1
|
Maje Bello A, Chaimongkolnukul K, Poomputsa K, Mekvichitsaeng P, Maprang Roshorm Y. Immunogenicity and immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes of a new DNA-based tetravalent vaccine against four major enteroviruses causing hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccine 2024; 42:3733-3743. [PMID: 38705805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant public health threat primarily caused by four major enteroviruses: enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackieviruses A16, A10, and A6. Broadly protective immune responses are essential for complete protection against these major enteroviruses. In this study, we designed a new tetravalent immunogen for HFMD, validated it in silico, in vivo evaluated the immunogenicity of the DNA-based tetravalent vaccine in mice, and identified immunogenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes. A new tetravalent immunogen, VP1me, was designed based on the chimeric protein and epitope-based vaccine principles. It contains a complete EV71 VP1 protein and six reported neutralizing B-cell epitopes derived from the four major enteroviruses causing HFMD. In silico validation using multiple immunoinformatic tools indicated good attributes of the VP1me immunogen suitable for vaccine development. The VP1me-based DNA vaccine efficiently induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/cAJcl mice. A combination of in silico prediction and immunoassays enabled the identification of immunogenic linear B-cell and CD8 T-cell epitopes within the VP1me immunogen. Immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes were identified in six regions of VP1me, with one epitope located at the N-terminus of the VP1 protein (aa 9-23) regarded as a novel epitope. Interestingly, some B-cell epitopes could also induce the CD8 T-cell response, suggesting their dual functions in immune stimulation. These results lay the groundwork for further development of VP1me as a new vaccine candidate.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Enterovirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano Nigeria
| | | | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan W, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Duan W, Yang C, Sheng S, Wang Y, Wei X, Liu Y, Huang Y. An innovative antibody fusion protein targeting PD-L1, VEGF and TGF-β with enhanced antitumor efficacies. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111698. [PMID: 38377856 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are inextricably linked to tumor progression. Mono-therapeutics of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs, e.g. antibodies against programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1, PD-1/PD-L1) is prone to immune escape while combination therapeutics tends to cause high toxicity and side effects. Therefore, using multi-functional molecules to target multiple pathways simultaneously is becoming a new strategy for cancer therapies. Here, we developed a trifunctional fusion protein, DR30206, composed of Bevacizumab (an antibody against VEGF), and a variable domain of heavy chain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) against PD-L1 and the extracellular domain (ECD) protein of TGF-β receptor II (TGF-β RII), which are fused to the N- and C-terminus of Bevacizumab, respectively. The original intention of DR30206 design was to enhance the immune responses pairs by targeting PD-L1 while inhibiting VEGF and TGF-β in the TME. Our data demonstrated that DR30206 exhibits high antigen-binding affinities and efficient blocking capabilities, the principal drivers of efficacy in antibody therapy. Furthermore, the capability of eliciting antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) provides a greater possibility to enhance the immune response. Finally, in vivo experiments showed that the antitumor activity of DR30206 was superior to those of monoclonal antibody of PD-L1 or VEGF, PD-L1 and TGF-β bispecific antibody or the combination inhibition of PD-L1 and VEGF. Our findings suggest there is a great potential for DR30206 to become a therapeutic for the treatment of multiple cancer types, especially lung cancer, colon adenocarcinoma and breast carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Chen
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Duan
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Sheng
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Wei
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanshan Huang
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jansson MK, Nguyen DT, Mikkat S, Warnke C, Janssen MB, Warnke P, Kreikemeyer B, Patenge N. Synthetic mRNA delivered to human cells leads to expression of Cpl-1 bacteriophage-endolysin with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102145. [PMID: 38435119 PMCID: PMC10907214 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded hydrolases that show high antibacterial activity and a narrow substrate spectrum. We hypothesize that an mRNA-based approach to endolysin therapy can overcome some challenges of conventional endolysin therapy, namely organ targeting and bioavailability. We show that synthetic mRNA applied to three human cell lines (HEK293T, A549, HepG2 cells) leads to expression and cytosolic accumulation of the Cpl-1 endolysin with activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Addition of a human lysozyme signal peptide sequence translocates the Cpl-1 to the endoplasmic reticulum leading to secretion (hlySP-sCpl-1). The pneumococcal killing effect of hlySP-sCpl-1 was enhanced by introduction of a point mutation to avoid N-linked-glycosylation. hlySP-sCpl-1N215D, collected from the culture supernatant of A549 cells 6 h post-transfection showed a significant killing effect and was active against nine pneumococcal strains. mRNA-based cytosolic Cpl-1 and secretory hlySP-sCpl-1N215D show potential for innovative treatment strategies against pneumococcal disease and, to our best knowledge, represent the first approach to mRNA-based endolysin therapy. We assume that many other bacterial pathogens could be targeted with this novel approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. Jansson
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dat Tien Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Mikkat
- Core Facility Proteome Analysis, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carolin Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marc Benjamin Janssen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadja Patenge
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fallahee I, Hawiger D. Episomal Vectors for Stable Production of Recombinant Proteins and Engineered Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:18. [PMID: 38534208 PMCID: PMC10967652 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows the rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance through an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fallahee I, Hawiger D. EPISOMAL VECTORS FOR STABLE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS AND ENGINEERED ANTIBODIES. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574076. [PMID: 38260603 PMCID: PMC10802304 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance though an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu W, Krijgsveld J. Secretome Analysis: Reading Cellular Sign Language to Understand Intercellular Communication. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100692. [PMID: 38081362 PMCID: PMC10793180 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant portion of mammalian proteomes is secreted to the extracellular space to fulfill crucial roles in cell-to-cell communication. To best recapitulate the intricate and multi-faceted crosstalk between cells in a live organism, there is an ever-increasing need for methods to study protein secretion in model systems that include multiple cell types. In addition, posttranslational modifications further expand the complexity and versatility of cellular communication. This review aims to summarize recent strategies and model systems that employ cellular coculture, chemical biology tools, protein enrichment, and proteomic methods to characterize the composition and function of cellular secretomes. This is all geared towards gaining better understanding of organismal biology in vivo mediated by secretory signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antony JS, Birrer P, Bohnert C, Zimmerli S, Hillmann P, Schaffhauser H, Hoeflich C, Hoeflich A, Khairallah R, Satoh AT, Kappeler I, Ferreira I, Zuideveld KP, Metzger F. Local application of engineered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA demonstrates regenerative therapeutic potential in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102055. [PMID: 37928443 PMCID: PMC10622308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth-promoting anabolic hormone that fosters cell growth and tissue homeostasis. IGF-I deficiency is associated with several diseases, including growth disorders and neurological and musculoskeletal diseases due to impaired regeneration. Despite the vast regenerative potential of IGF-I, its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile has prevented it from being used therapeutically. In this study, we resolved these challenges by the local administration of IGF-I mRNA, which ensures desirable homeostatic kinetics and non-systemic, local dose-dependent expression of IGF-I protein. Furthermore, IGF-I mRNA constructs were sequence engineered with heterologous signal peptides, which improved in vitro protein secretion (2- to 6-fold) and accelerated in vivo functional regeneration (16-fold) over endogenous IGF-I mRNA. The regenerative potential of engineered IGF-I mRNA was validated in a mouse myotoxic muscle injury and rabbit spinal disc herniation models. Engineered IGF-I mRNA had a half-life of 17-25 h in muscle tissue and showed dose-dependent expression of IGF-I over 2-3 days. Animal models confirm that locally administered IGF-I mRNA remained at the site of injection, contributing to the safety profile of mRNA-based treatment in regenerative medicine. In summary, we demonstrate that engineered IGF-I mRNA holds therapeutic potential with high clinical translatability in different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sina Zimmerli
