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Yan J, Wang L, Yang QL, Yang QX, He X, Dong Y, Hu Z, Seeliger MW, Jiao K, Paquet-Durand F. T-type voltage-gated channels, Na +/Ca 2+-exchanger, and calpain-2 promote photoreceptor cell death in inherited retinal degeneration. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:92. [PMID: 38303059 PMCID: PMC10836022 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a group of untreatable and commonly blinding diseases characterized by progressive photoreceptor loss. IRD pathology has been linked to an excessive activation of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC) leading to Na+- and Ca2+-influx, subsequent activation of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCC), and further Ca2+ influx. However, a connection between excessive Ca2+ influx and photoreceptor loss has yet to be proven.Here, we used whole-retina and single-cell RNA-sequencing to compare gene expression between the rd1 mouse model for IRD and wild-type (wt) mice. Differentially expressed genes indicated links to several Ca2+-signalling related pathways. To explore these, rd1 and wt organotypic retinal explant cultures were treated with the intracellular Ca2+-chelator BAPTA-AM or inhibitors of different Ca2+-permeable channels, including CNGC, L-type VGCC, T-type VGCC, Ca2+-release-activated channel (CRAC), and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Moreover, we employed the novel compound NA-184 to selectively inhibit the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain-2. Effects on the retinal activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), sirtuin-type histone-deacetylase, calpains, as well as on activation of calpain-1, and - 2 were monitored, cell death was assessed via the TUNEL assay.While rd1 photoreceptor cell death was reduced by BAPTA-AM, Ca2+-channel blockers had divergent effects: While inhibition of T-type VGCC and NCX promoted survival, blocking CNGCs and CRACs did not. The treatment-related activity patterns of calpains and PARPs corresponded to the extent of cell death. Remarkably, sirtuin activity and calpain-1 activation were linked to photoreceptor protection, while calpain-2 activity was related to degeneration. In support of this finding, the calpain-2 inhibitor NA-184 protected rd1 photoreceptors.These results suggest that Ca2+ overload in rd1 photoreceptors may be triggered by T-type VGCCs and NCX. High Ca2+-levels likely suppress protective activity of calpain-1 and promote retinal degeneration via activation of calpain-2. Overall, our study details the complexity of Ca2+-signalling in photoreceptors and emphasizes the importance of targeting degenerative processes specifically to achieve a therapeutic benefit for IRDs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Yunnan Eye Institute & Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, 176 Qingnian, Kunming, 650021, China
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Lan Wang
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Qian-Lu Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University &Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China
| | - Qian-Xi Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University &Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- High-resolution Functional Imaging and Test Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Yujie Dong
- Yunnan Eye Institute & Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, 176 Qingnian, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Zhulin Hu
- Yunnan Eye Institute & Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, 176 Qingnian, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Mathias W Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Kangwei Jiao
- Yunnan Eye Institute & Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, 176 Qingnian, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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2
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Lozhkin A, Vendrov AE, Ramos-Mondragón R, Canugovi C, Stevenson MD, Herron TJ, Hummel SL, Figueroa CA, Bowles DE, Isom LL, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR. Mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to diastolic dysfunction through impaired mitochondrial dynamics. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102474. [PMID: 36183542 PMCID: PMC9530618 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction (DD) underlies heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a clinical syndrome associated with aging that is becoming more prevalent. Despite extensive clinical studies, no effective treatment exists for HFpEF. Recent findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of DD, but molecular mechanisms underpinning redox-sensitive cardiac remodeling in DD remain obscure. Using transgenic mice with mitochondria-targeted NOX4 overexpression (Nox4TG618) as a model, we demonstrate that NOX4-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress induces DD in mice as measured by increased E/E', isovolumic relaxation time, Tau Glantz and reduced dP/dtmin while EF is preserved. In Nox4TG618 mice, fragmentation of cardiomyocyte mitochondria, increased DRP1 phosphorylation, decreased expression of MFN2, and a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in the myocardium are associated with lower ATP-driven and maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, a decrease in respiratory reserve, and a decrease in citrate synthase and Complex I activities. Transgenic mice have an increased concentration of TGFβ and osteopontin in LV lysates, as well as MCP-1 in plasma, which correlates with a higher percentage of LV myocardial periostin- and ACTA2-positive cells compared with wild-type mice. Accordingly, the levels of ECM as measured by Picrosirius Red staining as well as interstitial deposition of collagen I are elevated in the myocardium of Nox4TG618 mice. The LV tissue of Nox4TG618 mice also exhibited increased ICaL current, calpain 2 expression, and altered/disrupted Z-disc structure. As it pertains to human pathology, similar changes were found in samples of LV from patients with DD. Finally, treatment with GKT137831, a specific NOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor, or overexpression of mCAT attenuated myocardial fibrosis and prevented DD in the Nox4TG618 mice. Together, our results indicate that mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to DD by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired mitochondrial dynamics, increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines, activation of fibroblasts, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix, which leads to interstitial fibrosis and passive stiffness of the myocardium. Further, mitochondrial oxidative stress increases cardiomyocyte Ca2+ influx, which worsens CM relaxation and raises the LV filling pressure in conjunction with structural proteolytic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Lozhkin
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Aleksandr E Vendrov
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - R Ramos-Mondragón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandrika Canugovi
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Mark D Stevenson
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Todd J Herron
- Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Scott L Hummel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Alberto Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dawn E Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marschall S Runge
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Nageswara R Madamanchi
- 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7200 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA.
