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Oyekunle V, Gibbs A, Tomita A. Assessing the role of depression in reducing intimate partner violence perpetration among young men living in urban informal settlements using a mediation analysis of the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2188686. [PMID: 36927500 PMCID: PMC10026746 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2188686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SS/CF) is a gender transformative and economic empowerment intervention that has effectively reduced the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) by young men living in informal settlements in South Africa. OBJECTIVE This study examines whether depression mediated the association between SS/CF intervention and decreased IPV. METHOD Data from a two-arm cluster randomised community-based controlled trial that evaluated the effectiveness of SS/CF in lowering IPV were obtained from 674 young men aged 18-30 within urban informal settlements in South Africa. After being randomly assigned to either the experimental arm (SS/CF) or the control arm, the participants were followed up for 24 months. Logistic regression using mediation analysis was conducted to see whether changes in depressive symptoms mediated the association between the intervention and reduced IPV perpetration. RESULTS Findings from the mediation analysis indicated that those assigned to the SS/CF experimental group reported lower depression (β = -0.42, p < 0.05) at 12 months, and this was subsequently associated with reduced IPV (β = 0.43, p < 0.05) at 24 months. The direct path from SS/CF to IPV was originally (β = -0.46, p < 0.01), but reduced in the mediation model to (β = -0.13, p = 0.50). Depressive symptoms mediated the association between the SS/CF intervention and decreased IPV perpetration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that one pathway through which SS/CF decreased IPV was through improvement in mental health (i.e. depression). Future IPV prevention interventions may consider incorporating components that focus on improving mental health as a way of also reducing IPV perpetration in disadvantaged settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Oyekunle
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Tomita
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Dassaye R, Wand H, Reddy T, Tanser F, Sartorius B, Morris N, Ramjee G. Spatial variations in STIs among women enrolled in HIV prevention clinical trials in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. SAHARA J 2023; 20:2193238. [PMID: 36995287 PMCID: PMC10064823 DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2023.2193238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
South Africa is faced with a high HIV and STI prevalence and incidence, respectively, with pockets of high burden areas driving these diseases. Localised monitoring of the HIV epidemic and STI endemic would enable more effective targeted prevention strategies. We assessed spatial variations in curable STI incidence among a cohort of women enrolled in HIV prevention clinical trials between 2002 and 2012. STI incidence rates from 7557 South African women enrolled in five HIV prevention trials were geo-mapped using participant household GPS coordinates. Age and period standardised incidence rates were calculated for 43 recruitment areas and Bayesian conditional autoregressive areal spatial regression (CAR) was used to identify significant patterns and spatial patterns of STI infections in recruitment communities. Overall age and period standardised STI incidence rate were estimated as 15 per 100 PY and ranged from 6 to 24 per 100 PY. We identified five significant STI high risk areas with higher-than-expected incidence of STIs located centrally (three-locations) and southern neighbouring areas of Durban (two-locations). Younger age (<25), not married/cohabitating, parity <3 and poor education were all significant correlates of high STI communities. Findings demonstrate sustained STI incidence rates across the greater Durban area. The role of STI incidence in HIV acquisition in high HIV endemic areas need to be revisited as current highly effective PrEP interventions do not protect from STI acquisition. In these settings there is an urgent need for integrative HIV and STI prevention and treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Dassaye
- HIV and other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frank Tanser
- University of Lincoln, Lincoln Institute for Health, Lincoln, UK
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (ITD), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Natashia Morris
- Biostatistics Unit: GIS, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV and other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Oyekunle V, Tomita A, Gibbs A. Cluster randomized controlled trial of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures to reduce mental health challenges among young men in informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1712-1722. [PMID: 37272405 PMCID: PMC10657496 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231174370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal settlements are high density areas in and around cities, characterized by a lack of formal planning and basic amenities, being known in South Africa for high levels of mental disorder driven by violence, and complex social and economic challenges. In particular, young men's poor mental health goes untreated, with relatively few evidenced-based interventions