- Versameb AG, Technology Park, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cox J, Jennings M, Lenahan C, Manion M, Courville S, Blazeck J. Rational engineering of an improved adenosine deaminase 2 enzyme for weaponizing T-cell therapies. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 19:100394. [PMID: 37519414 PMCID: PMC10374970 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a potent immunosuppressive metabolite that accumulates in the extracellular space within solid tumors and inhibits the antitumor function of native immune cell responses as well as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies. Here, we show that engineered human cells can degrade extracellular adenosine through secretion of adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes-a possible therapeutic enhancement for CAR T cells. We first determine that the high-activity ADA1 isoform is naturally intracellularly restricted and show that the addition of canonical or computationally predicted secretory peptides did not allow for improved secretion. We did, however, determine that the lower-activity ADA2 isoform is naturally secreted. Thus, we utilized phylogenetic-based structural comparisons to guide a mutational survey of ADA2 active site residues, which when coupled with a high-throughput screen for enhanced ADA2-mediated extracellular adenosine rate allowed isolation of the most catalytically efficient ADA2 variant reported to date. When expressed by human cells, this variant exhibits 30× higher extracellular adenosine degradation activity than the wild-type enzyme. Finally, we demonstrate that Jurkat and CAR T cells engineered to express this secreted, high-activity ADA2 variant can degrade significant amounts of extracellular adenosine in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Cox
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Jennings
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - C. Lenahan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Manion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - S. Courville
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - J. Blazeck
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O’Neill P, Mistry RK, Brown AJ, James DC. Protein-Specific Signal Peptides for Mammalian Vector Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2339-2352. [PMID: 37487508 PMCID: PMC10443038 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell factories relies on synthetic assemblies of genetic parts to optimally control flux through the product biosynthetic pathway. In comparison to other genetic part-types, there is a relative paucity of characterized signal peptide components, particularly for mammalian cell contexts. In this study, we describe a toolkit of signal peptide elements, created using bioinformatics-led and synthetic design approaches, that can be utilized to enhance production of biopharmaceutical proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cell factories. We demonstrate, for the first time in a mammalian cell context, that machine learning can be used to predict how discrete signal peptide elements will perform when utilized to drive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation of specific single chain protein products. For more complex molecular formats, such as multichain monoclonal antibodies, we describe how a combination of in silico and targeted design rule-based in vitro testing can be employed to rapidly identify product-specific signal peptide solutions from minimal screening spaces. The utility of this technology is validated by deriving vector designs that increase product titers ≥1.8×, compared to standard industry systems, for a range of products, including a difficult-to-express monoclonal antibody. The availability of a vastly expanded toolbox of characterized signal peptide parts, combined with streamlined in silico/in vitro testing processes, will permit efficient expression vector re-design to maximize titers of both simple and complex protein products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela O’Neill
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Rajesh K. Mistry
- AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceutical Development, Cell Culture and Fermentation
Sciences, Aaron Klugg Building, Granta
Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K.
| | - Adam J. Brown
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- SynGenSys
Limited, Freeths LLP, Norfolk Street, Sheffield S1 2JE, U.K.
| | - David C. James
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
- SynGenSys
Limited, Freeths LLP, Norfolk Street, Sheffield S1 2JE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin Z, Li M, Niu C, Yu M, Xie X, Haimiti G, Guo W, Shi J, He Y, Ding J, Zhang F. Design of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Brucella type IV secretion system (T4SS). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286358. [PMID: 37561685 PMCID: PMC10414599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a common zoonosis, which is caused by Brucella infection, and Brucella often infects livestock, leading to abortion and infertility. At present, human brucellosis remains one of the major public health problems in China. According to previous research, most areas in northwest China, including Xinjiang, Tibet, and other regions, are severely affected by Brucella. Although there are vaccines against animal Brucellosis, the effect is often poor. In addition, there is no corresponding vaccine for human Brucellosis infection. Therefore, a new strategy for early prevention and treatment of Brucella is needed. A multi-epitope vaccine should be developed. In this study, we identified the antigenic epitopes of the Brucella type IV secretion system VirB8 and Virb10 using an immunoinformatics approach, and screened out 2 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, 9 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, 6 linear B cell epitopes, and 6 conformational B cell epitopes. These advantageous epitopes are spliced together through different linkers to construct a multi-epitope vaccine. The silico tests showed that the multi-epitope vaccine was non-allergenic and had a strong interaction with TLR4 molecular docking. In immune simulation results, the vaccine construct may be useful in helping brucellosis patients to initiate cellular and humoral immunity. Overall, our findings indicated that the multi-epitope vaccine construct has a high-quality structure and suitable characteristics, which may provide a theoretical basis for the development of a Brucella vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ce Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingkai Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinru Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gulishati Haimiti
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenhong Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juan Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yueyue He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali S, Rivera M, Ward J, Keshavarz-Moore E, Mason C, Nesbeth DN. Serum-free lentiviral vector production is compatible with medium-resident nuclease activity arising from adherent HEK293T host cells engineered with a nuclease-encoding transgene. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17067. [PMID: 37484388 PMCID: PMC10361239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
At present lentiviral vector production for cell and gene therapy commonly involves transient plasmid transfection of mammalian cells cultivated in serum-containing media and addition of exogenous nuclease to reduce host cell and plasmid DNA impurities. Switching from serum-containing media to chemically-defined, serum free media, and minimising the number of process additions, are both increasingly regarded as necessary steps for simplifying and potentially automating lentiviral vector bioprocessing in future. Here we adapted human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells to grow in serum-free media and also modified these cells with transgenes designed to encode a secreted nuclease activity. Stable transfection of HEK293T cells with transgenes encoding the Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B (NucB) open reading frame with either its native secretion signal peptide, the murine Igκ chain leader sequence or a novel viral transport fusion protein, all resulted in qualitatively detectable nuclease activity in serum-free media. Serum-free transient transfection of human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells stably harbouring the transgene for NucB with its native secretion signal produced active lentivirus in the presence of medium-resident nuclease activity. This lentivirus material was able to transduce the AGF-T immortal T cell line with a green fluorescent protein reporter payload at a level of 2.05 × 105 TU/mL (±3.34 × 104 TU/mL). Sufficient nuclease activity was present in 10 μL of this unconcentrated lentivirus material to degrade 1.5 μg DNA within 2 h at 37 °C, without agitation - conditions compatible with lentivirus production. These observations demonstrate that lentiviral vector production, by transient transfection, is compatible with host cells harbouring a nuclease transgene and evidencing nuclease activity in their surrounding growth media. This work provides a solid basis for future investigations, beyond the scope of this present study, in which commercial and academic groups can apply this approach to therapeutic payloads and potentially omit exogenous nuclease bioprocess additions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pohl GM, Göz M, Gaertner A, Brodehl A, Cimen T, Saguner AM, Schulze-Bahr E, Walhorn V, Anselmetti D, Milting H. Cardiomyopathy related desmocollin-2 prodomain variants affect the intracellular cadherin transport and processing. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1127261. [PMID: 37273868 PMCID: PMC10235514 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1127261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy can be caused by genetic variants in desmosomal cadherins. Since cardiac desmosomal cadherins are crucial for cell-cell-adhesion, their correct localization at the plasma membrane is essential. Methods Nine desmocollin-2 variants at five positions from various public genetic databases (p.D30N, p.V52A/I, p.G77V/D/S, p.V79G, p.I96V/T) and three additional conserved positions (p.C32, p.C57, p.F71) within the prodomain were investigated in vitro using confocal microscopy. Model variants (p.C32A/S, p.V52G/L, p.C57A/S, p.F71Y/A/S, p.V79A/I/L, p.I96l/A) were generated to investigate the impact of specific amino acids. Results We revealed that all analyzed positions in the prodomain are critical for the intracellular transport. However, the variants p.D30N, p.V52A/I and p.I96V listed in genetic databases do not disturb the intracellular transport revealing that the loss of these canonical sequences may be compensated. Conclusion As disease-related homozygous truncating desmocollin-2 variants lacking the transmembrane domain are not localized at the plasma membrane, we predict that some of the investigated prodomain variants may be relevant in the context of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy due to disturbed intracellular transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Marie Pohl
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann-Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development & Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart- and Diabetes Center NRW, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Manuel Göz
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, NRW, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Gaertner
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann-Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development & Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart- and Diabetes Center NRW, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Brodehl
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann-Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development & Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart- and Diabetes Center NRW, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tolga Cimen
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M. Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Schulze-Bahr
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, NRW, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, NRW, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann-Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development & Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart- and Diabetes Center NRW, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ham Y, Cho NC, Kim D, Kim JH, Jo MJ, Jeong MS, Pak BY, Lee S, Lee MK, Chi SW, Kim TD, Jeong NC, Cho S. The SpACE-CCM: A facile and versatile cell culture medium-based biosensor for detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115169. [PMID: 36827795 PMCID: PMC9938795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global public health threat. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), on host cells is critical for viral infection. Here, we developed a luminescent biosensor that readily detects interactions of the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and ACE2 in cell culture medium ('SpACE-CCM'), which was based on bimolecular complementation of the split nanoluciferase-fused spike RBD and ectodomain of ACE2 and further engineered to be efficiently secreted from cells by adding a heterologous secretory signal peptide (SSP). Screening of various SSPs identified 'interferon-α+alanine-aspartate' as the SSP that induced the highest activity. The SpACE-CCM biosensor was validated by observing a marked reduction of the activity caused by interaction-defective mutations or in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, recombinant decoy proteins, or peptides. Importantly, the SpACE-CCM biosensor responded well in assay-validating conditions compared with conventional cell lysate-based NanoLuc Binary Technology, indicating its advantage. We further demonstrated the biosensor's versatility by quantitatively detecting neutralizing activity in blood samples from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals, discovering a small molecule interfering with the spike RBD-ACE2 interaction through high-throughput screening, and assessing the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Because the SpACE-CCM is a facile and rapid one-step reaction biosensor that aptly recapitulates the native spike-ACE2 interaction, it would be advantageous in many experimental and clinical applications associated with this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngwook Ham
- Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyong Kim
- Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- AM Science Corp., Gyeonggi, 12902, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Jo
- Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seon Jeong
- Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeong Pak
- AM Science Corp., Gyeonggi, 12902, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeok Lee
- AM Science Corp., Gyeonggi, 12902, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungchan Cho
- Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (KUST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Struble LR, Borgstahl GEO, Zhou Y, Franco R, Barletta RG, Osorio FA, Petro TM, Pattnaik AK. A Ferritin Nanoparticle-Based Zika Virus Vaccine Candidate Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Protects Mice from Lethal Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:821. [PMID: 37112733 PMCID: PMC10143468 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe consequences of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infections resulting in congenital Zika syndrome in infants and the autoimmune Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults warrant the development of safe and efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no approved treatment options for ZIKV infection. Herein, we describe the development of a bacterial ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccine candidate for ZIKV. The viral envelope (E) protein domain III (DIII) was fused in-frame at the amino-terminus of ferritin. The resulting nanoparticle displaying the DIII was examined for its ability to induce immune responses and protect vaccinated animals upon lethal virus challenge. Our results show that immunization of mice with a single dose of the nanoparticle vaccine candidate (zDIII-F) resulted in the robust induction of neutralizing antibody responses that protected the animals from the lethal ZIKV challenge. The antibodies neutralized infectivity of other ZIKV lineages indicating that the zDIII-F can confer heterologous protection. The vaccine candidate also induced a significantly higher frequency of interferon (IFN)-γ positive CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells suggesting that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were induced by the vaccine candidate. Although our studies showed that a soluble DIII vaccine candidate could also induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protect from lethal ZIKV challenge, the immune responses and protection conferred by the nanoparticle vaccine candidate were superior. Further, passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies from the vaccinated animals to naïve animals protected against lethal ZIKV challenge. Since previous studies have shown that antibodies directed at the DIII region of the E protein do not to induce antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV or other related flavivirus infections, our studies support the use of the zDIII-F nanoparticle vaccine candidate for safe and enhanced immunological responses against ZIKV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Lucas R. Struble
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - Gloria E. O. Borgstahl
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - You Zhou
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Raul G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fernando A. Osorio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang JY(J, Khmelinskaia A, Sheffler W, Miranda MC, Antanasijevic A, Borst AJ, Torres SV, Shu C, Hsia Y, Nattermann U, Ellis D, Walkey C, Ahlrichs M, Chan S, Kang A, Nguyen H, Sydeman C, Sankaran B, Wu M, Bera AK, Carter L, Fiala B, Murphy M, Baker D, Ward AB, King NP. Improving the secretion of designed protein assemblies through negative design of cryptic transmembrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214556120. [PMID: 36888664 PMCID: PMC10089191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214556120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Computationally designed protein nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising platform for the development of new vaccines and biologics. For many applications, secretion of designed nanoparticles from eukaryotic cells would be advantageous, but in practice, they often secrete poorly. Here we show that designed hydrophobic interfaces that drive nanoparticle assembly are often predicted to form cryptic transmembrane domains, suggesting that interaction with the membrane insertion machinery could limit efficient secretion. We develop a general computational protocol, the Degreaser, to design away cryptic transmembrane domains without sacrificing protein stability. The retroactive application of the Degreaser to previously designed nanoparticle components and nanoparticles considerably improves secretion, and modular integration of the Degreaser into design pipelines results in new nanoparticles that secrete as robustly as naturally occurring protein assemblies. Both the Degreaser protocol and the nanoparticles we describe may be broadly useful in biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang (John) Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Alena Khmelinskaia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Transdisciplinary Research Area “Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions”, University of Bonn, 53113Bonn, Germany
