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da Silva WR, da Costa Almeida MV, Gominho L, Albuquerque ACMM, Cavalcanti UDNT, Cavalcanti LDFS, Romeiro K. Photodynamic therapy in the coadjuvant treatment of Sporothrix schenckii complex. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:486-490. [PMID: 37436878 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporotrichosis, a zoonosis caused by animal, mainly cat, scratches or bites, is caused by fungi belonging to the Sporothrix complex. Treatment usually consists in antifungal administration, although treatment failure and hepatotoxicity reports have been noted. Alternative sporotrichosis treatment methods, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), may, therefore, be indicated. CASE REPORT In this context, this study followed a 56-year-old male renal transplanted patient displaying disseminated sporotrichosis, presenting erythematous skin lesions with ulcerated backgrounds and hardened consistency on the nose, oral and scalp. The lesions were present for about 2 months and the patient coexisted with cats. Intravenous amphotericin B administration was initiated, and immunosuppression was suspended. Seven aPDT sessions were also performed in 48 h intervals on the oral lesions, employing 0.01% methylene blue gel as the photosensitizing agent. After the 4th aPDT session, the patient was discharged, amphotericin B administration was suspended, and the treatment was continued with itraconazole, without immunosuppression. Red laser was applied to the oral lesions after the 7th aPDT session. Significant lesion improvement was observed after the final aPDT session and complete palate lesion repair was noted after two red laser sessions. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that aPDT is a valuable strategy as an adjunct sporotrichosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslay Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Oral Medicine, Real Hospital Português de Beneficência em Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Gominho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kaline Romeiro
- Department of Oral Medicine, Real Hospital Português de Beneficência em Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Rakasevic D, Marinkovic J, Rakonjac B, Arce M, Joksimovic E, Markovic J, Kulic M, Hadzi-Mihailovic M, Markovic A. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficacy vs. conventional antifungal therapy in patients with poor-fitting dentures suffering from denture stomatitis. A prospective clinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103913. [PMID: 38049045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term use of antifungal therapy in denture stomatitis (DS) treatment could be accompanied by antifungal-resistant strain onset, leading to compromised therapeutic procedure and disease reappearance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown the ability to eradicate oral infections and resistance strains. This prospective clinical study aimed to assess the PDT's effectiveness compared to the conventional treatment on clinical and microbiological parameters in patients with DS without denture wear during the treatment and follow-ups. METHODS Forty-two patients diagnosed with DS were randomly assigned to one-session single PDT application (test group) or conventional antifungal therapy (control group). Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed and analyzed before and at 3rd, 15th, and 30th day following the treatments. Microbiological samples were analyzed by a Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Prior to the treatment, Candida species, including C. albicans (100%), C. glabrata (33%), C. tropicalis (31%), C. krusei (31%) were isolated in all patients. Both treatment procedures demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in C. albicans at all follow-up time intervals (p < 0.05). However, PDT displayed a statistically significant reduction in C. krusei compared to the conventional treatment at all follow-up periods (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters improved considerably in the test group compared to the control group at the 3rd and 15th day of follow-up. CONCLUSION One-session single PDT application demonstrated significant improvement in both clinical and microbiological outcomes in a short-term period, resulting in complete Candida spp. eradication compared to conventional antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Rakasevic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jelena Marinkovic
- Institute for Nuclear Science, Vinca, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Rakonjac
- Institute for Microbiology, Medical Military Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marion Arce
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Ena Joksimovic
- Department of Prosthodontic, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Markovic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Kulic
- University Hospital Center "Dr. Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Hadzi-Mihailovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksa Markovic
- Implant and Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Jordão CC, Klein MI, Barbugli PA, Mima EGDO, de Sousa TV, Ferrisse TM, Pavarina AC. DNase improves the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of candidiasis induced with Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1274201. [PMID: 38188579 PMCID: PMC10766804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the association of DNase I enzyme with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral candidiasis in mice infected with fluconazole-susceptible (CaS) and -resistant (CaR) Candida albicans strains. Mice were inoculated with C. albicans, and after the infection had been established, the tongues were exposed to DNase for 5 min, followed by photosensitizer [Photodithazine®(PDZ)] and light (LED), either singly or combined. The treatments were performed for 5 consecutive days. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing the tongues via fungal viable population, clinical evaluation, histopathological and fluorescence microscopy methods immediately after finishing treatments, and 7 days of follow-up. The combination of DNase with PDZ-aPDT reduced the fungal viability in mice tongues immediately after the treatments by around 4.26 and 2.89 log10 for CaS and CaR, respectively (versus animals only inoculated). In the fluorescence microscopy, the polysaccharides produced by C. albicans and fungal cells were less labeled in animals treated with the combination of DNase with PDZ-aPDT, similar to the healthy animals. After 7 days of the treatment, DNase associated with PDZ-aPDT maintained a lower count, but not as pronounced as immediately after the intervention. For both strains, mice treated with the combination of DNase with PDZ-aPDT showed remission of oral lesions and mild inflammatory infiltrate in both periods assessed, while animals treated only with PDZ-aPDT presented partial remission of oral lesions. DNase I enzyme improved the efficacy of photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Tábata Viana de Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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de Souto Medeiros MR, da Silva Barros CC, de Macedo Andrade AC, de Lima KC, da Silveira ÉJD. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral erythematous candidiasis: a controlled and randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6471-6482. [PMID: 37718381 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and microbiological efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in patients with erythematous candidiasis (EC). METHODS This study was a controlled and randomized clinical trial in patients diagnosed with EC, who were allocated into a control group (CG) and experimental group (EG) treated with nystatin oral suspension and aPDT with methylene blue 0.1%, respectively. A clinical index was used to classify the EC lesions from mild to severe and assess the treatment efficacy. Microbiological samples were collected before and after aPDT session and analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) of Candida and Staphylococcus sp. RESULTS A total of 41 patients (CG (n = 18); EG (n = 23)) were analyzed in our research. Of these, 16 (94.1%) of the CG and 16 (84.2%) of the EG exhibited complete remission of the lesions. Regarding the degree of the lesion, it was observed that the severe lesions were more difficult to present remission, while all the mild and moderate lesions showed complete regression (p = 0.001). The microbiological analysis showed that Candida albicans and Staphylococcus sp. were the most prevalent microorganisms, and the aPDT group showed a decrease in CFUs of these microorganisms after the first aPDT session (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS aPDT proved to be a clinically and microbiologically effective therapy for treating EC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; Set 12th, 2019; No. RBR-8w8599. CLINICAL RELEVANCE aPDT is a promising alternative treatment since it presents satisfactory results and does not cause damage to oral tissues or develop resistance to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurília Raquel de Souto Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Caio César da Silva Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Kenio Costa de Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Éricka Janine Dantas da Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Salgado Filho, 1787, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59056-000, Brazil.