available in this setting. AIM This cluster randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SS/CF), a participatory gender transformative and economic empowerment intervention, on the mental health of young men living in South African informal settlement. METHODS A total of 674 young men ages 18 to 30 years were recruited in 34 clusters in Durban's urban informal settlements. Clusters were randomly allocated (1:1) to either the experimental SS/CF or control arm and participants were followed-up over 24-months. Intention-to-treat analysis based on generalized estimating equations (GEE) were fitted to quantify the impact of SS/CF on the men's anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. RESULTS At end of the 24 months follow-period, anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.62, p = .04, 95% CI [0.39, 0.99]) and PTS (aOR = 0.52, p = .03, 95% CI [0.29, 0.93]) were significantly lower for group assigned to the SS/CF compared to the control group. CONCLUSION SS/CF, a gender transformative and livelihoods strengthening intervention designed to address poverty and other socio-economic challenges in informal settlements reduced anxiety and PTS among men with mental health challenges living in informal settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Oyekunle
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew Tomita
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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Hunidzarira P, Brown ER, Chirenje ZM, Hillier SL, Marrazzo JM, Palanee-Phillips T, Kiweewa FM, Baeten JM. Population-Level Correlation Between Incidence of Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Among African Women Participating in HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1069-1074. [PMID: 35763413 PMCID: PMC10233491 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly efficacious oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the global standard for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 prevention, including in clinical trials of novel PrEP agents using active-comparator designs. The analysis assessed whether incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can serve as a surrogate indicator of HIV-1 incidence that might occur in the absence of PrEP. METHODS We analyzed data from 3256 women randomized to placebo groups of oral and vaginal PrEP trials (MTN-003/VOICE and MTN-020/ASPIRE). Regression modeling assessed the correlation between incident individual STIs (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis, each considered separately) and incident HIV-1. RESULTS Across 18 sites in 4 countries (Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe), STI and HIV-1 incidences were high: HIV-1 4.9, N gonorrhoeae 5.3, C trachomatis 14.5, and T vaginalis 7.1 per 100 person-years. There was limited correlation between HIV-1 incidence and incidence of individual STIs: N gonorrhoeae (r = 0.02, P = .871), C trachomatis (r = 0.49, P = <.001), and T vaginalis (r = 0.10, P = .481). The modest association with C trachomatis was driven by country-level differences in both C trachomatis and HIV-1, with no statistically significant association within countries. CONCLUSIONS Sexually transmitted infection incidence did not reliably predict HIV-1 incidence at the population level among at-risk African women participating in 2 large PrEP trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Portia Hunidzarira
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre (UZ-CTRC), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Elizabeth R Brown
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics; Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Z Mike Chirenje
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre (UZ-CTRC), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sharon L Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeanne M Marrazzo
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thesla Palanee-Phillips
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, South Africa
| | - Flavia M Kiweewa
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jared M Baeten
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health; Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine; Seattle, Washington, USA
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Onoya D, Jinga N, Nattey C, Mongwenyana C, Mngadi S, MacLeod WB, Sherman G. Motivational interviewing retention counseling and adherence to early infant diagnostic HIV testing schedule in South Africa: The PAEDLINK randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28730. [PMID: 35147093 PMCID: PMC8830822 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report the PAEDLINK randomized trial results on the effect of motivational interviewing (MI) retention counseling on the adherence of postpartum women to the early infant diagnostic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing schedule. METHODS HIV positive women and their babies were enrolled 3 to 6 days after delivery at 4 midwife obstetric units in the Gauteng province of South Africa and randomized into (A) MI retention counseling and telephonic tracing, (B) biannual telephonic tracing, and (C) standard care. Mother-baby pairs were followed up for 18 months via medical records. The uptake of child HIV tests and maternal retention in the 0 to 6 and 7 to 18 month periods were modeled using Log-binomial regression. RESULTS Overall, 501/711 enrolled mother-baby pairs received a second HIV polymerase chain reaction test by 6 months (70.0%, 70.5%, and 70.0% in