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53121Bonn, Germany
| | - William Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Andrew J. Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Susana V. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Chelsea Shu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Yang Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Una Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Biological Physics, Structure and Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Carl Walkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Maggie Ahlrichs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sidney Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Alex Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Claire Sydeman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Mengyu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vyasamneni R, Kohler V, Karki B, Mahimkar G, Esaulova E, McGee J, Kallin D, Sheen JH, Harjanto D, Kirsch M, Poran A, Dong J, Srinivasan L, Gaynor RB, Bushway ME, Srouji JR. A universal MHCII technology platform to characterize antigen-specific CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100388. [PMID: 36814840 PMCID: PMC9939426 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical to the immune system and perform multiple functions; therefore, their identification and characterization are crucial to better understanding the immune system in both health and disease states. However, current methods rarely preserve their ex vivo phenotype, thus limiting our understanding of their in vivo functions. Here we introduce a flexible, rapid, and robust platform for ex vivo CD4+ T cell identification. By combining MHCII allele purification, allele-independent peptide loading, and multiplexed flow cytometry technologies, we can enable high-throughput personalized CD4+ T cell identification, immunophenotyping, and sorting. Using this platform in combination with single-cell sorting and multimodal analyses, we identified and characterized antigen-specific CD4+ T cells relevant to COVID-19 and cancer neoantigen immunotherapy. Overall, our platform can be used to detect and characterize CD4+ T cells across multiple diseases, with potential to guide CD4+ T cell epitope design for any disease-specific immunization strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binisha Karki
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gauri Mahimkar
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jonathan McGee
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Kallin
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Dewi Harjanto
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Miles Kirsch
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Asaf Poran
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse Dong
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - John R. Srouji
- BioNTech US, Inc., 40 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell potency: from structural elements to vector backbone components. Biomark Res 2022; 10:70. [PMID: 36123710 PMCID: PMC9487061 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved remarkable success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Once equipped with a CAR construct, T cells act as living drugs and recognize and eliminate the target tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. In this review, we first described all structural modular of CAR in detail, focusing on more recent findings. We then pointed out behind-the-scene elements contributing to CAR expression and reviewed how CAR expression can be drastically affected by the elements embedded in the viral vector backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cripe TP, Hutzen B, Currier MA, Chen CY, Glaspell AM, Sullivan GC, Hurley JM, Deighen MR, Venkataramany AS, Mo X, Stanek JR, Miller AR, Wijeratne S, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Mendell JR, Chandler DS, Wang PY. Leveraging gene therapy to achieve long-term continuous or controllable expression of biotherapeutics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1890. [PMID: 35857488 PMCID: PMC9278853 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells redirected to cancer cells either via a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) or a bispecific molecule have been breakthrough technologies; however, CAR-T cells require individualized manufacturing and bispecifics generally require continuous infusions. We created an off-the-shelf, single-dose solution for achieving prolonged systemic serum levels of protein immunotherapeutics via adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer. We demonstrate proof of principle in a CD19+ lymphoma xenograft model using a single intravenous dose of AAV expressing a secreted version of blinatumomab, which could serve as a universal alternative for CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. In addition, we created an inducible version using an exon skipping strategy and achieved repeated, on-demand expression up to at least 36 weeks after AAV injection. Our system could be considered for short-term and/or repeated expression of other transgenes of interest for noncancer applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark A. Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Andrea M. Glaspell
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Grace C. Sullivan
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Julia M. Hurley
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mackenzie R. Deighen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Akila S. Venkataramany
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1292, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph R. Stanek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Anthony R. Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Jerry R. Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Dawn S. Chandler
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1292, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Correia R, Fernandes B, Castro R, Nagaoka H, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Fukushima A, Viebig NK, Depraetere H, Alves PM, Roldão A. Asexual Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine Candidate PfRipr5: Enhanced Production in Insect Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908509. [PMID: 35845392 PMCID: PMC9280424 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria asexual blood-stage antigen PfRipr and its most immunogenic fragment PfRipr5 have recently risen as promising vaccine candidates against this infectious disease. Continued development of high-yielding, scalable production platforms is essential to advance the malaria vaccine research. Insect cells have supplied the production of numerous vaccine antigens in a fast and cost-effective manner; improving this platform further could prove key to its wider use. In this study, insect (Sf9 and High Five) and human (HEK293) cell hosts as well as process-optimizing strategies (new baculovirus construct designs and a culture temperature shift to hypothermic conditions) were employed to improve the production of the malaria asexual blood-stage vaccine candidate PfRipr5. Protein expression was maximized using High Five cells at CCI of 2 × 106 cell/mL and MOI of 0.1 pfu/cell (production yield = 0.49 mg/ml), with high-purity PfRipr5 binding to a conformational anti-PfRipr monoclonal antibody known to hold GIA activity and parasite PfRipr staining capacity. Further improvements in the PfRipr5 expression were achieved by designing novel expression vector sequences and performing a culture temperature shift to hypothermic culture conditions. Addition of one alanine (A) amino acid residue adjacent to the signal peptide cleavage site and a glycine-serine linker (GGSGG) between the PfRipr5 sequence and the purification tag (His6) induced a 2.2-fold increase in the expression of secreted PfRipr5 over using the expression vector with none of these additions. Performing a culture temperature shift from the standard 27–22°C at the time of infection improved the PfRipr5 expression by up to 1.7 fold. Notably, a synergistic effect was attained when combining both strategies, enabling to increase production yield post-purification by 5.2 fold, with similar protein quality (i.e., purity and binding to anti-PfRipr monoclonal antibody). This work highlights the potential of insect cells to produce the PfRipr5 malaria vaccine candidate and the importance of optimizing the expression vector and culture conditions to boost the expression of secreted proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correia
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Fernandes
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rute Castro
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilde Depraetere