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Anwar SK, Elmonaem SNA, Moussa E, Aboulela AG, Essawy MM. Curcumin nanoparticles: the topical antimycotic suspension treating oral candidiasis. Odontology 2023; 111:350-359. [PMID: 36100802 PMCID: PMC10020268 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Phytotherapeutics is widely used nowadays as an alternative to the current antifungal drugs to reduce their side effects. Curcumin, with its wide therapeutic array as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, is one of the natural compounds that ha..s an antifungal effect, especially when being used at nanoscale to increase its bioavailability. Our research aimed to evaluate clinically and microbiologically the effect of using topical nanocurcumin suspension to treat oral candidiasis. After 4 days from induction of oral candidiasis (baseline), we randomly divided 39 female BALB/c mice into three groups of 13 animals; nanocurcumin, nystatin, and sham groups. All animals in nanocurcumin and nystatin groups received topical treatment twice daily for 10 days. Then, we performed clinical and microbiological evaluations at baseline, day 5, and day 10. By the end of treatment, our results revealed that nanocurcumin promoted a significant reduction in the number of candida colonies. There was no statistically significant difference neither clinically nor microbiologically between nanocurcumin and nystatin groups. In conclusion, nanocurcumin has a good antifungal effect as nystatin, however, its therapeutic efficacy takes a longer time to appear than nystatin. The enhanced bioavailability of curcumin at the nanoscale qualifies this nano-herb as a promising alternative therapy for oral candidiasis, evading nystatin-associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzy Kamal Anwar
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Sarah Nasser Abd Elmonaem
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Eglal Moussa
- Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis, and Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Gamaleldin Aboulela
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa Morsy Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Gonçalves IS, Lima LR, Berretta AA, Amorim NA, Pratavieira S, Corrêa TQ, Nogueira FAR, Barud HS. Antimicrobial Formulation of a Bacterial Nanocellulose/Propolis-Containing Photosensitizer for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040987. [PMID: 36850271 PMCID: PMC9968145 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of contributing to the development of more efficient materials for wound care, new topical formulations based on bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) hydrogels containing propolis were produced. Characterizations confirmed the incorporation of propolis into the BNC matrix, maintaining its structure and properties. Rheological analysis confirmed that the hydrogels showed thixotropic behavior appropriate for topical application. Chromatographic profiles showed sustained release of propolis biomarkers for at least 20 h. The formulations did not present mutagenicity. For application in photodynamic inactivation (PDI), BNC/propolis hydrogels were prepared with the photosensitizers methylene blue (MB). Spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the interaction of MB and propolis in BNC hydrogels, as well as the formation of a new composite material. In the antibacterial assays, formulations containing MB and propolis significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus growth. In the presence of light, BNC/MB hydrogels completely inhibited the microorganism. Therefore, the results suggest potential materials for the prevention or treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections in wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Salgado Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais—BioPolMat, University of Araraquara, Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil
- Exact Sciences and Technology Center, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Roncalho Lima
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.R.L.); (H.S.B.); Tel.: +55-(16)-988-144-338 (L.R.L.); +55-(16)-981-233-935 (H.S.B.)
| | - Andresa Aparecida Berretta
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ribeirão, Preto 14020-670, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathaly Alcazar Amorim
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Apis Flora Indl. Coml. Ribeirão, Preto 14020-670, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaila Quatrini Corrêa
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Hernane Silva Barud
- Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais—BioPolMat, University of Araraquara, Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.R.L.); (H.S.B.); Tel.: +55-(16)-988-144-338 (L.R.L.); +55-(16)-981-233-935 (H.S.B.)
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Al-Ghamdi ARS, Khanam HK, Qamar Z, Abdul NS, Reddy N, Vempalli S, Noushad M, Alqahtani WMS. Therapeutic efficacy of adjunctive photodynamic therapy in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103326. [PMID: 36773753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present report assessed the efficacy of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy (CUR-mediated PDT) as an adjunct to antifungal gel treatment by evaluating the salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) levels together with Candida species counts in denture stomatitis (DS) patients. METHODS In total, 50 DS subjects were randomly categorized into 2 groups: Group-1: subjects who received the antifungal gel treatment and Group-2: participants who received CUR-mediated PDT. The Sabourad Dextrose Agar and CHROMAgar were utilized for evaluating Candida species counts, while the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was employed to estimate the salivary levels of IL-6 and MMP-8. All clinical evaluations were performed at the baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. RESULTS In total, group-2 subjects showed a significant decrease in Candida albicans (C. albicans) counts on both follow-ups (i.e., 1-month and 2-month) than group-1 participants. C. krusei count also reduced in group-2 subejcts than group-1 participants at the 2nd follow-up as compared to the baseline, nevertheless, a slight increase in C. krusei count was noticed in group-2 subjects at the 2nd follow-up than the 1st follow-up. The salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels in both groups reduced significantly at both follow-ups than the baseline. According to the stepwise logistic regression analysis, no statistically significant correlation was observed between Candida species count and other parameters such as age and gender of the patient, duration of DS, and frequency of treatment(s). CONCLUSION CUR-mediated PDT is an efficaciousness therapeutic modality for alleviating Candida species counts on the surface of denture and the palatal mucosa, as well as improving the salivary IL-6 and MMP-8 levels in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahman Saeed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hm Khuthija Khanam
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zeeshan Qamar
- Department of O&MFS and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nishath Sayed Abdul
- Department of OMFS and Diagnostic Sciences (Oral Pathology), Faculty of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveen Reddy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swetha Vempalli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Noushad
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Waleed M S Alqahtani
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Viana de Sousa T, Carolina Jordão C, Augusto Abreu-Pereira C, Gorayb Pereira AL, Barbugli PA, Klein MI, Pavarina AC. Hydrogen peroxide enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans biofilms. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:94-109. [PMID: 36916295 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2189011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on biofilms formed by Candida albicans strains which are either susceptible to or resistant to fluconazole. Biofilms were grown and treated with H2O2, followed by the application of Photodithazine® (P) and red light-emitting diode (LED) (L) either separately or combined (n = 12). After the treatment, biofilms were evaluated by estimating colony-forming unit ml-1, extracellular matrix components [water -soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA)], biomass (total and insoluble dry-weight), and protein concentration. Biofilms formed by both strains presented a significant reduction in cell viability, biomass, extracellular matrix components (both types of polysaccharides, eDNA), and proteins (in the soluble and insoluble portion of biofilms) compared to the control. Microscopy images of the biofilms after treatments showed disarticulation of the matrix and scattered fungal cells. The application of H2O2 can disturb the organization of the extracellular matrix, and its association with aPDT potentiated the effect of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Viana de Sousa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - César Augusto Abreu-Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Gorayb Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Translational feasibility and efficacy of nasal photodynamic disinfection of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14438. [PMID: 36002557 PMCID: PMC9400568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of therapeutic options to fight Covid-19 has contributed to the current global pandemic. Despite the emergence of effective vaccines, development of broad-spectrum antiviral treatment remains a significant challenge, in which antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may play a role, especially at early stages of infection. aPDT of the nares with methylene blue (MB) and non-thermal light has been successfully utilized to inactivate both bacterial and viral pathogens in the perioperative setting. Here, we investigated the effect of MB-aPDT to inactivate human betacoronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in a proof-of-principle COVID-19 clinical trial to test, in a variety of settings, the practicality, technical feasibility, and short-term efficacy of the method. aPDT yielded inactivation of up to 6-Logs in vitro, as measured by RT-qPCR and infectivity assay. From a photo-physics perspective, the in vitro results suggest that the response is not dependent on the virus itself, motivating potential use of aPDT for local destruction of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In the clinical trial we observed variable effects on viral RNA in nasal-swab samples as assessed by RT-qPCR attributed to aPDT-induced RNA fragmentation causing falsely-elevated counts. However, the viral infectivity in clinical nares swabs was reduced in 90% of samples and undetectable in 70% of samples. This is the first demonstration based on quantitative clinical viral infectivity measurements that MB-aPDT is a safe, easily delivered and effective front-line technique that can reduce local SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
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Gu Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang X, Liu N, Liu Q. An Experimental Study of Photoactivated Disinfection in the Treatment of Acute Pseudomembranous Stomatitis. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1418-1425. [PMID: 35437779 DOI: 10.1111/php.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate photoactivated disinfection (PAD) to treat acute pseudomembranous stomatitis, an animal model was established. Six-week-old male ICR mice were inoculated with Candida albicans under immunosuppression then divided into three groups (15 mice/group). Pseudomembranous areas were measured, then mice had 1 mg/mL toluidine blue solution spread on the area, left for 1 min (PAD-1 group) or 2 min (PAD-2 group), then irradiated with a 750mW LED red light for 1 min, a control group received no treatment. Fungal load was measured immediately; after 48-hour observation pseudomembranous and fungal load were measured. The mice were sacrificed and histopathological examination was performed. Before treatment, pseudomembrane scores were similar (3 to 4 points) in all groups; 48h after treatment, the treatment groups' scores were lower (1 to 2 points) than the control group (3 to 4 points, P<0.05). Immediately after treatment and 48h later, the fungal loads of the treatment groups were lower than the control group (both P<0.05). Histopathology of the treatment groups improved more than controls. The treatment groups' results were similar. Therefore, this method of PAD, with short treatment time, reduced the fungal load and pseudomembranous in a mouse model of acute pseudomembranous stomatitis and may have clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
