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Tayyarcan EK, Evran E, Guven K, Ekiz E, Acar Soykut E, Boyaci IH. Evaluating the efficacy of a phage cocktail against Pseudomonas fluorescens group strains in raw milk: microbiological, physical, and chemical analyses. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:283. [PMID: 38806864 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a phage cocktail against Pseudomonas fluorescens group and its effect on the microbial, physical and chemical properties of raw milk during different storage conditions. A phage cocktail consisting of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas tolaasii, and Pseudomonas libanensis phages was prepared. As a result, reductions in fluorescent Pseudomonas counts of up to 3.44 log units for the storage at 4 °C and 2.38 log units for the storage at 25 °C were achieved. Following the phage application, it is found that there was no significant difference in the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae counts. However, it was observed that the number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in phage-treated groups. The results also showed that pH values in the phage added groups were lower than the others and the highest titratable acidity was obtained only in the bacteria-inoculated group. As a future perspective, this study suggests that, while keeping the number of target microorganisms under control in the milk with the use of phages during storage, the microbiota and accordingly the quality parameters of the milk can be affected. This work contributes to the development of effective strategies for maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eylul Evran
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kubra Guven
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Ekiz
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Acar Soykut
- Food Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Tayyarcan EK, Boyaci IH. Isolation, characterization, and application of bacteriophage cocktails for the biocontrol of Pseudomonas fluorescens group strains in whole and skimmed milk. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3061-3071. [PMID: 37914971 PMCID: PMC10689657 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens group strains can lead to spoilage of milk as well as loss of quality in dairy products through their heat-resistant enzymes. Phages are important alternatives for combating spoilage bacteria in food industry and used successfully in many applications. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of phages and to assess the efficiency of a phage cocktail in whole and skimmed milk. For this purpose, phages effective against Pseudomonas fluorescens (L23.2), Pseudomonas tolaasii (P22.1), and Pseudomonas rhodesiae (A11.1) were isolated. Their host range was found to be highly specific, and the transmission electron micrographs indicates that they belonged to Tectiviridae family. Their genome sizes were found to be vary between 38.3 and 53.5 kb. The latent periods and burst sizes were determined as 15, 10, 15 min and 91, 20, 80 PFU/infected cell for L23.2, P22.1, and A11.1, respectively. All three phages were found to be sensitive to low pH and high temperature. The effect of the phage cocktail was monitored in milk with different fat contents during storage at 4 °C for 5 days. As a result, bacterial reductions up to 4.09 and 5.29 log-units were observed for the whole and skimmed milk, respectively. Thus, the efficacy of a phage cocktail against a bacterial mixture of different P. fluorescens strains was tested in milk samples with different fat contents in accordance with real-life scenarios for the first time.
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Fajardo-Lubian A, Venturini C. Use of Bacteriophages to Target Intracellular Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S423-S432. [PMID: 37932114 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have shown great potential as natural antimicrobials against extracellular pathogens (eg, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae), but little is known about how they interact with intracellular targets (eg, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium spp.) in the mammalian host. Recent research has demonstrated that phages can enter human cells. However, for the design of successful clinical applications, further investigation is required to define their subcellular behavior and to understand the complex biological processes that underlie the interaction with their bacterial targets. In this review, we summarize the molecular evidence of phage internalization in eucaryotic cells, with specific focus on proof of phage activity against their bacterial targets within the eucaryotic host, and the current proposed strategies to overcome poor penetrance issues that may impact therapeutic use against the most clinically relevant intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fajardo-Lubian
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney ID Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carola Venturini
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Phage Therapy for Crops: Concepts, Experimental and Bioinformatics Approaches to Direct Its Application. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010325. [PMID: 36613768 PMCID: PMC9820149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy consists of applying bacteriophages, whose natural function is to kill specific bacteria. Bacteriophages are safe, evolve together with their host, and are environmentally friendly. At present, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and salt minerals (Zn2+ or Cu2+) has caused the emergence of resistant strains that infect crops, causing difficulties and loss of food production. Phage therapy is an alternative that has shown positive results and can improve the treatments available for agriculture. However, the success of phage therapy depends on finding effective bacteriophages. This review focused on describing the potential, up to now, of applying phage therapy as an alternative treatment against bacterial diseases, with sustainable improvement in food production. We described the current isolation techniques, characterization, detection, and selection of lytic phages, highlighting the importance of complementary studies using genome analysis of the phage and its host. Finally, among these studies, we concentrated on the most relevant bacteriophages used for biocontrol of Pseudomonas spp., Xanthomonas spp., Pectobacterium spp., Ralstonia spp., Burkholderia spp., Dickeya spp., Clavibacter michiganensis, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens as agents that cause damage to crops, and affect food production around the world.