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula M. Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: António Roldão,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sugden CJ, Iorio V, Troughton LD, Liu K, Morais MRPT, Lennon R, Bou-Gharios G, Hamill KJ. Laminin N-terminus α31 expression during development is lethal and causes widespread tissue-specific defects in a transgenic mouse model. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22318. [PMID: 35648586 PMCID: PMC9328196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002588rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Laminins (LMs) are essential components of all basement membranes where they regulate an extensive array of tissue functions. Alternative splicing from the laminin α3 gene produces a non‐laminin but netrin‐like protein, Laminin N terminus α31 (LaNt α31). LaNt α31 is widely expressed in intact tissue and is upregulated in epithelial cancers and during wound healing. In vitro functional studies have shown that LaNt α31 can influence numerous aspects of epithelial cell behavior via modifying matrix organization, suggesting a new model of laminin auto‐regulation. However, the function of this protein has not been established in vivo. Here, a mouse transgenic line was generated using the ubiquitin C promoter to drive inducible expression of LaNt α31. When expression was induced at embryonic day 15.5, LaNt α31 transgenic animals were not viable at birth, exhibiting localized regions of erythema. Histologically, the most striking defect was widespread evidence of extravascular bleeding across multiple tissues. Additionally, LaNt α31 transgene expressing animals exhibited kidney epithelial detachment, tubular dilation, disruption of the epidermal basal cell layer and of the hair follicle outer root sheath, and ~50% reduction of cell numbers in the liver, associated with depletion of hematopoietic erythrocytic foci. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that LaNt α31 can influence tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Sugden
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valentina Iorio
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mychel R P T Morais
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Hamill
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park JH, Lee HM, Jin EJ, Lee EJ, Kang YJ, Kim S, Yoo SS, Lee GM, Kim YG. Development of an in vitro screening system for synthetic signal peptide in mammalian cell-based protein production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3571-3582. [PMID: 35581431 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing appropriate signal peptides in mammalian cell-based protein production is crucial given that most recombinant proteins produced in mammalian cells are thought to be secreted proteins. Until now, most studies on signal peptide in mammalian cells have replaced native signal peptides with well-known heterologous signal peptides and bioinformatics-based signal peptides. In the present study, we successfully established an in vitro screening system for synthetic signal peptide in CHO cells by combining a degenerate codon-based oligonucleotides library, a site-specific integration system, and a FACS-based antibody detection assay. Three new signal peptides were screened using this new screening system, confirming to have structural properties as signal peptides by the SignalP web server, a neural network-based algorithm that quantifies the signal peptide-ness of amino acid sequences. The novel signal peptides selected in this study increased Fc-fusion protein production in CHO cells by increasing specific protein productivity, whereas they did not negatively affect cell growth. Particularly, the SP-#149 clone showed the highest qp, 0.73 ± 0.01 pg/cell/day from day 1 to day 4, representing a 1.47-fold increase over the native signal peptide in a serum-free suspension culture mode. In addition, replacing native signal peptide with the novel signal peptides did not significantly affect sialylated N-glycan formation, N-terminal cleavage pattern, and biological function of Fc-fusion protein produced in CHO cells. The overall results indicate the utility of a novel in vitro screening system for synthetic signal peptide for mammalian cell-based protein production. KEY POINTS: • An in vitro screening system for synthetic signal peptide in mammalian cells was established • This system combined a degenerate codon-based library, site-specific integration, and a FACS-based detection assay • The novel signal peptides selected in this study could increase Fc-fusion protein production in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hoon-Min Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jin
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungkyun Kim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd. (CAVAC), 1476-37 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Sick Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd. (CAVAC), 1476-37 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Development of a Universal Epitope-Based Influenza Vaccine and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040534. [PMID: 35455283 PMCID: PMC9026828 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective and economically viable means of protection against the influenza virus, but due to rapid viral evolution, modern seasonal vaccines are not effective enough. Next-generation vaccines are designed to provide protection against a wide range of influenza virus strains, including pandemic variants. In our work, we made an epitope-based universal vaccine, rMVA-k1-k2, against the influenza virus based on the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector and using our own algorithms to select epitopes from conserved fragments of the NP, M1 and HA proteins of influenza A and B. We show that double immunization protects mice with a 67% or greater efficiency against viral influenza pneumonia when infected with various strains of the H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 subtypes of influenza A. In animals, the level of protection provided by the rMVA-k1-k2 vaccine was comparable to that provided by the universal M001 and MVA-NP+M1 (Invictus) vaccines, which have shown success in clinical trials, against strains of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Malm M, Kuo CC, Barzadd MM, Mebrahtu A, Wistbacka N, Razavi R, Volk AL, Lundqvist M, Kotol D, Tegel H, Hober S, Edfors F, Gräslund T, Chotteau V, Field R, Varley PG, Roth RG, Lewis NE, Hatton D, Rockberg J. Harnessing secretory pathway differences between HEK293 and CHO to rescue production of difficult to express proteins. Metab Eng 2022; 72:171-187. [PMID: 35301123 PMCID: PMC9189052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Biologics represent the fastest growing group of therapeutics, but many advanced recombinant protein moieties remain difficult to produce. Here, we identify metabolic engineering targets limiting expression of recombinant human proteins through a systems biology analysis of the transcriptomes of CHO and HEK293 during recombinant expression. In an expression comparison of 24 difficult to express proteins, one third of the challenging human proteins displayed improved secretion upon host cell swapping from CHO to HEK293. Guided by a comprehensive transcriptomics comparison between cell lines, especially highlighting differences in secretory pathway utilization, a co-expression screening of 21 secretory pathway components validated ATF4, SRP9, JUN, PDIA3 and HSPA8 as productivity boosters in CHO. Moreover, more heavily glycosylated products benefitted more from the elevated activities of the N- and O-glycosyltransferases found in HEK293. Collectively, our results demonstrate the utilization of HEK293 for expression rescue of human proteins and suggest a methodology for identification of secretory pathway components for metabolic engineering of HEK293 and CHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Malm
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Chih-Chung Kuo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mona Moradi Barzadd
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Num Wistbacka
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ronia Razavi
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Anna-Luisa Volk
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundqvist
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - David Kotol
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Gräslund
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Ray Field
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul G Varley
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Rockberg
- Dept. of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Evaluation of artificial signal peptides for secretion of two lysosomal enzymes in CHO cells. Biochem J 2021; 478:2309-2319. [PMID: 34032266 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a scientifically rational and clinically proven treatment for lysosomal storage diseases. Most enzymes used for ERT are purified from the culture supernatant of mammalian cells. However, it is challenging to purify lysosomal enzymes with sufficient quality and quantity for clinical use due to their low secretion levels in mammalian cell systems. To improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant lysosomal enzymes, we evaluated the impact of artificial signal peptides on the production of recombinant lysosomal enzymes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. We engineered two recombinant human lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase (rhNAGLU) and glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase (rhGNS), by replacing their native signal peptides with nine different signal peptides derived from highly secretory proteins and expressed them in CHO K1 cells. When comparing the native signal peptides, we found that rhGNS was secreted into media at higher levels than rhNAGLU. The secretion of rhNAGLU and rhGNS can, however, be carefully controlled by altering signal peptides. The secretion of rhNAGLU was relatively higher with murine Igκ light chain and human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptides, whereas Igκ light chain signal peptide 1 and human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptides were more effective for rhGNS secretion, suggesting that human chymotrypsinogen B1 signal peptide is the most appropriate for increasing lysosomal enzyme secretion. Collectively, our results indicate that altering signal peptide can modulate the secretion of recombinant lysosome enzymes and will enable lysosomal enzyme production for clinical use.