groups A, B, and C, respectively). A higher proportion of intervention children (60.9%) were tested at 7 to 90 days than group B (48.1%, adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.8 for B vs A, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-0.9) and group C children (52.7%, aRR 0.9 for C vs A, 95% CI: 0.9-1.0). Child testing between 7 and 18-months was also higher in group A than C (10.7% A, vs 5.5% C, RR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-3.7). However, maternal retention was similar across groups, with 41.6% and 16.3% retained during the 0 to 6 and the 7 to 18-months periods, respectively. CONCLUSION MI retention counseling can reduce delays in the early infant diagnosis testing schedule for HIV-exposed infants. However, further support is necessary to maximize later HIV tests and maternal retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Onoya
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelly Jinga
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Nattey
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Constance Mongwenyana
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sithabile Mngadi
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - William B. MacLeod
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Gayle Sherman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wand H, Reddy T. Temporal trends in correlates of HIV testing uptake in South Africa: evaluation and population-level impacts of socio-economic factors and information sources. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hanass-Hancock J, Carpenter B, Reddy T, Nzuza A, Gaffoor Z, Goga A, Andrasik M. Participants' characteristics and motivations to screen for HIV vaccine and monoclonal antibody trials in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trials 2021; 22:897. [PMID: 34895272 PMCID: PMC8665490 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV is one of the greatest public health challenges in South Africa. Potential HIV vaccines and antibodies are thought to be cost-effective biomedical HIV prevention methods and are currently under investigation in phase I, II, and III trials. Consequently, current and future clinical trials need to ensure sufficient recruitment and retention. To achieve this goal, clinical trial staff need to understand the socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of people volunteering to screen for these trials and their reasons for volunteering. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of participant screening data across five vaccine and monoclonal antibody trials at four sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Our study reviewed the demographic, behavioural, motivational, and health-related data from the case report forms and screening questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared, and one-way ANOVA tests were used to analyse participants' characteristics and motivation to participate in HIV vaccine and monoclonal antibody trials. Analyses were conducted using R version 3.5.2. RESULTS Screening data from 1934 participants, including 79.2% of women, were obtained across all five trials (1034 enrolled, 900 screened out/declined). Screened participants predominately self-identified as black, heterosexual, cisgender women or men, many with lower educational backgrounds (43.9% did not complete secondary/high school), and several self-reported HIV-risk behaviours among themselves and their partners. 10.8% of the screened participants were living with HIV. Avoiding HIV risk was the main motivation to participate in clinical trials, followed by altruistic reasons such as a desire to help the community or helping to find a vaccine. DISCUSSION The current recruitment approach of these trials attracts heterosexual participants who seek to reduce HIV risk and support their community. Hence, the data suggest the need for and potential acceptance of continued ongoing HIV prevention efforts. Current trials attract participants with lower educational levels, which may be driven by the site locations, current community mobilisation strategies and research site opening hours. The sites could consider more flexible working hours to accommodate working participants and find ways to connect participants to educational support and opportunities to upgrade education levels for the current clientele. TRIAL REGISTRATION HVTN 100: A Safety and Immune Response Study of 2 Experimental HIV Vaccines, NCT02404311 . Registered on March 17, 2015. HVTN 111: Safety and Immune Response to a Clade C DNA HIV Vaccine, NCT02997969. Registered on December 16, 2016. HVTN 108: Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Clade C DNA Vaccine and MF59- or AS01B-Adjuvanted Clade C Env Protein Vaccines in Various Combinations in Healthy, HIV-Uninfected Adults, NCT02915016. Registered on September 22, 2016. HVTN 702: Pivotal Phase 2b/3 ALVAC/Bivalent gp120/MF59 HIV Vaccine Prevention Safety and Efficacy Study in South Africa, NCT02968849. Registered on November 1, 2016. HVTN 703/HPTN 081: Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of the VRC01 Antibody in Reducing Acquisition of HIV-1 Infection in Women, NCT02568215 . Registered on October 1, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Hanass-Hancock
- South African Medical Research Council, Gender and Health Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa. .,University of KwaZulu Natal School of Health Science, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Bradley Carpenter