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3
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Depleted Calcium Stores and Increased Calcium Entry in Rod Photoreceptors of the Cacna2d4 Mouse Model of Cone-Rod Dystrophy RCD4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113080. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unidentified pathogenetic mechanisms and genetic and clinical heterogeneity represent critical factors hindering the development of treatments for inherited retinal dystrophies. Frameshift mutations in Cacna2d4, which codes for an accessory subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), cause cone-rod dystrophy RCD4 in patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To define its pathogenetic mechanisms, we investigated the impact of a Cacna2d4 frameshift mutation on the electrophysiological profile and calcium handling of mouse rod photoreceptors by patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging, respectively. In mutant (MUT) rods, the dysregulation of calcium handling extends beyond the reduction in calcium entry through VGCC and surprisingly involves internal calcium stores’ depletion and upregulation of calcium entry via non-selective cationic channels (CSC). The similar dependence of CSC on basal calcium levels in WT and MUT rods suggests that the primary defect in MUT rods lies in defective calcium stores. Calcium stores’ depletion, leading to upregulated calcium and sodium influx via CSC, represents a novel and, so far, unsuspected consequence of the Cacna2d4 mutation. Blocking CSC may provide a novel strategy to counteract the well-known pathogenetic mechanisms involved in rod demise, such as the reticulum stress response and calcium and sodium overload due to store depletion.
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Yan J, Günter A, Das S, Mühlfriedel R, Michalakis S, Jiao K, Seeliger MW, Paquet-Durand F. Inherited Retinal Degeneration: PARP-Dependent Activation of Calpain Requires CNG Channel Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030455. [PMID: 35327647 PMCID: PMC8946186 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a group of blinding diseases, typically involving a progressive loss of photoreceptors. The IRD pathology is often based on an accumulation of cGMP in photoreceptors and associated with the excessive activation of calpain and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitors of calpain or PARP have shown promise in preventing photoreceptor cell death, yet the relationship between these enzymes remains unclear. To explore this further, organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from wild-type and IRD-mutant mice were treated with inhibitors specific for calpain, PARP, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). The outcomes were assessed using in situ activity assays for calpain and PARP and immunostaining for activated calpain-2, poly (ADP-ribose), and cGMP, as well as the TUNEL assay for cell death detection. The IRD models included the Pde6b-mutant rd1 mouse and rd1*Cngb1−/− double-mutant mice, which lack the beta subunit of the rod cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and are partially protected from rd1 degeneration. We confirmed that an inhibition of either calpain or PARP reduces photoreceptor cell death in rd1 retina. However, while the activity of calpain was decreased by the inhibition of PARP, calpain inhibition did not alter the PARP activity. A combination treatment with calpain and PARP inhibitors did not synergistically reduce cell death. In the slow degeneration of rd1*Cngb1−/− double mutant, VGCC inhibition delayed photoreceptor cell death, while PARP inhibition did not. Our results indicate that PARP acts upstream of calpain and that both are part of the same degenerative pathway in Pde6b-dependent photoreceptor degeneration. While PARP activation may be associated with CNG channel activity, calpain activation is linked to VGCC opening. Overall, our data highlights PARP as a target for therapeutic interventions in IRD-type diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.Y.); (S.D.)
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Günter
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Soumyaparna Das
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.Y.); (S.D.)
| | - Regine Mühlfriedel
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80539 München, Germany;
| | - Kangwei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650051, China;
| | - Mathias W. Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.G.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.S.); (F.P.-D.)
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.Y.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.S.); (F.P.-D.)