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11
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de Lapena SAB, Terra-Garcia M, Ward RADC, Rossoni RD, Melo VMM, Junqueira JC. Enhancing effect of chitosan on methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy against C. albicans: a study in planktonic growth, biofilms, and persister cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102837. [PMID: 35367386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer extracted from the exoskeleton of crustaceans. Due to its cationic structure, CS has been studied as a possible enhancer of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The objective was to evaluate the association of CS with methylene blue (MB)-mediated aPDT on Candida albicans, investigating its effects on planktonic growth, biofilms, and cells persistent to fluconazole. The ability of CS to interfere with MB absorption by Candida cells was also evaluated. For the assays, planktonic cells of C. albicans were cultivated for 24 h, and the biofilms were formed for 48 h. For the induction of persister cells, C. albicans was cultivated with high concentration of fluconazole for 48 h. Treatments were performed with MB, CS or MB+CS, followed by irradiation with LED (660 nm). As results, aPDT with MB (300 µm) reduced the planktonic cells by 1.6 log10 CFU, while the MB+CS association led to a reduction of 4.8 log10 CFU. For aPDT in biofilms, there was a microbial reduction of 2.9 log10 CFU for the treatment with MB (600 µm) and 5.3 log10 CFU for MB+CS. In relation to persister cells, the fungal reductions were 0.4 log10 CFU for MB and 1.5 log10 CFU for MB+CS. In the absorption assays, the penetration of MB into Candida cells was increased in the presence of CS. It was concluded that CS enhanced the antimicrobial activity of aPDT in planktonic growth, biofilms, and persister cells of C. albicans, probably by facilitating the penetration of MB into fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aparecida Biazzi de Lapena
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra-Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Araújo da Costa Ward
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodney Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vania Maria Maciel Melo
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology Pici, Ceará Federal University, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Abreu-Pereira CA, Klein MI, Vitorino Lobo CI, Gorayb Pereira AL, Jordão CC, Pavarina AC. DNase enhances photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans biofilms. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1855-1867. [PMID: 35133698 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effectiveness of DNase I combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, mediated by Photodithazine® and light-emitting diode light, against biofilms formed by a fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strain (ATCC 96901) and two clinical isolates (R14 and R70). MATERIALS AND METHODS Biofilms were grown for 48 h and exposed to DNase for 5 min, followed by application of a photosensitizer (P) and light (L), either singly or combined (P+L+, P-L+, P+L-, P-L-, P-L-DNase, P+L+DNase, P+L-DNase, and P-L+DNase; n = 12). Biofilm analysis included quantification of extracellular matrix components (water-soluble and insoluble proteins and polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA), and biomass (total and insoluble), as well as enumeration of colony-forming units. The data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni's post-hoc test. RESULTS The DNase treatment combined with aPDT showed a reduction of 1.92, 1.65, and 1.29 log10 of cell viability compared with untreated controls for ATCC 96901, R14, and R70 strains, respectively. It also reduced extracellular matrix contents of water-soluble polysaccharides (36.3%) and extracellular DNA (72.3%), as well as insoluble biomass content (43.3%). CONCLUSION The three strains showed similar behavior when treated with DNase, and the extracellular matrix components were affected, improving the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Abreu-Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmélia Isabel Vitorino Lobo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Gorayb Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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13
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Dongre P, Bansal T. Role of dentist in diagnosis and management of mucormycosis in association with COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jorr.jorr_36_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Advances in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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New Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in the Management of Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121025. [PMID: 34947007 PMCID: PMC8705304 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important aetiological agent of opportunistic mycoses worldwide is Candida spp. These yeasts can cause severe infections in the host, which may be fatal. Isolates of Candida albicans occur with greater frequency and variable resistance patterns. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognised as an alternative treatment to kill pathogenic microorganisms. PDT utilises a photosensitizer, which is activated at a specific wavelength and oxygen concentration. Their reaction yields reactive oxygen species that kill the infectious microorganism. A systematic review of new applications of PDT in the management of candidiasis was performed. Of the 222 studies selected for in-depth screening, 84 were included in this study. All the studies reported the antifungal effectiveness, toxicity and dosimetry of treatment with antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) with different photosensitizers against Candida spp. The manuscripts that are discussed reveal the breadth of the new applications of aPDT against Candida spp., which are resistant to common antifungals. aPDT has superior performance compared to conventional antifungal therapies. With further studies, aPDT should prove valuable in daily clinical practice.
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Aroso RT, Schaberle FA, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Photodynamic disinfection and its role in controlling infectious diseases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1497-1545. [PMID: 34705261 PMCID: PMC8548867 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is witnessing a revival of its origins as a response to the rise of multi-drug resistant infections and the shortage of new classes of antibiotics. Photodynamic disinfection (PDDI) of microorganisms is making progresses in preclinical models and in clinical cases, and the perception of its role in the clinical armamentarium for the management of infectious diseases is changing. We review the positioning of PDDI from the perspective of its ability to respond to clinical needs. Emphasis is placed on the pipeline of photosensitizers that proved effective to inactivate biofilms, showed efficacy in animal models of infectious diseases or reached clinical trials. Novel opportunities resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic are briefly discussed. The molecular features of promising photosensitizers are emphasized and contrasted with those of photosensitizers used in the treatment of solid tumors. The development of photosensitizers has been accompanied by the fabrication of a variety of affordable and customizable light sources. We critically discuss the combination between photosensitizer and light source properties that may leverage PDDI and expand its applications to wider markets. The success of PDDI in the management of infectious diseases will ultimately depend on the efficacy of photosensitizers, affordability of the light sources, simplicity of the procedures, and availability of fast and efficient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T Aroso
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Labban N, Taweel SMA, ALRabiah MA, Alfouzan AF, Alshiddi IF, Assery MK. Efficacy of Rose Bengal and Curcumin mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of denture stomatitis in patients with habitual cigarette smoking: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102380. [PMID: 34087468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking in conjugation with bad oral hygiene is considered a typical predisposing factor for many oral diseases including denture stomatitis. This study investigated the effect of Rose Bengal (RB)-and Curcumin (CUR)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in comparison with nystatin therapy in the intervention of denture stomatitis in cigarette smokers. METHODS Overall, 45 habitual cigarette smokers aged ~58 years having denture stomatitis were categorized into three groups: Group-I - RB-mediated PDT, Group-II - CUR-mediated PDT, and Group-III - Nystatin therapy. The primary outcome of the interest was: counts of Candida colony from denture surface and palatal mucosa, calculated as CFU/mL, whereas the prevalence of Candida species determined in 3 research groups comprised the secondary outcome. Oral swab specimens were gathered from the denture surfaces and palatal mucosa. All clinical assessments were performed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. RESULTS C. albicans was the most prevalent yeast identified on both denture surfaces and palatal mucosa, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. A considerable decrease in the CFU/mL scores were observed in Group-I and Group-II at the end of the interventions and on the 12-week follow-up (p<0.05). Group-I, II, and III demonstrated clinical efficacy rates of 53%, 51%, and 49%, respectively. CONCLUSION CUR-and RB-mediated PDT was found to be as effective as topical Nystatin therapy for the intervention of denture stomatitis among cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Labban
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sara Mohammad Al Taweel
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A ALRabiah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan F Alfouzan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibraheem F Alshiddi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour K Assery
- Department of Prosthodontics, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green against the standard and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1971-1977. [PMID: 34331604 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative approach. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of aPDT with indocyanine green (ICG) against two Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. In this in vitro study, the inoculum of standard ATCC 10,231 (S) and fluconazole-resistant (FR) strains were adjusted to the turbidity of a 0.5 McFarland standard. Each strain was allocated into 4 groups: S1 and FR1) control groups, S2 and FR2) ICG-treated groups (1 µg/mL), S3 and FR3) laser-irradiated groups (wavelength: 810 nm; mode: continuous-wave; output power: 300 mW; spot size: 4.5 mm; exposure time: 120 s; radiation dose: 228 J/cm2), S4 and FR4) ICG-mediated-aPDT groups. After treatments, the number of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was calculated. Using the XTT reduction assay, the effects of each treatment on Candida biofilm formation were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. In both strains, the maximum number of CFUs was observed in the control group, followed by ICG-treated, laser-irradiated, and ICG-mediated-aPDT groups. In ATCC 10,231 strain, the XTT assay exhibited significant difference between ICG-mediated-aPDT and control groups (p < 0.0001). However, the ICG, laser, and ICG-mediated-aPDT groups in fluconazole-resistant strain showed significant differences when compared with the control (p < 0.05). The mean Candida CFUs and the XTT assay did not show any significant difference between the ATCC 10,231 and fluconazole-resistant strains with respect to each treatment. Data suggest ICG-mediated-aPDT could diminish Candida CFUs in laboratory; however, further studies are warranted to confirm its efficacy and safety to be applied in clinics.