- South African Medical Research Council, Gender and Health Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu Natal School of Health Science, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- South African Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Research Unit, Seattle, USA
| | - Ayanda Nzuza
- South African Medical Research Council, Gender and Health Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zakir Gaffoor
- South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research Unit, Seattle, USA
| | - Ameena Goga
- South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research Unit, Seattle, USA
| | - Michele Andrasik
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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Wand H, Morris N, Dassaye R, Reddy T, Ramjee G. Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among South African Women Using Individual- and Community-Level Factors: Results from Generalized Additive Mixed Models. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1875-1886. [PMID: 30767180 PMCID: PMC6944771 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
South Africa has the highest burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in the world. There is also growing evidence that an individual's risk of contracting HIV is increased by the presence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between the prevalence of STIs in a cohort of South African women who enrolled in HIV prevention trials (2002-2012). The current study linked the individual factors with the community-level characteristics using geo-referencing. These multi-level data were analyzed in generalized additive mixed models settings. In the multivariate logistic regression model, younger age (odds ratio [OR] 4.30, 95% CI 3.20, 5.77 and OR 2.72, 95% CI 2.02, 3.66 for age < 25 and 25-29, respectively); being single/not cohabiting (OR 4.57, 95% CI 3.18, 6.53), two + sex partners (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.18,1.80); parity < 2 (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.53, 2.72), parity = 2 (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.37, 2.48), and using injectables (contraceptive) (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.06) were all significantly associated with increased prevalence of STIs. Women who resided in the communities with high proportions of female headed-households were also significantly at higher risk for STIs (OR 1.20, p = .0025). Because these factors may reflect characteristics of the larger groups who share similar cultural norms and social environments, they can provide considerable insight into the spread of STIs. Prevention strategies based on individual and community-level drivers of STIs are likely to be the most effective means of targeting and reaching those at greatest risk of infection. This strategy has the potential to play a significant role in the epidemic's trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Natashia Morris
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Reshmi Dassaye
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Westville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
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Wand H, Reddy T, Ramjee G. Temporal trends in sexual behaviours and their impacts on HIV incidence among South African women: 2002-2016. AIDS Care 2020; 33:1002-1008. [PMID: 32698610 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1789054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
South Africa has the highest number of HIV infected individuals in the world. The primary objective of the current study was to describe temporal changes in HIV incidence rates using the data from 9,948 women who enrolled in one of the six HIV prevention trials conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Characteristics of the study population were presented and compared across the four study periods: 2002-2004, 2005-2008, 2009-2011 and 2012-2016. HIV infection rates increased from 6.2 to 9.3 per 100 person-year over the 15 years. These rates were as high as 14 per 100 person-year among women younger than 20 years age. Being single/not cohabiting, using injectable contraceptives, having less than two children, and diagnosed with STI(s) were associated with increased risk of HIV infection. These four factors were associated with 71%, 75%, 80% and 88% of the HIV seroconversions in four study periods. As the research continues to find ways of controlling the spread of the infections, quantifying the temporal trends in risk factors and their population-level impacts on HIV infection may have significant implications. This information may assist in developing effective counselling and education programs by targeting the sexually active single women and delivering more realistic messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