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5
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Das S, Popp V, Power M, Groeneveld K, Yan J, Melle C, Rogerson L, Achury M, Schwede F, Strasser T, Euler T, Paquet-Durand F, Nache V. Redefining the role of Ca 2+-permeable channels in photoreceptor degeneration using diltiazem. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 35013127 PMCID: PMC8748460 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary degeneration of photoreceptors has been linked to over-activation of Ca2+-permeable channels, excessive Ca2+-influx, and downstream activation of Ca2+-dependent calpain-type proteases. Unfortunately, after more than 20 years of pertinent research, unequivocal evidence proving significant and reproducible photoreceptor protection with Ca2+-channel blockers is still lacking. Here, we show that both D- and L-cis enantiomers of the anti-hypertensive drug diltiazem were very effective at blocking photoreceptor Ca2+-influx, most probably by blocking the pore of Ca2+-permeable channels. Yet, unexpectedly, this block neither reduced the activity of calpain-type proteases, nor did it result in photoreceptor protection. Remarkably, application of the L-cis enantiomer of diltiazem even led to a strong increase in photoreceptor cell death. These findings shed doubt on the previously proposed links between Ca2+ and retinal degeneration and are highly relevant for future therapy development as they may serve to refocus research efforts towards alternative, Ca2+-independent degenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaparna Das
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valerie Popp
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Power
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Groeneveld
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Biomolecular Photonics Group, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jie Yan
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Luke Rogerson
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlly Achury
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute GmbH & Co KG, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Torsten Strasser
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Euler
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Vasilica Nache
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Yan J, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Paquet-Durand F. Programmed Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Hereditary Retinal Degeneration: Crosstalk between cGMP-Dependent Pathways and PARthanatos? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10567. [PMID: 34638907 PMCID: PMC8508647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a highly regulated process that results in the orderly destruction of a cell. Many different forms of PCD may be distinguished, including apoptosis, PARthanatos, and cGMP-dependent cell death. Misregulation of PCD mechanisms may be the underlying cause of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including hereditary retinal degeneration (RD). RD relates to a group of diseases that affect photoreceptors and that are triggered by gene mutations that are often well known nowadays. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms of PCD triggered by disease-causing mutations are still poorly understood, and RD is mostly still untreatable. While investigations into the neurodegenerative mechanisms of RD have focused on apoptosis in the past two decades, recent evidence suggests a predominance of non-apoptotic processes as causative mechanisms. Research into these mechanisms carries the hope that the knowledge created can eventually be used to design targeted treatments to prevent photoreceptor loss. Hence, in this review, we summarize studies on PCD in RD, including on apoptosis, PARthanatos, and cGMP-dependent cell death. Then, we focus on a possible interplay between these mechanisms, covering cGMP-signaling targets, overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), energy depletion, Ca2+-permeable channels, and Ca2+-dependent proteases. Finally, an outlook is given into how specific features of cGMP-signaling and PARthanatos may be targeted by therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.Z.)
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7
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Kilicarslan I, Zanetti L, Novelli E, Schwarzer C, Strettoi E, Koschak A. Knockout of Ca V1.3 L-type calcium channels in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15146. [PMID: 34312410 PMCID: PMC8313562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa is a genetically heterogeneous, degenerative retinal disorder characterized by gradual dysfunction and death of photoreceptors, first rods and later cones, and progressive blindness. Studies suggested that application of L-type calcium channel blockers rescues photoreceptors in paradigms related to Ca2+ overflow. To investigate whether Cav1.3 L-type channels have protective effects in the retina, we established a new mouse model by crossing rd10, modeling autosomal-recessive RP, with Cav1.3 deficient mice (rd10/Cav1.3KO). Our immunohistochemical analyses revealed an influence of Cav1.3 channels on the degenerative process of photoreceptors. The absence of Cav1.3 delayed the centre-to-periphery degeneration of rods indicated by a significantly higher number of photoreceptor rows and, consequently, of cones. In accordance with a preserved number of cones we observed a regular row of cone somas in rd10/Cav1.3-KO retinas. Surviving rod photoreceptors maintained synaptic contacts with rod bipolar cells. However, the delay in degeneration was only observed up to postnatal day 45. Although we observed a reduction in the spontaneous oscillatory retinal activity during multielectrode array analyses, measurable functional preservation was lacking in behavioural tests. In conclusion, Cav1.3 channels contribute to photoreceptor degeneration in rd10 retinas but photoreceptor temporary rescue might rather be achieved indirectly through other retinal cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kilicarslan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Zanetti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Enrica Strettoi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124, Pisa, Italy. .,Istituto Di Neuroscienze CNR, Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alexandra Koschak