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Ito R, Mine Y, Yumisashi Y, Yoshioka R, Hamaoka M, Taji T, Murayama T, Nikawa H. In Vivo Efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L8020 in a Mouse Model of Oral Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050322. [PMID: 33919079 PMCID: PMC8143095 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis presents with multiple clinical manifestations. Among known pathogenic Candida species, Candida albicans is the most virulent and acts as the main causative fungus of oral candidiasis. Novel treatment modalities are needed because of emergent drug resistance and frequent candidiasis recurrence. Here, we evaluated the ability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L8020, isolated from healthy and caries-free volunteers, to prevent against the onset of oral candidiasis in a mouse model. Mice were infected with C. albicans, in the presence or absence of L. rhamnosus L8020. The mice were treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid to disrupt the oral microbiota and induce immunosuppression. We demonstrated that oral consumption of L. rhamnosus L8020 by C. albicans-infected mice abolished the pseudomembranous region of the mouse tongue; it also suppressed changes in the expression levels of pattern recognition receptor and chemokine genes. Our results suggest that L. rhamnosus L8020 has protective or therapeutic potential against oral candidiasis, which supports the potential use of this probiotic strain for oral health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Ito
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.I.); (Y.Y.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Yuichi Mine
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.Y.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5446
| | - Yoshie Yumisashi
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.I.); (Y.Y.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Reina Yoshioka
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Misa Hamaoka
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.I.); (Y.Y.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Taji
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.I.); (Y.Y.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
| | - Takeshi Murayama
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Hiroki Nikawa
- Department of Oral Biology & Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (R.I.); (Y.Y.); (M.H.); (T.T.); (H.N.)
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20
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Alonso GC, Klein MI, Jordão CC, Carmello JC, Pavarina AC. Gene expression of Candida albicans strains isolates from patients with denture stomatitis submitted to treatments with photodynamic therapy and nystatin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102292. [PMID: 33857598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and nystatin (NYS) in the expression of genes (ACT1, ALS1, CAP1, CAT1, EFG1, HWP1, LIP3, PLB1, SAP1, and SOD1) involved in the virulence of Candida albicans strains recovered from patients with denture stomatitis (DS). These strains were isolated from the patients before (initial) and after treatment (final), and 45 days after the treatments (follow-up). For gene expression analyses, RNA was isolated from the clinical strains, followed by cDNA synthesis and qPCR using specific primers for each target gene. The samples that present integrity were pooled to increase the RNA yield. In the end, four patients treated with aPDT and five patients treated with NYS had the clinical isolates of C. albicans submitted to gene expression evaluation. The data demonstrated a statistical difference in the expression of PLB1 and ACT1 for the different therapies (aPDT versus NYS). Also, there was a statistical difference in the expression of CAT1, SOD1, and LIP3 at the time intervals assessed (initial, final, and follow-up). In contrast, no statistical difference was found in the expression of ALS1, HWP1, EFG1, CAP1, CAT1, SOD1, LIP3, and SAP1 between the therapies, while no significant difference was detected at the time intervals evaluated for ALS1, HWP1, EFG1, CAP1, and SAP1. Therefore, the topical treatments for DS with aPDT or NYS did not effect the expression of most C. albicans virulence genes evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Caroline Alonso
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Rajendra Santosh AB, Muddana K, Bakki SR. Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:1373-1384. [PMID: 33817556 PMCID: PMC8003891 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of fungal infections is increasing due to immunodeficiency viruses and immunosuppressive drugs. The most common fungal infection of the oral cavity is candidiasis. The existence of Candida can be a part of normal commensal; hence, the isolation of Candida in the absence of clinical symptoms should exclude candidiasis. The pathogenicity of Candida is witnessed as opportunistic when immune status is compromised. Oral fungal infections are uncommon, but when identified, these infections are associated with greater discomfort and are sometimes destruction of tissues. Cytology and tissue biopsy are helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis. The management of oral fungal infections must strategically focus on signs, symptoms, and culture reports. This article reviews information on diagnosis and therapeutic management of aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, and geotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthi Muddana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tirumala Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Nizamabad, Telangana India
| | - Shobha Rani Bakki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana India
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22
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Ré ACS, Martins JF, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Aires CP, Gratieri T. New perspectives on the topical management of recurrent candidiasis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1568-1585. [PMID: 33469892 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the Candida genus that affects mainly mucocutaneous tissues (e.g., vaginal, oral, and mammary). This condition has been known for a long time; thus, innumerous topical and systemic treatments are already available on the market worldwide. Yet, recurrent superficial candidiasis (RSC) is an expected outcome, still lacking effective and convenient treatments. Although several individual conditions may contribute to disease recurrence, biofilms' presence seems to be the main etiological factor contributing to antifungal resistance. More than proposing novel antifungal agents, current research seems to be focusing on improving the pharmaceutical technology aspects of formulations to address such a challenge. These include extending and improving intimate contact of drug delivery systems with the mucocutaneous tissues, increasing drug loading dose, and enhancing topical drug permeation. This review discusses the current understanding of the RSC and the use of pharmaceutical technology tools in obtaining better results. Even though several drawbacks of conventional formulations have been circumvented with the help of nano- or microencapsulation techniques and with the use of mucoadhesive formulation excipients, many challenges remain. In particular, the need to mask the unpalatable taste of formulations for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and the necessity of formulations with a "dryer" sensorial feeling and improved performances in providing higher bioavailability for the treatment of mammary and vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina S Ré
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jayanaraian F Martins
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Aires
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Taís Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil. .,Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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Consecutive treatments with photodynamic therapy and nystatin altered the expression of virulence and ergosterol biosynthesis genes of a fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in vivo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102155. [PMID: 33444787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This investigation assessed the effect of five consecutive daily topical treatments of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), nystatin (NYS), and an association of treatments on a fluconazole-resistant strain of Candida albicans colonizing the tongues of mice. After the last treatments application, colonies of C. albicans were recovered from the tongues and used to determine their fluconazole susceptibility. After 24 hours of the last treatment, the mice tongues were processed to evaluate the expression of C. albicans genes related to the virulence and ergosterol production. The fluconazole susceptibility test yielded a resistance profile similar for all treatment groups and the control group (no treatment). The treatments aPDT, NYS, NYS+aPDT, and aPDT+NYS promoted a reduction in ALS1, EFG1, CAP1, SOD1, SAP1, and LIP3 expression. The expression of HWP1 was higher in the three groups containing nystatin. In contrast, the treatments produced a significative increase in CAT1 gene expression, mainly in the groups in which aPDT was performed. The expression of genes related to ergosterol production was significantly reduced by the treatments evaluated (aPDT, NYS, NYS+aPDT, and aPDT+NYS). Thus, the consecutive topical treatments performed on mice tongues promoted a reduction in the expression of virulence and ergosterol biosynthesis genes of a fluconazole-resistant C. albicans.