Collapse
|
25
|
Specific inhibition of FGF5-induced cell proliferation by RNA aptamers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2976. [PMID: 33536494 PMCID: PMC7858594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is a crucial regulator of hair growth and an oncogenic factor in several human cancers. To generate FGF5 inhibitors, we performed Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment and obtained novel RNA aptamers that have high affinity to human FGF5. These aptamers inhibited FGF5-induced cell proliferation, but did not inhibit FGF2-induced cell proliferation. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that one of the aptamers, F5f1, binds to FGF5 tightly (Kd = 0.7 ± 0.2 nM), but did not fully to FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, FGF6, or FGFR1. Based on sequence and secondary structure similarities of the aptamers, we generated the truncated aptamer, F5f1_56, which has higher affinity (Kd = 0.118 ± 0.003 nM) than the original F5f1. Since the aptamers have high affinity and specificity to FGF5 and inhibit FGF5-induced cell proliferation, they may be candidates for therapeutic use with FGF5-related diseases or hair disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mullin MJ, Wilkinson C, Hiles I, Smith KJ. Improved secretion of recombinant human IL-25 in HEK293 cells using a signal peptide-pro-peptide domain derived from Trypsin-1. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:757-765. [PMID: 33415569 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of human Trypsin-1 signal peptide and pro-peptide on the expression and secretion efficiency of human Interleukin-25 from mammalian cells. RESULTS The signal peptide and combined signal peptide-pro-peptide sequence of human Trypsin-1 improved the secretion of human IL-25 from 1.7 to 3.2 µg/ml and 1.7 to 8.2 µg/ml, respectively. Deletion analysis identified the minimal Trypsin-1 derived secretion domain that maintains improved human Interleukin-25 production and secretion. The presence of Trypsin-1 pro-peptide sequence does not affect the function of secreted human Interleukin-25. CONCLUSION The Trypsin-1 signal peptide-pro-peptide sequence increased human IL-25 expression and secretion in mammalian cells by fivefold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mullin
- Protein Technologies Group, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK. .,Department of Protein & Cellular Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Claire Wilkinson
- Protein Technologies Group, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Protein & Cellular Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ian Hiles
- Reagent Design Group, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Protein & Cellular Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kathrine J Smith
- Department of Protein & Cellular Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grindel B, Engel BJ, Hall CG, Kelderhouse LE, Lucci A, Zacharias NM, Takahashi TT, Millward SW. Mammalian Expression and In Situ Biotinylation of Extracellular Protein Targets for Directed Evolution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25440-25455. [PMID: 33043224 PMCID: PMC7542843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful tool for the selection of functional ligands from molecular libraries. Extracellular domains (ECDs) of cell surface receptors are common selection targets for therapeutic and imaging agent development. Unfortunately, these proteins are often post-translationally modified and are therefore unsuitable for expression in bacterial systems. Directional immobilization of these targets is further hampered by the absence of biorthogonal groups for site-specific chemical conjugation. We have developed a nonadherent mammalian expression system for rapid, high-yield expression of biotinylated ECDs. ECDs from EGFR, HER2, and HER3 were site-specifically biotinylated in situ and recovered from the cell culture supernatant with yields of up to 10 mg/L at >90% purity. Biotinylated ECDs also contained a protease cleavage site for rapid and selective release of the ECD after immobilization on avidin/streptavidin resins and library binding. A model mRNA display selection round was carried out against the HER2 ECD with the HER2 affibody expressed as an mRNA-protein fusion. HER2 affibody-mRNA fusions were selectively released by thrombin and quantitative PCR revealed substantial improvements in the enrichment of functional affibody-mRNA fusions relative to direct PCR amplification of the resin-bound target. This methodology allows rapid purification of high-quality targets for directed evolution and selective elution of functional sequences at the conclusion of each selection round.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian
J. Grindel
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Brian J. Engel
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Hall
- Department
of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Lindsay E. Kelderhouse
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Department
of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- Department
of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Terry T. Takahashi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ping Y, Li F, Nan S, Zhang D, Shi X, Shan J, Zhang Y. Augmenting the Effectiveness of CAR-T Cells by Enhanced Self-Delivery of PD-1-Neutralizing scFv. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:803. [PMID: 32974346 PMCID: PMC7461868 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is not satisfying in solid tumors. PD-1-mediated suppression greatly hinders CAR-T cells in the microenvironment. It has been shown that PD-1 blockade improves the effectiveness of CAR-T cells. Herein, we designed CAR-T cells than could secret α-PD-1 scFv by themselves. To obtain optimal secretions of scFv, we screened several signal peptides. And the segment from human increased the extracellular production of PD-1-neutralizing proteins. The secreted neutralizing scFv efficiently blocked PD-1 and enhanced T cell activation when PD-L1 was present. Further analysis showed that CAR-T cells themselves could secret α-PD-1 scFv with bioactivity. In contrast to the prototype, the scFv-producing CAR-T cells demonstrated decreased PD-1 but increases expansion and toxicity against solid tumor cells. In the subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models, the self-delivered α-PD-1 scFv increased CAR-T cell functionalities and tumor-suppressions. Our work suggested that engineering T cells to co-express antigen-responsive receptors and checkpoint inhibitors is effective to optimize CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shufeng Nan
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daiqun Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiqi Shan
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kanje S, Enstedt H, Dannemeyer M, Uhlén M, Hober S, Tegel H. Improvements of a high-throughput protein purification process using a calcium-dependent setup. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105698. [PMID: 32681960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Human Secretome Project aims to produce and purify all human secreted proteins as full-length. In order to enable this, a robust, gentle and effective purification process is needed, where multiple proteins can be purified in parallel. For this reason, a purification system based on a Protein C-tag and the HPC4 antibody with high affinity to the tag was chosen for purification. The strong binding between the tag and the antibody is specific and calcium-dependent, which allows for mild elution with EDTA. Presented here is a study comparing different protein purification base matrices coupled with the HPC4 antibody, aiming to increase the yield of purified protein and reduce the time for purification. Among the different tested matrices, Capto XP showed a high coupling degree and increased the amount of eluted protein as compared to the control matrix. By moving from batch incubation to direct sample loading and by performing the purification on the ÄKTAxpress, an automated protein purification process and a high reduction of hands-on sample handling was achieved. This new method also integrates the desalting step in the purification process, and the time for purification and analysis of each sample was decreased from five to three days. Moreover, a new mild method for matrix regeneration was developed using 50 mM EDTA pH 7.5 instead of 0.1 M glycine pH 2. This method was proven to be efficient for regeneration while maintaining the column binding performance even after nine rounds of regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henric Enstedt
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melanie Dannemeyer