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Das S, Chen Y, Yan J, Christensen G, Belhadj S, Tolone A, Paquet-Durand F. The role of cGMP-signalling and calcium-signalling in photoreceptor cell death: perspectives for therapy development. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1411-1421. [PMID: 33864120 PMCID: PMC8370896 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The second messengers, cGMP and Ca2+, have both been implicated in retinal degeneration; however, it is still unclear which of the two is most relevant for photoreceptor cell death. This problem is exacerbated by the close connections and crosstalk between cGMP-signalling and calcium (Ca2+)-signalling in photoreceptors. In this review, we summarize key aspects of cGMP-signalling and Ca2+-signalling relevant for hereditary photoreceptor degeneration. The topics covered include cGMP-signalling targets, the role of Ca2+ permeable channels, relation to energy metabolism, calpain-type proteases, and how the related metabolic processes may trigger and execute photoreceptor cell death. A focus is then put on cGMP-dependent mechanisms and how exceedingly high photoreceptor cGMP levels set in motion cascades of Ca2+-dependent and independent processes that eventually bring about photoreceptor cell death. Finally, an outlook is given into mutation-independent therapeutic approaches that exploit specific features of cGMP-signalling. Such approaches might be combined with suitable drug delivery systems for translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaparna Das
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jie Yan
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gustav Christensen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Soumaya Belhadj
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arianna Tolone
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Zhao M, Tao Y, Peng GH. The Role of Histone Acetyltransferases and Histone Deacetylases in Photoreceptor Differentiation and Degeneration. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1307-1314. [PMID: 32624685 PMCID: PMC7330661 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are critical components of the retina and play a role in the first step of the conversion of light to electrical signals. The differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors are regulated by specific genes and proteins. With the development of epigenetic approaches, scientists have discovered that histone modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and phosphorylation, may modulate the processes of photoreceptor differentiation and degeneration. Histone acetylation is regulated by two opposing classes of enzymes, namely, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), which add and remove acetyl groups to and from target histones, respectively, causing changes in transcriptional activity. Herein, we review the effects of HATs and HDACs on the differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors and discuss the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Power M, Das S, Schütze K, Marigo V, Ekström P, Paquet-Durand F. Cellular mechanisms of hereditary photoreceptor degeneration - Focus on cGMP. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100772. [PMID: 31374251 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying hereditary photoreceptor degeneration are still poorly understood, a problem that is exacerbated by the enormous genetic heterogeneity of this disease group. However, the last decade has yielded a wealth of new knowledge on degenerative pathways and their diversity. Notably, a central role of cGMP-signalling has surfaced for photoreceptor cell death triggered by a subset of disease-causing mutations. In this review, we examine key aspects relevant for photoreceptor degeneration of hereditary origin. The topics covered include energy metabolism, epigenetics, protein quality control, as well as cGMP- and Ca2+-signalling, and how the related molecular and metabolic processes may trigger photoreceptor demise. We compare and integrate evidence on different cell death mechanisms that have been associated with photoreceptor degeneration, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and PARthanatos. A special focus is then put on the mechanisms of cGMP-dependent cell death and how exceedingly high photoreceptor cGMP levels may cause activation of Ca2+-dependent calpain-type proteases, histone deacetylases and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. An evaluation of the available literature reveals that a large group of patients suffering from hereditary photoreceptor degeneration carry mutations that are likely to trigger cGMP-dependent cell death, making this pathway a prime target for future therapy development. Finally, an outlook is given into technological and methodological developments that will with time likely contribute to a comprehensive overview over the entire metabolic complexity of photoreceptor cell death. Building on such developments, new imaging technology and novel biomarkers may be used to develop clinical test strategies, that fully consider the genetic heterogeneity of hereditary retinal degenerations, in order to facilitate clinical testing of novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Power
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neurosciences (CIN), University of Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Soumyaparna Das
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Per Ekström