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Ramjee G, Dassaye R, Reddy T, Wand H. Targeted Pregnancy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention Risk-Reduction Counseling for Young Women: Lessons Learned from Biomedical Prevention Trials. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1759-1766. [PMID: 29947802 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efficacy trials receive counseling on prevention of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy during every visit. Incident pregnancy has an impact on efficacy outcomes. Incidence rates of pregnancy and HIV/STIs among women who became pregnant and associated risk factors were assessed. Methods Data from 9165 women participating in HIV prevention trials in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa from 2002-2012 were combined. Demographic and behavioral predictors of incidence pregnancy and incidence HIV and STIs were determined using Cox regression models. Results Overall pregnancy incidence was 9.6 per 100 person-year (py) (95% confidence interval [Cl], 9.1-10.3). Human immunodeficiency virus incidence among pregnant women was 5.93 per 100 py (95% Cl, 4.73-7.44). Incidence of STIs among pregnant women for Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) were 10.87, 7.42, 3.92, and 1.43 per 100 py, respectively. In the adjusted analyses, we observed overlapping risk factors for HIV acquisition during pregnancy, ie, young age, not married/not cohabitating, and low parity. The risk of pregnancy and HIV acquisition is more than 3 times higher among young women (<20 years of age). Conclusions We identified overlapping risk factors for pregnancy and HIV incidence, suggesting an urgent need for appropriate, targeted, individual-centred counseling for women participating in HIV prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Reshmi Dassaye
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Handan Wand
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Wand H, Reddy T, Ramjee G. Investigating spatial disparities in high-risk women and HIV infections using generalized additive models: Results from a cohort of South African women. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2019; 30:100283. [PMID: 31421797 PMCID: PMC6914769 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2019.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We identified the geographical clustering of HIV as well as those at highest risk of infection using a decade long data (2002-2012) from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS A total of 5,776 women who enrolled in several HIV prevention trials were included in the study. Geo-coded individual-level data were linked to the community-level characteristics using the South African Census. High-risk women were identified using a risk scoring algorithm. Generalized additive models were used to identify the significant geographical clustering of high-risk women and HIV. RESULTS Overall, 60% of the women were classified as high risk of HIV. HIV infection rates were estimated as high as 10 to 15 per 100 person year. Areas with high rates of HIV infections were spatially clustered and overlapped particularly in the Northern part of Durban. CONCLUSION Targeting multifactorial and complex nature of the epidemic is urgently needed to identify the "high transmission" areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Westville, 3630 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Washington, United States.
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12
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Ramjee G, Sartorius B, Morris N, Wand H, Reddy T, Yssel JD, Tanser F. A decade of sustained geographic spread of HIV infections among women in Durban, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:500. [PMID: 31174475 PMCID: PMC6555962 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fine scale geospatial analysis of HIV infection patterns can be used to facilitate geographically targeted interventions. Our objective was to use the geospatial technology to map age and time standardized HIV incidence rates over a period of 10 years to identify communities at high risk of HIV in the greater Durban area. Methods HIV incidence rates from 7557 South African women enrolled in five community-based HIV prevention trials (2002–2012) were mapped using participant household global positioning system (GPS) coordinates. Age and period standardized HIV incidence rates were calculated for 43 recruitment clusters across greater Durban. Bayesian conditional autoregressive areal spatial regression (CAR) was used to identify significant patterns and clustering of new HIV infections in recruitment communities. Results The total person-time in the cohort was 9093.93 years and 613 seroconversions were observed. The overall crude HIV incidence rate across all communities was 6·74 per 100PY (95% CI: 6·22–7·30). 95% of the clusters had HIV incidence rates greater than 3 per 100PY. The CAR analysis identified six communities with significantly high HIV incidence. Estimated relative risks for these clusters ranged from 1.34 to 1.70. Consistent with these results, age standardized HIV incidence rates were also highest in these clusters and estimated to be 10 or more per 100 PY. Compared to women 35+ years old younger women were more likely to reside in the highest incidence areas (aOR: 1·51, 95% CI: 1·06–2·15; aOR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1·19–2·14 and aOR: 1·62, 95% CI: 1·2–2·18 for < 20, 20–24, 25–29 years old respectively). Partnership factors (2+ sex partners and being unmarried/not cohabiting) were also more common in the highest incidence clusters (aOR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.25–1.75 and aOR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.28–1.84 respectively). Conclusion Fine geospatial analysis showed a continuous, unrelenting, hyper HIV epidemic in most of the greater Durban region with six communities characterised by particularly high levels of HIV incidence. The results motivate for comprehensive community-based HIV prevention approaches including expanded access to PrEP. In addition, a higher concentration of HIV related services is required in the highest risk communities to effectively reach the most vulnerable populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4080-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 3630, South Africa. .,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,School of Medicine, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Benn Sartorius