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ding M, Tegel H, Sivertsson Å, Hober S, Snijder A, Ormö M, Strömstedt PE, Davies R, Holmberg Schiavone L. Secretome-Based Screening in Target Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2020; 25:535-551. [PMID: 32425085 PMCID: PMC7309359 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220917113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secreted proteins and their cognate plasma membrane receptors regulate human physiology by transducing signals from the extracellular environment into cells resulting in different cellular phenotypes. Systematic use of secretome proteins in assays enables discovery of novel biology and signaling pathways. Several secretome-based phenotypic screening platforms have been described in the literature and shown to facilitate target identification in drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the current status of secretome-based screening. This includes annotation, production, quality control, and sample management of secretome libraries, as well as how secretome libraries have been applied to discover novel target biology using different disease-relevant cell-based assays. A workflow for secretome-based screening is shared based on the AstraZeneca experience. The secretome library offers several advantages compared with other libraries used for target discovery: (1) screening using a secretome library directly identifies the active protein and, in many cases, its cognate receptor, enabling a rapid understanding of the disease pathway and subsequent formation of target hypotheses for drug discovery; (2) the secretome library covers significant areas of biological signaling space, although the size of this library is small; (3) secretome proteins can be added directly to cells without additional manipulation. These factors make the secretome library ideal for testing in physiologically relevant cell types, and therefore it represents an attractive approach to phenotypic target discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sivertsson
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Ormö
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Strömstedt
- Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rick Davies
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mohammadzadeh S, Khanahmad H, Esmaeil N, Eskandari N, Rahimmanesh I, Rezaei A, Andalib A. Producing Soluble Human Programmed Cell Death Protein-1: A Natural Supporter for CD4+T Cell Cytotoxicity and Tumor Cells Apoptosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e2104. [PMID: 32671122 PMCID: PMC7357696 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2019.85180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway is one of the immune checkpoint pathways involved in the regulation of the immune responses and the suppression of anti-tumor defense. PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies improve immune responses such as cytotoxic activity of CD8+/CD4+T cells and increase mortality of tumor cells as well; however, their use is accompanied by adverse side effects. OBJECTIVES We aimed to produce a native blocker of human PD-1/PD-L1, for developing T cells cytotoxicity and tumor cells apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed and cloned soluble human PD-1-GFP-pcDNA3.1/hygro construct in Escherichia coli strain TOP10 cells and then transfected this construct into the HEK cells. The concentration of the secreted shPD-1 in the supernatant was measured and the supernatant was used for blocking PD-L1 on the MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of CD8+/CD4+T cells and the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, under the influence of shPD-1 in the co-culture of T cells with the MDA-MB-231 cells, were evaluated using flow cytometry technique. RESULTS The GFP expression in the transfected cells illustrated the successful designing, transfection, and production of shPD-1. Soluble human PD-1 concentration in the supernatant of the transfected HEK cells was significantly higher than the untransfected cells. In addition, shPD-1 significantly blocked PD-L1 on the MDA- MB-231 cells, improved the cytotoxicity of CD4+T cells, and increased the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION Overall, increased CD4+T cell cytotoxicity and tumor cells apoptosis under the influence of shPD-1, confirmed the effectiveness of shPD-1 as a natural blocker of PD-L1and as an augmenter of the anti-tumorimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samane Mohammadzadeh
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaei
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Antonia AL, Gibbs KD, Trahair ED, Pittman KJ, Martin AT, Schott BH, Smith JS, Rajagopal S, Thompson JW, Reinhardt RL, Ko DC. Pathogen Evasion of Chemokine Response Through Suppression of CXCL10. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:280. [PMID: 31440475 PMCID: PMC6693555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (L.) major, depends on an immune response with well-regulated cytokine signaling. Here we describe a pathogen-mediated mechanism of evading CXCL10, a chemokine with diverse antimicrobial functions, including T cell recruitment. Infection with L. major in a human monocyte cell line induced robust CXCL10 transcription without increasing extracellular CXCL10 protein concentrations. We found that this transcriptionally independent suppression of CXCL10 is mediated by the virulence factor and protease, glycoprotein-63 (gp63). Specifically, GP63 cleaves CXCL10 after amino acid A81 at the base of a C-terminal alpha-helix. Cytokine cleavage by GP63 demonstrated specificity, as GP63 cleaved CXCL10 and its homologs, which all bind the CXCR3 receptor, but not distantly related chemokines, such as CXCL8 and CCL22. Further characterization demonstrated that CXCL10 cleavage activity by GP63 was produced by both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Crucially, CXCL10 cleavage impaired T cell chemotaxis in vitro, indicating that cleaved CXCL10 cannot signal through CXCR3. Ultimately, we propose CXCL10 suppression is a convergent mechanism of immune evasion, as Salmonella enterica and Chlamydia trachomatis also suppress CXCL10. This commonality suggests that counteracting CXCL10 suppression may provide a generalizable therapeutic strategy against intracellular pathogens. Importance Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease that annually affects over one million people, is caused by intracellular parasites that have evolved to evade the host's attempts to eliminate the parasite. Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in disfiguring skin lesions if the host immune system does not appropriately respond to infection. A family of molecules called chemokines coordinate recruitment of the immune cells required to eliminate infection. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism that Leishmania (L.) spp. employ to suppress host chemokines: a Leishmania-encoded protease cleaves chemokines known to recruit T cells that fight off infection. We observe that other common human intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Salmonella enterica, reduce levels of the same chemokines, suggesting a strong selective pressure to avoid this component of the immune response. Our study provides new insights into how intracellular pathogens interact with the host immune response to enhance pathogen survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Antonia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Esme D. Trahair
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly J. Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amelia T. Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Accurately cleavable goat β-lactoglobulin signal peptide efficiently guided translation of a recombinant human plasminogen activator in transgenic rabbit mammary gland. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190596. [PMID: 31196965 PMCID: PMC6597847 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor expression is the key factor hampering the large-scale application of transgenic animal mammary gland bioreactors. A very different approach would be to evaluate the secretion of recombinant proteins into milk in response to a cleavable signal peptide of highly secreted lactoproteins.We previously reported rabbits harboring mammary gland-specific expression vector containing a fusion cDNA (goat β-lactoglobulin (BLG) signal peptide and recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) coding sequences) expressed rhPA in the milk, but we did not realize the signal peptide contributed to the high rhPA concentration and did not mention it at that time. And the molecular structure and biological characteristics still remain unknown. So, rhPA in the milk was purified and characterized in the present study.rhPA was purified from the milk, and the purity of the recovered product was 98% with no loss of biological activity. Analysis of the N-terminal sequence, C-terminal sequence, and the molecular mass of purified rhPA revealed that they matched the theoretical design requirements. The active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) reactions of the purified rhPA were negative. Taken together, these results indicated that the goat BLG signal peptide can efficiently mediate rhPA secretion into milk and was accurately cleaved off from rhPA by endogenous rabbit signal peptidase.We have reinforced the importance of a rhPA coding region fused to a cleavable heterologous signal peptide from highly secreted goat BLG to improve recombinant protein expression. It is anticipated that these findings will be widely applied to high-yield production of medically important recombinant proteins.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brown AJ, Gibson SJ, Hatton D, Arnall CL, James DC. Whole synthetic pathway engineering of recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:375-387. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