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A randomized clinical trial evaluating Photodithazine-mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as a treatment for Denture stomatitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pires L, Demidov V, Wilson BC, Salvio AG, Moriyama L, Bagnato VS, Vitkin IA, Kurachi C. Dual-Agent Photodynamic Therapy with Optical Clearing Eradicates Pigmented Melanoma in Preclinical Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071956. [PMID: 32708501 PMCID: PMC7409296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment using light-activated photosensitizers (photodynamic therapy, PDT) has shown limited efficacy in pigmented melanoma, mainly due to the poor penetration of light in this tissue. Here, an optical clearing agent (OCA) was applied topically to a cutaneous melanoma model in mice shortly before PDT to increase the effective treatment depth by reducing the light scattering. This was used together with cellular and vascular-PDT, or a combination of both. The effect on tumor growth was measured by longitudinal ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging in vivo and by immunohistology after sacrifice. In a separate dorsal window chamber tumor model, angiographic optical coherence tomography (OCT) generated 3D tissue microvascular images, enabling direct in vivo assessment of treatment response. The optical clearing had minimal therapeutic effect on the in control, non-pigmented cutaneous melanomas but a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) in pigmented lesions for both single- and dual-photosensitizer treatment regimes. The latter enabled full-depth eradication of tumor tissue, demonstrated by the absence of S100 and Ki67 immunostaining. These studies are the first to demonstrate complete melanoma response to PDT in an immunocompromised model in vivo, with quantitative assessment of tumor volume and thickness, confirmed by (immuno) histological analyses, and with non-pigmented melanomas used as controls to clarify the critical role of melanin in the PDT response. The results indicate the potential of OCA-enhanced PDT for the treatment of pigmented lesions, including melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Pires
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil; (L.P.); (L.M.); (V.S.B.); (C.K.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (V.D.); (I.A.V.)
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Valentin Demidov
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (V.D.); (I.A.V.)
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (V.D.); (I.A.V.)
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-634-8778
| | | | - Lilian Moriyama
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil; (L.P.); (L.M.); (V.S.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Vanderlei S. Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil; (L.P.); (L.M.); (V.S.B.); (C.K.)
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; (V.D.); (I.A.V.)
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil; (L.P.); (L.M.); (V.S.B.); (C.K.)
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de Paula RFO, Rosa IA, Gafanhão IFM, Fachi JL, Melero AMG, Roque AO, Boldrini VO, Ferreira LAB, Irazusta SP, Ceragioli HJ, de Oliveira EC. Reduced graphene oxide, but not carbon nanotubes, slows murine melanoma after thermal ablation using LED light in B16F10 lineage cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102231. [PMID: 32502697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive health technology used to treat cancer and other non-malignant diseases, as well as inactivation of viruses, bacteria and fungi. In this work, we sought to combine the phototherapy technique using low intensity LED (660 nm) to induce ablation in melanoma tumor in mice treated with nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted, and our results demonstrated that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) do not destroy tumor cells in vivo, but stimulate the inflammatory process and angiogenesis. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), has been shown to play a protective role associated with the LED ablation, inducing necrosis, stimulation of immune response by lymphoproliferation, and decreased tumor mass in vivo. We consider that LED alone can be very effective in controlling the growth of melanoma tumors and its association with rGO is potentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemeire F O de Paula
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A Rosa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid F M Gafanhão
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Luís Fachi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria G Melero
- REDEMAT-Thematic Network in Materials Engineering, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Aléxia O Roque
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius O Boldrini
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíz A B Ferreira
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia P Irazusta
- Technology Faculty of Sorocaba (FATEC), Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder J Ceragioli
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine C de Oliveira
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Technology Faculty of Sorocaba (FATEC), Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
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Sugio CYC, Garcia AAMN, Albach T, Moraes GS, Bonfante EA, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH. Candida-Associated Denture Stomatitis and Murine Models: What Is the Importance and Scientific Evidence? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020070. [PMID: 32456172 PMCID: PMC7344758 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the high prevalence and recurrence of Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS), in vivo studies in animal models are necessary before those in humans to evaluate new therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to review the literature on murine models of CADS induction using acrylic intraoral devices simulating dentures. Rats are recommended as experimental animals in these models as well as the adoption of a pasty diet. For maintenance in the proper position during the experiments, intraoral appliances must be obtained by individual impressions, using and retained exclusively by cementation on the molars. The region of interest for histopathological analysis was standardized as that corresponding to the area between the first molars. However, there is no consensus among the studies on the CADS induction rat models in relation to the Candida albicans inoculation and need for immunosuppression and/or administration of antibacterial drugs of animals. The greatest difficulty of the available models refers to maintaining the course of the lesion for a sufficient period to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed treatment, considering the rapid and efficient murine immune response to candidal colonization. Therefore, future studies are necessary for the development of a robust and reproducible CADS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Yoshi Campos Sugio
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil; (C.Y.C.S.); (A.A.M.N.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Amanda Aparecida Maia Neves Garcia
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil; (C.Y.C.S.); (A.A.M.N.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Thaís Albach
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (G.S.M.); (V.M.U.)
| | - Gustavo Simão Moraes
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (G.S.M.); (V.M.U.)
| | - Estevam Augusto Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil; (C.Y.C.S.); (A.A.M.N.G.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Vanessa Migliorini Urban
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil; (T.A.); (G.S.M.); (V.M.U.)
| | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil; (C.Y.C.S.); (A.A.M.N.G.); (E.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3235-8245; Fax: +55-14-3235-8277
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces gene expression of Candida albicans in biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101825. [PMID: 32445962 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether the oxidative stress caused by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) affects the expression of C. albicans genes related to adhesion and biofilm formation (ALS1 and HPW1) and oxidative stress response (CAP1, CAT1, and SOD1). The aPDT was mediated by two photosensitizing agents (PSs) Photodithazine® (PDZ at 100 and 200 mg/L) or Curcumin (CUR at 40 and 80 μM) and LED (37.5 J/cm2 or 50 J/cm2). The quantification of the expression was performed by Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) using specific primers for the target genes. The data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (α = 0.05), followed by Tukey's post-test. It was observed reduction in the expression of ALS1, HWP1, CAP1, CAT1, and SOD1 when aPDT was performed using 200 mg/L PDZ and 80 μM CUR associated to LED (37.7 and 50 J/cm2, respectively) and using 100 mg/L PDZ and 40 μM CUR with LED of 50 J/cm2 (versus control). Also, the expression of CAP1 and SOD1 genes was reduced after aPDT using 100 mg/L PDZ and LED of 37.5 J/cm2. There was a significant reduction in the expression of genes HWP1, CAP1, and SOD1 after aPDT using 40 μM CUR and 37.5 J/cm2 (versus the control group). The application of LED only at 37.5 and 50 J/cm2 promoted down-regulation of ALS1, CAP1, CAT1, and SOD1 genes (versus the control group). Therefore, aPDT mediated by LED -associated PSs PDZ and CUR promoted a reduction in the expression of the five C. albicans genes evaluated.