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Natashia Morris
- Biostatistics Unit: GIS, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Justin D Yssel
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 3630, South Africa
| | - Frank Tanser
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.,Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa - CAPRISA, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Congella, South Africa
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13
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Boodhram R, Moodley D, Abbai N, Ramjee G. Association of endogenous progesterone levels in young women using hormonal contraception with recent HIV-1 infection. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2019; 19:63. [PMID: 31068152 PMCID: PMC6505278 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high endogenous progesterone luteal state in the menstrual cycle has been independently associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) incidence in epidemiological studies. Hormonal contraception particularly high dose Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is also thought to increase the risk of HIV acquisition. Inconsistent reports of this association have led us to hypothesize that unsuppressed endogenous progesterone level in women who reported hormonal contraception (HC) use may be an explanation for increased vulnerability to HIV. METHODS This pilot study was a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data and laboratory testing of stored specimens collected from women who participated in the SAMRC HIV prevention MDP 301 trial during 2005-2009 in South Africa. Serum progesterone levels were measured in 39 women at the point of first positive HIV diagnosis during study follow-up and 36 women who remained HIV uninfected at the 52-week study exit visit. RESULTS Overall, the median (IQR) progesterone level in 49 women using hormonal contraception was 0.39 ng/ml (IQR 0.13-0.45) and 48 (97.9%) women had a progesterone level < 3.0 ng/ml suggestive of adequate progesterone suppression for contraceptive efficacy. After excluding the one woman with a progesterone level of > 3.0 ng/ml, the median progesterone level in women using DMPA remained marginally higher at 0.42 ng/ml (IQR 0.27-0.45) than women using Norethisterone Enanthate (NET-EN) (0.31 ng/ml; IQR 0.13-0.41, p = 0.061). For women using hormonal contraception, the median progesterone level did not differ between women with recent HIV infection or women who remained HIV negative (0.39 vs 0.38 ng/ml, p = 0.959). Similarly, the median progesterone level in women using DMPA or NET-EN did not differ by HIV status (0.43 vs 0.41 ng/ml, p = 0.905; 0.24 vs 0.31 ng/ml, p = 0.889). CONCLUSION Among women using hormonal contraception, DMPA or NET-EN we did not observe a significant difference in progesterone levels between women with recently acquired HIV infection and women who remained HIV negative. Our findings suggest that endogenous progesterone levels remain suppressed in the presence of hormonal contraception and are not likely to be associated with HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resha Boodhram
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Dhayendre Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4051, South Africa.
| | - Nathlee Abbai
- Department of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Maenetje P, Lindan C, Makkan H, Chetty-Makkan CM, Latka MH, Charalambous S, Mlotshwa M, Malefo M, Brumskine W, Hills NK, Price MA, Edward V. HIV incidence and predictors of inconsistent condom use among adult men enrolled into an HIV vaccine preparedness study, Rustenburg, South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214786. [PMID: 30943254 PMCID: PMC6447216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding HIV incidence and risk behaviour among populations being considered for HIV vaccine studies is necessary for the appropriate design of trials. METHODS Between May 2012 and June 2015, we recruited men aged 18-49 years from urban and peri-urban areas of Rustenburg, a mining town in the North West Province, South Africa. Men who reported HIV-risk behaviour were followed for nine to 12 months to determine HIV incidence and factors associated with condom use. RESULTS A total of 400 HIV uninfected men were enrolled; 366 (91.5%) had at least one follow-up visit and were included in the analysis; 47.6% were under 25 years of age. HIV incidence was 1.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.79-4.56). Among heterosexual men (N = 339), 80.8% reported having vaginal intercourse with multiple partners in the past three months, among whom 74.1% reported inconsistent condom use. Sixty-eight percent reported vaginal intercourse with new female partners, of whom 40.6% reported inconsistent condom use. Over half (55.6%) of men who had sex with men (N = 27) reported anal intercourse with multiple male partners in the past three months, of whom 68.2% reported using condoms inconsistently. Men who had more than two female partners in the last three months (n = 121) were more likely to use condoms inconsistently (aOR 4.31, 95% CI: 1.34-13.8); in contrast, those with more than one new female sex partner (aOR 0.13, 94% CI 0.04-0.44), and whose sexual debut was after 19 years of age (aOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-1.01) were less likely to use condoms inconsistently. CONCLUSION HIV incidence was low and similar to other studies of heterosexual men in South Africa. To identify men at high risk for HIV for enrolment in prevention trials, future researchers may need to focus on those who report early sexual debut and who report having multiple sexual partners. Men in newer relationships appear to use condoms more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pholo Maenetje