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Berkowitz BA, Podolsky RH, Farrell B, Lee H, Trepanier C, Berri AM, Dernay K, Graffice E, Shafie-Khorassani F, Kern TS, Roberts R. D-cis-Diltiazem Can Produce Oxidative Stress in Healthy Depolarized Rods In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2999-3010. [PMID: 30025125 PMCID: PMC5995482 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose New perspectives are needed to understand decades of contradictory reports on the neuroprotective effects of the Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel blocker d-cis-diltiazem in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) models. Here, we address, in vivo, the following two knowledge gaps regarding d-cis-diltiazem's actions in the murine outer retina: (1) do normal mouse rods contain d-cis-diltiazem-insensitive Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels? (2) Can d-cis-diltiazem modify the normal rod redox environment? Methods First, transretinal Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels were noninvasively mapped with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following agonist Bay K 8644 in C57BL/6 (B6) and in Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel BAY K 8644-insensitive mutant B6 mice. Second, d-cis-diltiazem-treated oxidative stress-vulnerable (B6) or -resistant [129S6 (S6)] mice were examined in vivo (QUEnch-assiSTed [QUEST] MRI) and in whole retina ex vivo (lucigenin). Retinal thickness was measured using MRI. Results The following results were observed: (1) manganese uptake patterns in BAY K 8644-treated controls and mutant mice identified in vivo Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels in inner and outer retina; and (2) d-cis-diltiazem induced rod oxidative stress in dark-adapted B6 mice but not in light-adapted B6 mice or dark-adapted S6 mice (QUEST MRI). Oxidative stress in vivo was limited to inferior outer retina in dark-adapted B6 mice approximately 1-hour post d-cis-diltiazem. By approximately 4 hours post, only superior outer retina oxidative stress was observed and whole retinal superoxide production was supernormal. All groups had unremarkable retinal thicknesses. Conclusions D-cis-diltiazem's unexpectedly complex spatiotemporal outer retinal oxidative stress pattern in vivo was dependent on genetic background and rod membrane depolarization, but not apparently dependent on Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels, providing a potential rationale for contradictory results in different RP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Benjamin Farrell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Christopher Trepanier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ali M Berri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Kristin Dernay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Emma Graffice
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Fatema Shafie-Khorassani
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Zheng S, Xiao L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Cheng L, Zhang J, Yan N, Chen D. DZNep inhibits H3K27me3 deposition and delays retinal degeneration in the rd1 mice. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:310. [PMID: 29472543 PMCID: PMC5833420 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal degenerative diseases causing progressive loss of photoreceptors. Numerous gene mutations are identified to be related with RP, but epigenetic modifications may also be involved in the pathogenesis. Previous studies suggested that both DNA methylation and histone acetylation regulate photoreceptor cell death in RP mouse models. However, the role of histone methylation in RP has never been investigated. In this study, we found that trimethylation of several lysine sites of histone H3, including lysine 27 (H3K27me3), increased in the retinas of rd1 mice. Histone methylation inhibitor DZNep significantly reduced the calpain activity, delayed the photoreceptor loss, and improved ERG response of rd1 retina. RNA-sequencing indicated that DZNep synergistically acts on several molecular pathways that regulate photoreceptor survival in rd1 retina, including PI3K-Akt and photoreceptor differentiation pathways, revealing the therapeutic potential of DZNep for RP treatment. PI3K-Akt pathway and H3K27me3 form a feedback loop in rd1 retina, thus PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reduces phosphorylation of Ezh2 at serine 21 and enhances H3K27me3 deposition, and inhibiting H3K27me3 by DZNep can activate PI3K-Akt pathway by de-repressing gene expression of PI3K subunits Pik3r1 and Pik3r3. These findings suggest that histone methylation, especially H3K27me3 deposition is a novel mechanism and therapeutic target for retinal degenerative diseases, similar to H3K27me3-mediated ataxia-telangiectasia in Atm−/− mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zheng
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantations Street, Worcester, MA, 01606, USA
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, 518040, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Ca v1.2 channels mediate persistent chronic stress-induced behavioral deficits that are associated with prefrontal cortex activation of the p25/Cdk5-glucocorticoid receptor pathway. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 7:27-37. [PMID: 28289693 PMCID: PMC5338724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is known to precipitate and exacerbate neuropsychiatric symptoms, and exposure to stress is particularly pathological in individuals with certain genetic predispositions. Recent genome wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene CACNA1C, which codes for the Cav1.2 subunit of the L-type calcium channel (LTCC), as a common risk variant for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. Cav1.2 channels mediate experience-dependent changes in gene expression and long-term synaptic plasticity through activation of downstream calcium signaling pathways. Previous studies have found an association between stress and altered Cav1.2 expression in the brain, however the contribution of Cav1.2 channels to chronic stress-induced behaviors, and the precise Cav1.2 signaling mechanisms activated are currently unknown. Here we report that chronic stress leads to a delayed increase in Cav1.2 expression selectively within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but not in other stress-sensitive brain regions such as the hippocampus or amygdala. Further, we demonstrate that while Cav1.2 heterozygous (Cav1.2+/−) mice show chronic stress-induced depressive-like behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and deficits in working memory 1–2 days following stress, they are resilient to the effects of chronic stress when tested 5–7 days later. Lastly, molecular studies find a delayed upregulation of the p25/Cdk5-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway in the PFC when examined 8 days post-stress that is absent in Cav1.2+/− mice. Our findings reveal a novel Cav1.2-mediated molecular mechanism associated with the persistent behavioral effects of chronic stress and provide new insight into potential Cav1.2 channel mechanisms that may contribute to CACNA1C-linked neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
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