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Gubarkova EV, Feldchtein FI, Zagaynova EV, Gamayunov SV, Sirotkina MA, Sedova ES, Kuznetsov SS, Moiseev AA, Matveev LA, Zaitsev VY, Karashtin DA, Gelikonov GV, Pires L, Vitkin A, Gladkova ND. Optical coherence angiography for pre-treatment assessment and treatment monitoring following photodynamic therapy: a basal cell carcinoma patient study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18670. [PMID: 31822752 PMCID: PMC6904495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular networks of human basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and surrounding skin were assessed with optical coherence angiography (OCA) in conjunction with photodynamic therapy (PDT). OCA images were collected and analyzed in 31 lesions pre-treatment, and immediately/24 hours/3-12 months post-treatment. Pre-treatment OCA enabled differentiation between prevalent subtypes of BCC (nodular and superficial) and nodular-with-necrotic-core BCC subtypes with a diagnostic accuracy of 78%; this can facilitate more accurate biopsy reducing sampling error and better therapy regimen selection. Post-treatment OCA images at 24 hours were 98% predictive of eventual outcome. Additional findings highlight the importance of pre-treatment necrotic core, vascular metrics associated with hypertrophic scar formation, and early microvascular changes necessary in both tumorous and peri-tumorous regions to ensure treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Gubarkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - F I Feldchtein
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E V Zagaynova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S V Gamayunov
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Korolev Street 4, Obninsk, 249036, Kaluga region, Russia
| | - M A Sirotkina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E S Sedova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S S Kuznetsov
- N.A. Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital, Rodionova Street 190, 603093, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A A Moiseev
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Science, Ulyanova Street 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - L A Matveev
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Science, Ulyanova Street 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Science, Ulyanova Street 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D A Karashtin
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Science, Ulyanova Street 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - G V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Science, Ulyanova Street 46, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - L Pires
- University of Toronto and University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - A Vitkin
- University of Toronto and University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - N D Gladkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Minina Square 10/1, 603005, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Janeth Rimachi Hidalgo K, Carmello JC, Carolina Jordão C, Aboud Barbugli P, de Sousa Costa CA, Mima EGDO, Pavarina AC. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Nystatin in the Treatment of Experimental Oral Candidiasis Induced by Candida albicans Resistant to Fluconazole. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030140. [PMID: 31540476 PMCID: PMC6789856 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been demonstrated that azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans have a greater resistance to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) when compared to their more susceptible counterparts. For this reason, the present study evaluated the efficacy of aPDT, together with nystatin (NYS), in the treatment of oral candidiasis in vivo. Methods: Mice were infected with fluconazole-resistant C. albicans (ATCC 96901). To perform the combined therapy, aPDT, mediated by Photodithazine (PDZ) and LED light, was used together with NYS. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by microbiological, macroscopic, histopathological and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy analyses of the lesions. The expression of p21 and p53, proteins associated with cell death, from the tongues of mice, was also performed. Results: The combined therapy reduced the fungal viability by around 2.6 log10 and decreased the oral lesions and the inflammatory reaction. Additionally, it stimulated the production of p53 and p21. Conclusions: The combined therapy is a promising alternative treatment for oral candidiasis induced by C. albicans resistant to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem Janeth Rimachi Hidalgo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto de Sousa Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil.
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Carmello JC, Alves F, Basso FG, de Souza Costa CA, Tedesco AC, Lucas Primo F, Mima EGDO, Pavarina AC. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces adhesion capacity and biofilm formation of Candida albicans from induced oral candidiasis in mice. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:402-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Panariello BH, Klein MI, Alves F, Pavarina AC. DNase increases the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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Alves F, Carmello JC, Mima EGDO, Costa CADS, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodithazine-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in vivo. Med Mycol 2019; 57:609-617. [PMID: 30339223 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a murine model of oral candidosis. Mice were inoculated with two clinical isolates (R10, R15) and one reference strain (ATCC) of resistant C. albicans to produce oral candidosis. After inoculation, aPDT mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) and LED light was performed. The use of PDZ or light only was also investigated. Additional animals were treated with Nystatin (NYS). Untreated or healthy mice were also evaluated. Microbiological evaluation was performed by recovering C. albicans from the tongue via colony-forming units. Animals were killed 24 hours after treatments, and the tongues were removed for histological analysis. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (P < .05). The results demonstrated that all strains showed the same behavior after aPDT and NYS treatment. A significant reduction in C. albicans viability was achieved after both treatments for R15 and ATCC. No significant reduction was verified for C. albicans R10 submitted to aPDT or NYS. The histological analysis revealed that aPDT did not cause side effects on tissues. aPDT was effective for inactivation of two fluconazole-resistant C. albicans of the three strains evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Alves
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Biophotonics Lab, Group of Optics, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Comparison of the efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy and nystatin therapy in treatment of denture stomatitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:193-197. [PMID: 31185323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida species have an influence in the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with nystatin mouthwash (PDT + nystatin) for the treatment of denture stomatitis in comparison with routine antifungal therapy with nystatin alone. METHODS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 66 patients were randomly assigned into PDT + nystatin (n = 33) and nystatin (n = 33) groups, both groups were treated 3-times a day (15 days) with nystatin mouthwash, and PDT was performed twice once a week for the PDT + nystatin group. Briefly, ICG was applied on the palatal lesion and laser irradiation was performed using a diode laser (810 nm, 56 J/cm2). Nystatin group was also treated with sham laser in order to eliminate the possible psychological effects. The clinical and mycological evaluations were carried out at the baseline, during treatment, and the end of follow-up. Patients who completed the treatment and follow-up were eligible for statistical analysis (each group 28 cases). RESULTS Patient treatment with nystatin or PDT + nystatin reduced the lesions extension. Candida species were isolated from all patients and the number of Candida CFU in both groups showed a significant reduction at each post-treatment visit; however, the mean reduction achieved in the PDT + nystatin group was significantly higher than nystatin alone. CONCLUSIONS ICG-mediated PDT in combination with nystatin mouthwash can improve the clinical feature of denture stomatitis with no adverse effects; therefore, it could be used as an alternative to the currently available antifungal therapy using nystatin alone.