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Salome Charalambous
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mandla Mlotshwa
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Nancy K. Hills
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, United States of America
| | - Vinodh Edward
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wand H, Dassaye R, Reddy T, Yssel J, Ramjee G. Geographical-level contributions of risk factors for HIV infections using generalized additive models: results from a cohort of South African women. AIDS Care 2018; 31:714-722. [PMID: 30537858 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1556382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
South Africa has the highest burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in the world with significant geographical variations. We identified the predictors of HIV infections and their sub-geographical-level contributions to the epidemic using a decade long data (2002-2012) from 6484 South African women. Generalized additive models were used to uncover the most significant features of these estimates across the region. In the overall analysis, younger age, not married or cohabiting with a partner, partner has another partner(s) and null/prim parity, using injectable contraceptives and presence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were identified as independent predictors of HIV seroconversions. Overall, the top three highest contributors to infections were women's marital status (PAR% = 73%, 95% CI: 68%, 77%), parity (PAR% = 47%, 95% CI: 42%, 53%) and partnership factors (PAR% = 37%, 95% CI: 30%, 44%). However, their contributions varied remarkably at sub-geographical level. This was mainly due to the substantial localized variations in their prevalence and hazard ratios across the region. Our results will guide policy makers to develop tailored prevention strategies in order to allocate scarce resources by targeting the most significant contributors of HIV infection at sub-geographical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Wand
- a Kirby Institute , University of New South Wales , Kensington , Australia
| | - Reshmi Dassaye
- b HIV Prevention Research Unit , South African Medical Research Council , Westville , South Africa
| | - Tarylee Reddy
- c Biostatistics Unit , South African Medical Research Council , Durban , South Africa
| | - Justin Yssel
- b HIV Prevention Research Unit , South African Medical Research Council , Westville , South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- b HIV Prevention Research Unit , South African Medical Research Council , Westville , South Africa
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Mulqueeny DM, Taylor M. Patients' recommendations for a patient-centred public antiretroviral therapy programme in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal. South Afr J HIV Med 2017; 18:677. [PMID: 29568623 PMCID: PMC5843240 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The South African antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme, which is in its second decade of existence, includes many successes and challenges. This study provides patients’ recommendations to address the challenges they currently experience at four antiretroviral (ARV) clinics based in urban public hospitals in order to provide a patient-centred service. Objectives To use patients’ recommendations to develop intervention strategies to improve patients’ experiences of the public ART programme. Method A three-stage, sequential, mixed-method study was implemented. Stage 1 recruited five patients from the four sites to formulate and test a structured questionnaire prior to data collection. Stage 2 recruited a stratified random sample of 400 patients (100 from each hospital) to complete the administered structured questionnaire. Stage 3 purposively selected 12 patients (three from each of the four sites) to participate in in-depth audio-recorded interviews using an interview schedule. Results The 412 patients prioritised six recommendations, which are as follows: waiting areas should be enclosed to protect patients from the elements (rain, sun, lightening, wind and cold); patients should not have to return their files to the main hospital or ARV clinic themselves; stable patients should collect their ARV drugs every three months; pharmacy opening and closing times should be revised to suit patients’ needs; HIV-positive patient representatives should be elected at each ARV clinic to address patients’ concerns and/or challenges to ensure that the programme could be more patient-centred and ARV clinic operating times should be extended to open later during weekdays and over weekends. Conclusion Patients living with HIV have a valuable contribution to make in assessing service delivery and making recommendations to create a patient-centred healthcare environment, which will feasibly increase their adherence to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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