| | | | - Diane Hatton
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmuneCambridge UK
| | - Claire L. Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gene Cloning, Expression, and Antifungal Activities of Permatin from Naked Oat (Avena nuda). Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:299-309. [PMID: 29717420 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are the products of a large, highly complex gene family involved in host defense. TLPs also belong to the pathogenesis-related family 5 (PR-5) of plant defense proteins. Most TLPs exhibit potential antifungal activities, and their accumulation in the plant is related to many physiological processes. In this study, a gene encoding TLP named permatin with an open reading frame of 678 bp encoding a protein of 225 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 23.5 kDa was cloned from naked oat leaves. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that permatin shares high homology with a number of other TLPs among diverse taxa. Model of structure by homology modeling showed that permatin consists of an acidic cleft region consistent with most TLPs. Recombinant NusA-permatin was overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 and purified by Heparin column combined with Sephacryl S-200 column. The protein exhibited antifungal activity to Fusarium oxysporum (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 21.42 μM). Morphological observation showed that NusA-permatin can induce mycelium deformation of F. oxysporum, the cell membrane is blurred, and the diaphragm is not obvious. NusA-permatin also causes membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species accumulation in the mycelium of F. oxysporum. Permatin may play an important role in the disease resistance responses of plants against pathogen attacks through its antifungal activity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fonseca JA, McCaffery JN, Caceres J, Kashentseva E, Singh B, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Moreno A. Inclusion of the murine IgGκ signal peptide increases the cellular immunogenicity of a simian adenoviral vectored Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2799-2808. [PMID: 29657070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular and humoral immune responses are both involved in protection against Plasmodium infections. The only malaria vaccine available, RTS,S, primarily induces short-lived antibodies and targets only a pre-erythrocytic stage antigen. Inclusion of erythrocytic stage targets and enhancing cellular immunogenicity are likely necessary for developing an effective second-generation malaria vaccine. Adenovirus vectors have been used to improve the immunogenicity of protein-based vaccines. However, the clinical assessment of adenoviral-vectored malaria vaccines candidates has shown the induction of robust Plasmodium-specific CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. Signal peptides (SP) have been used to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, but have not been tested in viral vector vaccine platforms. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of the SP derived from the murine IgGκ light chain within a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding a multistage P. vivax vaccine candidate could improve the CD4+ T cell response. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, we immunized CB6F1/J mice with either the recombinant simian adenovirus 36 vector containing the SP (SP-SAd36) upstream from a transgene encoding a chimeric P. vivax multistage protein or the same SAd36 vector without the SP. Mice were subsequently boosted twice with the corresponding recombinant proteins emulsified in Montanide ISA 51 VG. Immunogenicity was assessed by measurement of antibody quantity and quality, and cytokine production by T cells after the final immunization. RESULTS The SP-SAd36 immunization regimen induced significantly higher antibody avidity against the chimeric P. vivax proteins tested and higher frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-2 CD4+ and CD8+ secreting T cells, when compared to the unmodified SAd36 vector. CONCLUSIONS The addition of the murine IgGκ signal peptide significantly enhances the immunogenicity of a SAd36 vectored P. vivax multi-stage vaccine candidate in mice. The potential of this approach to improve upon existing viral vector vaccine platforms warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Jessica N McCaffery
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Juan Caceres
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang M, Chen R, Ren G. Secretory expression and purification of Bacillus licheniformis keratinase in insect cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183764. [PMID: 28832667 PMCID: PMC5568435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratinase (kerA) gene from Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 was expressed and purified in insect cells. First, the sequence encoding Ker-His-Flag was designed based on the amino acid sequence of the protein and peptide and codon optimization in order to ensure the high expression in insect cells. In the next step, the synthetic DNA was inserted into the pUC57 vector and then sub-cloned in the pFastBac™-1 donor vector by BamHI/HindIII restriction sites. The constructed vector was transformed to E. coli DH10Bac™ cell to generate recombinant bacmid carrying Ker-His-Flag. Recombinant viruses were produced by infecting insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with bacmid DNA and used for proteins production. Target proteins were purified from the cell supernatants by Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography and evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot. The purified product contained two peptides with molecular weights of 38 kDa and 30 kDa and had an optimal pH and temperature at 8.0 and 45°C for keratinolytic activity, respectively. The final product had a specific activity of about 635 U/mg. In summary, we have demonstrated that the open reading frame containing recombinant Ker-His-Flag was expressed and secreted by leader peptide of mellittin from Apis mellitera in insect cells and affinity purification through 8His-Flag tag. It presents an alternative technology for producing keratinases. To our knowledge, it was the first report on the expression of functional keratinase from Bacillus licheniformis in insect cells system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaorong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Manufacture for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhaoqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Massa S, Paolini F, Curzio G, Cordeiro MN, Illiano E, Demurtas OC, Franconi R, Venuti A. A plant protein signal sequence improved humoral immune response to HPV prophylactic and therapeutic DNA vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:271-282. [PMID: 28118086 PMCID: PMC5328226 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1264766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal sequences (ss) play a critical role in the sorting of nascent secretory and membrane proteins. This function has been conserved from bacteria through eukaryotes, although ss appear diverse in length and amino acid composition. Sorting of proteins is also critical to instruct antigens for a proper immunological response. Thus, a plant ss was used to drive Human Papillomavirus (HPV) model antigens into the human secretory pathway: the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, its chimera with the coat protein (CP) of the Potato Virus X (PVX), the first 200 amino acids of the HPV16 minor capsid protein L2 (known to harbour cross-reacting epitopes) and its chimera with E7 gene. These genes were used to transfect HEK-293 cells and to immunize C57BL/6 mice. The ss-provided genes were expressed, and proteins detected by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Mouse immunization with DNA constructs carrying the ss elicited a strong humoral response against both E7 and L2 and a weak cell-mediated immunity. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration that a signal sequence derived from a plant can modulate the sorting of a heterologous protein in mammalian cells. This activity in mammalian cells may be responsible for the observed increased humoral response to DNA-based vaccines that are generally weak inducers of IgG response. This might open new perspectives in the design of DNA vaccines, especially to counteract infections where a strong humoral response is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Massa
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Department of Sustainability, Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolini
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute HPV-UNIT, RIDAIT Dept, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Curzio
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute HPV-UNIT, RIDAIT Dept, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Illiano
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Department of Sustainability, Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Venuti
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute HPV-UNIT, RIDAIT Dept, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|