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da Collina GA, Freire F, Santos TPDC, Sobrinho NG, Aquino S, Prates RA, da Silva DDFT, Tempestini Horliana ACR, Pavani C. Controlling methylene blue aggregation: a more efficient alternative to treat Candida albicans infections using photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1355-1364. [PMID: 30183793 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) has been widely used in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT), however, the mechanisms of action (Type I or Type II) are defined by its state of aggregation. In this sense, the identification of the relationships between aggregation, the mechanisms of action and the effectiveness against microorganisms, as well as the establishment of the means and the formulations that may favor the most effective mechanisms, are essential. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the in vitro aPDT efficacies against Candida albicans, by using MB in vehicles which may influence the aggregation and present an oral formulation (OF) containing MB, to be used in clinical aPDT procedures. The efficacy of MB at 20 mg L-1 was tested in a range of vehicles (water, physiological solution - NaCl 0.9%, phosphate saline buffer - PBS, sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.25% - SDS and urea 1 mol L-1) in a C. albicans planktonic culture, when using 4.68 J cm-2 of 640 ± 12 nm LED for the irradiations, as well as 5 minutes of pre-irradiation time, together with measuring the UFC mL-1. Based upon these analyses, an OF containing MB in the most effective vehicle was tested in the biofilms, as a proposal for clinical applications. When comparing some of the vehicles, sodium dodecyl sulfate was the only one that enhanced an MB aPDT efficacy in a planktonic C. albicans culture. This OF was tested in the biofilms and 50 mg L-1 MB was necessary, in order to achieve some reduction in the cell viabilities after the various treatments. The light dosimetries still need further adaptations, in order for this formulation to be used in clinical applications. The present research has indicated that the development of this formulation for the control of MB aggregations may result in more effective clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves da Collina
- Post-Graduation Program of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tavares LJ, de Avila ED, Klein MI, Panariello BHD, Spolidório DMP, Pavarina AC. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with antibiotic local administration against biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 188:135-145. [PMID: 30267963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) kills several planktonic pathogens. However, the susceptibility of biofilm-derived anaerobic bacteria to aPDT is poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the effect of Photodithazine (PDZ)-mediated aPDT on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. In addition, aPDT was tested with metronidazole (MTZ) to explore the potential antimicrobial effect of the treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MTZ was defined for each bacterial species. Single-species biofilms of each species were grown on polystyrene plates under anaerobic conditions for five days. aPDT was performed by applying PDZ at concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mg/L, followed by exposure to 50 J/cm2 LED light (660 nm) with or without MTZ. aPDT exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial viability at a PDZ concentration of 100 mg/L, with 1.12 log10 and 2.66 log10 reductions for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis in biofilms, respectively. However, the antimicrobial effect against F. nucleatum was achieved only when aPDT was combined with MTZ at 100× MIC. Regarding P. gingivalis, the combination of PDZ-mediated aPDT at 100 mg/L with MTZ 100× MIC resulted in a 5 log10 reduction in the bacterial population. The potential antimicrobial effects of aPDT in combination with MTZ for both single pathogenic biofilms were confirmed by live/dead staining. These results suggest that localized antibiotic administration may be an adjuvant to aPDT to control F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia J Tavares
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica D de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz H D Panariello
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W Michigan St, DS406, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Denise M P Spolidório
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Curcumin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles in a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082075. [PMID: 30126245 PMCID: PMC6222858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an alternative method for oral candidiasis (OC), while nanocarriers have been used to improve the water solubility of curcumin (CUR). The aim of this study is to encapsulate CUR in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate its photodynamic effects on a murine model of OC. Anionic and cationic CUR-NP is synthesized using poly-lactic acid and dextran sulfate and then characterized. Female mice are immunosuppressed and inoculated with Candida albicans (Ca) to induce OC. aPDT is performed by applying CUR-NP or free CUR on the dorsum of the tongue, followed by blue light irradiation for five consecutive days. Nystatin is used as positive control. Afterward, Ca are recovered and cultivated. Animals are euthanized for histological, immunohistochemical, and DNA damage evaluation. Encapsulation in NP improves the water solubility of CUR. Nystatin shows the highest reduction of Ca, followed by aPDT mediated by free CUR, which results in immunolabelling of cytokeratins closer to those observed for healthy animals. Anionic CUR-NP does not show antifungal effect, and cationic CUR-NP reduces Ca even in the absence of light. DNA damage is associated with Ca infection. Consecutive aPDT application is a safe treatment for OC.
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Alves F, Alonso GC, Carmello JC, Mima EGDO, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy mediated by Photodithazine® in the treatment of denture stomatitis: A case report. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:168-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Postigo A, Funes M, Petenatti E, Bottai H, Pacciaroni A, Sortino M. Antifungal photosensitive activity of Porophyllum obscurum (Spreng.) DC.: Correlation of the chemical composition of the hexane extract with the bioactivity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:263-272. [PMID: 29111389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report Porophyllum obscurum as a source of new photosensitizers with potential use in Photodynamic Therapy as an alternative for oropharyngeal candidiasis treatment. The antifungal photosensitive activity of different extracts from P. obscurum was evaluated by using microdilution and bioautographic assays. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration for hexanic extract under UV-A irradiation was 0.98μg/mL, but it was inactive in experiments without irradiation. The bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of four thiophenes responsible for the photosensitive activity: 2,2':5'2″terthiophene, 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, 5-(4-acetoxy-1-butenyl)-2,2'- bithiophene and 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-2,2'- bithiophene, with Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations ranging 0.24-7.81μg/mL under UV-A irradiation. The activity of the hexanic extract was evaluated against 25 clinical strains of Candida spp. isolates as etiological agents of oropharyngeal candidiasis. No differences in susceptibility were observed in strains resistant and susceptible to conventional antifungal drugs. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses of seven samples of P. obscurum collected in four different phenological stages were carried out showing that full flowering stage possesses the highest thiophenes content. These data also allowed us to establish a correlation between the thiophene composition of the different extracts and their antifungal photosensitive activity, according to a second order polynomial model with the equation: y=11.2603-0.6831*x+0.0108*x2. The thiophenes isolated were the responsible of antifungal photosensitive activity and can be used for the future standardization of the extract. Results showed that P. obscurum hexanic extract could be potentially developed as an Herbal Medicinal Product to be applied as a photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Postigo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Matías Funes
- INTEQUI-CONICET, Área Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Almirante Brown 1455, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Elisa Petenatti
- Herbario y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Hebe Bottai
- Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana Pacciaroni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5016 Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Referencia de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Chanda W, Joseph TP, Wang W, Padhiar AA, Zhong M. The potential management of oral candidiasis using anti-biofilm therapies. Med Hypotheses 2017; 106:15-18. [PMID: 28818264 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a minor component of the oral microbiota and an opportunistic pathogen that takes advantage of the immunocompromised host and causes oral mucositis and oral candidiasis. This organism is able to undergo phenotypic modification from a yeast to hyphae growth phase, one of the key arsenals for immune cell evasion, tissue invasion and biofilm formation. The latter property coupled with overgrowth and immune compromising factors such as HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, organ transplantation, diabetes, corticosteroid use, dentures, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use have modified the fungus from a normal component of the microflora to a foe of an oral cavity and resulting in reduced sensitivity towards commonly utilised antifungal agents. Hence, the need for alternative therapy to curb this plight is of importance. Making use of biomolecules produced by Streptococcus mutans, application of lactoferrin which is a nonspecific host defense factor found in saliva with metal chelating and broader antimicrobial properties, use of probiotics which have the capacity to boost the host immunity through eliciting Immunoglobulin A synthesis, and perturbing the pathogen's environment via competition of space and food, and application of photodynamic therapy can help to manage the burden of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Chanda
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Thomson P Joseph
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Arshad A Padhiar
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Mintao Zhong
- Dalian Medical University, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China.
