 18.5 or higher out of a maximum score of 20 and were selected for formal summary and critique. Inter-rater reliability testing between reviewers revealed Cohen's kappa of 0.441. CONCLUSIONS In 2016, the total number of articles identified by our search continued to increase. The proportion of articles in each of the three categories remained stable. Studies and reviews with a focus on infectious diseases, pediatrics, and the use of ultrasound in resource-limited settings represented the majority of articles selected for final review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben K. Becker
- Department of Critical Care Medicine; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA
| | - Bhakti Hansoti
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD
| | - Susan Bartels
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative; Cambridge MA
| | | | - Braden J. Hexom
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago IL
| | - Kevin M. Lunney
- TheMedical Corps, US Navy, and the Navy Trauma Training Center; Los Angeles County and University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA
| | - Regan H. Marsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA
- Partners In Health; Boston MA
| | - Maxwell Osei-Ampofo
- Emergency Medicine Directorate; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; Kumasi Ghana
| | - Indi Trehan
- Partners In Health; Harper Liberia
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Public Health; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis MO
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Malawi; Blantyre Malawi
| | | | - Adam C. Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence RI
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Abstract
Parental education is located at the center of global efforts to improve child health. In a developing-country context, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a crucial role in determining how governments allocate scarce resources to education and public health interventions. Under reforms mandated by IMF structural adjustment programs, it may become harder for parents to reap the benefits of their education due to wage contraction, welfare retrenchment, and generalized social insecurity. This study assesses how the protective effect of education changes under IMF programs, and thus how parents' ability to guard their children's health is affected by structural adjustment. We combine cross-sectional stratified data (countries, 67; children, 1,941,734) from the Demographic and Health Surveys and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The sample represents ∼2.8 billion (about 50%) of the world's population in year 2000. Based on multilevel models, our findings reveal that programs reduce the protective effect of parental education on child health, especially in rural areas. For instance, in the absence of IMF programs, living in an household with educated parents reduces the odds of child malnourishment by 38% [odds ratio (OR), 0.62; 95% CI, 0.66-0.58]; in the presence of programs, this drops to 21% (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.86-0.74). In other words, the presence of IMF conditionality decreases the protective effect of parents' education on child malnourishment by no less than 17%. We observe similar adverse effects in sanitation, shelter, and health care access (including immunization), but a beneficial effect in countering water deprivation.
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Measuring functioning and disability after a disaster: results from the typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda-affected areas of the Philippines. Int J Rehabil Res 2016; 39:267-71. [DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Correction: What Is the Association between Absolute Child Poverty, Poor Governance, and Natural Disasters? A Global Comparison of Some of the Realities of Climate Change. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155653. [PMID: 27163695 PMCID: PMC4862662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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