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Reddy RCJ, Jeelani S, Duraiselvi P, Kandasamy M, Kumar GS, Pandian RAV. Assessment of Effectiveness of Fluconazole and Clotrimazole in Treating Oral Candidiasis Patients: A Comparative Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 7:90-94. [PMID: 28462176 PMCID: PMC5390584 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_34_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: One of the most common fungal infections infecting humans is Candidiasis. Belonging to the group of opportunistic infections, it often affects individuals with various debilitating diseases. Fluconazole and clotrimazole are two of the commonly used anti-fungal agents for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Hence, we planned this study to evaluate the effectiveness of fluconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of patients suffering from candidiasis. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 participants were enrolled in the present study. All the patients of candidiasis were divided broadly into two study groups. Group I included patients who were treated with fluconazole mouthrinse whereas group II included patients who were treated with clotrimazole mouth paint. Grading of patient discomfort was done as noted from readings given by the patients. Specimen was collection by a swab from the lesional area of the oral cavity from the patients and were incubated in Sabouraud's dextrose agar medium and assessed. All the patients were treated with medication as give to their respective groups. Patients were recalled as assessed. All the readings were recorded and analyzed. Results: For group I patients, the fungal eradication was 89.5%, whereas for group II patients, the fungal eradication was 86.7%. No significant results were obtained while comparing the mycological eradiation in patients of the two study groups. Conclusion: Approximately similar effectiveness in terms of treatment was noted with fluconazole and clotrimazole in treating patients with candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Jagat Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Jeelani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Puducherry, India
| | - P Duraiselvi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Puducherry, India
| | - M Kandasamy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Suresh Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adthiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Azhal Vel Pandian
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Puducherry, India
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Beltrán-Partida E, Valdez-Salas B, Curiel-Álvarez M, Castillo-Uribe S, Escamilla A, Nedev N. Enhanced antifungal activity by disinfected titanium dioxide nanotubes via reduced nano-adhesion bonds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:59-65. [PMID: 28482568 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have provided evidence that the beneficial effect of super-oxidized water (SOW) disinfected Ti6Al4V-TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) can reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. However, the need of antifungal nanostructured surfaces with osteoactive capabilities is an important goal that has been arising for dental implants (DI) applications. Thus, in the present study we isolated and tested the effects of Candida albicans (C. albicans) on disinfected, wetter and nanoroughness NTs compared to a non-modified control. Moreover, we elucidated part of the fungal adhesion mechanism by studying and relating the mycotic adhesion kinetics and the formation of fungal nanoadhesion bonds among the experimental materials, to gain new insight of the fungal-material-interface. Similarly, the initial behavior of human alveolar bone osteoblasts (HAOb) was microscopically evaluated. NTs significantly reduced the yeasts adhesion and viability with non-outcomes of biofilm than the non-modified surface. Cross-sectioning of the fungal cells revealed promoted nano-contact bonds with superior fungal spread on the control alloy interface; meanwhile NTs evidenced decreased tendency along time; suggesting, down-regulation by the nanostructured morphology and the SOW treatment. Importantly, the initial performance of HAOb demonstrated strikingly promoted anchorage with effects of filopodia formation and increased vital cell on NTs with SOW. The present study proposes SOW treatment as an active protocol for synthesis and disinfection of NTs with potent antifungal capability, acting in part by the reduction of nano-adhesion bonds at the surface-fungal interface; opening up a novel route for the investigation of mycotic-adhesion processes at the nanoscale for bone implants applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Beltrán-Partida
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico; Department of Biomaterials, Dental Materials and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Dentistry Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Zotoluca and Chinampas St., 21040 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Benjamín Valdez-Salas
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Mario Curiel-Álvarez
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Sandra Castillo-Uribe
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico; Department of Biomaterials, Dental Materials and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Dentistry Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Zotoluca and Chinampas St., 21040 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alan Escamilla
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nicola Nedev
- Department of Corrosion and Materials, Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juarez and Normal St., 21280 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
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Bandara HMHN, Matsubara VH, Samaranayake LP. Future therapies targeted towards eliminating Candida biofilms and associated infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:299-318. [PMID: 27927053 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1268530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida species are common human commensals and cause either superficial or invasive opportunistic infections. The biofilm form of candida as opposed to its suspended, planktonic form, is predominantly associated with these infections. Alternative or adjunctive therapies are urgently needed to manage Candida infections as the currently available short arsenal of antifungal drugs has been compromised due to their systemic toxicity, cross-reactivity with other drugs, and above all, by the emergence of drug-resistant Candida species due to irrational drug use. Areas covered: Combination anti-Candida therapies, antifungal lock therapy, denture cleansers, and mouth rinses have all been proposed as alternatives for disrupting candidal biofilms on different substrates. Other suggested approaches for the management of candidiasis include the use of natural compounds, such as probiotics, plants extracts and oils, antifungal quorum sensing molecules, anti-Candida antibodies and vaccines, cytokine therapy, transfer of primed immune cells, photodynamic therapy, and nanoparticles. Expert commentary: The sparsity of currently available antifungals and the plethora of proposed anti-candidal therapies is a distinct indication of the urgent necessity to develop efficacious therapies for candidal infections. Alternative drug delivery approaches, such as probiotics, reviewed here is likely to be a reality in clinical settings in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H N Bandara
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia
| | - V H Matsubara
- b School of Dentistry , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia.,d Faculty of Dentistry , University of Kuwait , Kuwait
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Carmello JC, Alves F, Mima EGDO, Jorge JH, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photoinactivation of single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species using Photodythazine ® [corrected]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:194-199. [PMID: 27988224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) formulated in hydrogel, in the inactivation of mono and duo-species biofilms of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. Standardized suspensions of each strain were prepared and after biofilm formation, mono-species were treated with 150 and 175mg/L of PDZ for 20min (pre-irradiation time), and exposed to LED light at a dose of 37.5J/cm2 (660nm). The duo-species biofilms (C. albicans+C. glabrata and C. albicans+C. tropicalis) were treated with 150mg/L of PDZ and light. Additional samples were treated with PDZ or light only, and the control did not receive any treatment. Next, microbiological evaluation was performed by spreading the cells on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and CHROMagar Candida for colony forming units (CFU/mL). Moreover, the total biomass of biofilm was verified using the crystal violet staining assay (CV). The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc (α=0.05). The use of PDZ 150mg/L promoted a reduction of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 log10 in the viability of C. glabrata, C. albicans and C. tropicalis, respectively. The same concentration reduced in 1.0 log10 the viability of each species grown as duo-species biofilms. The crystal violet assay showed that the use of 150mg/L reduced 24.4%, 39.2% and 43.7% of the total biomass of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, respectively. aPDT did not reduce the total biomass to the duo-species biofilms. Thus, PDZ-mediated aPDT was more effective in the inactivation of mono-species biofilms of Candida spp. compared with duo-species biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Alves
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, USP - Univ. de São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Tavares LJ, Pavarina AC, Vergani CE, de Avila ED. The impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on peri-implant disease: What mechanisms are involved in this novel treatment? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:236-244. [PMID: 27939958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 3 million Americans have dental implants, and this number is growing by 500,000 each year. Proportionally, the number of biological complications is also increasing. Among them, peri-implant disease is considered the most common cause of implant loss after osseointegration. In this context, microorganisms residing on the surfaces of implants and their prosthetic components are considered to be the primary etiologic factor for peri-implantitis. Some research groups have proposed combining surgical and non-surgical therapies with systemic antibiotics. The major problem associated with the use of antibiotics to treat peri-implantitis is that microorganisms replicate very quickly. Moreover, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics is not only associated with potential resistance but also and most importantly with the development of superinfections that are difficult to eradicate. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was discovered several years ago, aPDT has only recently emerged as a possible alternative therapy against different oral pathogens causing peri-implantitis. The mechanism of action of aPDT is based on a combination of a photosensitizer drug and light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The reaction between light and oxygen produces toxic forms of oxygen species that can kill microbial cells. This mechanism is crucial to the efficacy of aPDT. To help us understand conflicting data, it is necessary to know all the particularities of the etiology of peri-implantitis and the aPDT compounds. We believe that this review will draw attention to new insights regarding the impact of aPDT on peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Jacovassi Tavares
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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