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Effective Therapeutic Options for Melioidosis: Antibiotics versus Phage Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010011. [PMID: 36678359 PMCID: PMC9863960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, also known as Whitmore's disease, is a potentially fatal infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei with a mortality rate of 10-50%. The condition is a "glanders-like" illness prevalent in Southeast Asian and Northern Australian regions and can affect humans, animals, and sometimes plants. Melioidosis received the epithet "the great mimicker" owing to its vast spectrum of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as localised abscesses, septicaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and encephalomyelitis, which often lead to misdiagnosis and ineffective treatment. To date, antibiotics remain the backbone of melioidosis treatment, which includes intravenous therapy with ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by oral therapy with TMP-SMX or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and supported by adjunctive treatment. However, bacteria have developed resistance to a series of antibiotics, including clinically significant ones, during treatment. Therefore, phage therapy has gained unprecedented interest and has been proposed as an alternative treatment. Although no effective phage therapy has been published, the findings of experimental phage therapies suggest that the concept could be feasible. This article reviews the benefits and limitations of antibiotics and phage therapy in terms of established regimens, bacterial resistance, host specificity, and biofilm degradation.
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Wang Y, Li X, Dance DAB, Xia H, Chen C, Luo N, Li A, Li Y, Zhu Q, Sun Q, Wu X, Zeng Y, Chen L, Tian S, Xia Q. A novel lytic phage potentially effective for phage therapy against Burkholderia pseudomallei in the tropics. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:87. [PMID: 35927751 PMCID: PMC9351088 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is a tropical pathogen that causes melioidosis. Its intrinsic drug-resistance is a leading cause of treatment failure, and the few available antibiotics require prolonged use to be effective. This study aimed to assess the clinical potential of B. pseudomallei phages isolated from Hainan, China.
Methods Burkholderia pseudomallei strain (HNBP001) was used as the isolation host, and phages were recovered from domestic environmental sources, which were submitted to the host range determination, lytic property assays, and stability tests. The best candidate was examined via the transmission electron microscope for classification. With its genome sequenced and analyzed, its protective efficacy against B. pseudomallei infection in A549 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated, in which cell viability and survival rates were compared using the one-way ANOVA method and the log-rank test. Results A phage able to lyse 24/25 clinical isolates was recovered. It was classified in the Podoviridae family and was found to be amenable to propagation. Under the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1, an eclipse period of around 20 min and a high titer (1012 PFU/ml) produced within 1 h were demonstrated. This phage was found stabile at a wide range of temperatures (24, 37, 40, 50, and 60 °C) and pH values (3–12). After being designated as vB_BpP_HN01, it was fully sequenced, and the 71,398 bp linear genome, containing 93 open reading frames and a tRNA-Asn, displayed a low sequence similarity with known viruses. Additionally, protective effects of applications of vB_BpP_HN01 (MOI = 0.1 and MOI = 1) alone or in combination with antibiotics were found to improve viability of infected cells (70.6 ± 6.8%, 85.8 ± 5.7%, 91.9 ± 1.8%, and 96.8 ± 1.8%, respectively). A significantly reduced mortality (10%) and a decreased pathogen load were demonstrated in infected C. elegans following the addition of this phage. Conclusions As the first B. pseudomallei phage was isolated in Hainan, China, phage vB_BpP_HN01 was characterized by promising lytic property, stability, and efficiency of bacterial elimination during the in vitro/vivo experiments. Therefore, we can conclude that it is a potential alternative agent for combating melioidosis. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-01012-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuemiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - David A B Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Nini Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xingyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yingfei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Evran S, Tayyarcan EK, Acar-Soykut E, Boyaci IH. Applications of Bacteriophage Cocktails to Reduce Salmonella Contamination in Poultry Farms. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:1-9. [PMID: 34773567 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination is a critical problem in poultry farms, with serious consequences for both animals and food products. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of phage cocktails to reduce Salmonella contamination in poultry farms. Within the scope of the study, Salmonella phages were isolated from chicken stool. After the host range of phages was determined, morphological characterization was performed through transmission electron microscopy analysis. Then, replication parameters and adsorption rates were determined by one-step growth curves. After that, phage cocktail was prepared, and its effectiveness was tested in three environments, which were drinking water, shavings, and plastic surfaces. The results obtained have demonstrated that the phage cocktail can reduce Salmonella count up to 2.80 log10 units in drinking water, up to 2.30 log10 units on shavings, and 2.31 log10 units on plastic surfaces. It has been determined that phage cocktails could be a successful alternative in reducing Salmonella contamination in poultry environment. This work is the first study to investigate the use of phage cocktails for reducing Salmonella contamination in poultry water and on shavings, and it is presumed that the results obtained will contribute to the fight against pathogens by making them applicable to poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefika Evran
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Esra Acar-Soykut
- Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational School, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Boyaci
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Carascal MB, dela Cruz-Papa DM, Remenyi R, Cruz MCB, Destura RV. Phage Revolution Against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Pathogens in Southeast Asia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:820572. [PMID: 35154059 PMCID: PMC8830912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.820572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia (SEA) can be considered a hotspot of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As recent surveillance efforts in the region reported the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, the pursuit of therapeutic alternatives against AMR becomes a matter of utmost importance. Phage therapy, or the use of bacterial viruses called bacteriophages to kill bacterial pathogens, is among the standout therapeutic prospects. This narrative review highlights the current understanding of phages and strategies for a phage revolution in SEA. We define phage revolution as the radical use of phage therapy in infectious disease treatment against MDR infections, considering the scientific and regulatory standpoints of the region. We present a three-phase strategy to encourage a phage revolution in the SEA clinical setting, which involves: (1) enhancing phage discovery and characterization efforts, (2) creating and implementing laboratory protocols and clinical guidelines for the evaluation of phage activity, and (3) adapting regulatory standards for therapeutic phage formulations. We hope that this review will open avenues for scientific and policy-based discussions on phage therapy in SEA and eventually lead the way to its fullest potential in countering the threat of MDR pathogens in the region and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Carascal
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Donna May dela Cruz-Papa
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Roland Remenyi
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines
| | - Mely Cherrylynne B. Cruz
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raul V. Destura
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines
- National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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10
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Formulation strategies for bacteriophages to target intracellular bacterial pathogens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113864. [PMID: 34271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (Phages) are antibacterial viruses that are unaffected by antibiotic drug resistance. Many Phase I and Phase II phage therapy clinical trials have shown acceptable safety profiles. However, none of the completed trials could yield data supporting the promising observations noted in the experimental phage therapy. These trials have mainly focused on phage suspensions without enough attention paid to the stability of phage during processing, storage, and administration. This is important because in vivo studies have shown that the effectiveness of phage therapy greatly depends on the ratio of phage to bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection) at the infection site. Additionally, bacteria can evade phages through the development of phage-resistance and intracellular residence. This review focuses on the use of phage therapy against bacteria that survive within the intracellular niches. Recent research on phage behavior reveals that some phage can directly interact with, get internalized into, and get transcytosed across mammalian cells, prompting further research on the governing mechanisms of these interactions and the feasibility of harnessing therapeutic phage to target intracellular bacteria. Advances to improve the capability of phage attacking intracellular bacteria using formulation approaches such as encapsulating/conjugating phages into/with vector carriers via liposomes, polymeric particles, inorganic nanoparticles, and cell penetrating peptides, are summarized. While promising progress has been achieved, research in this area is still in its infancy and warrants further attention.
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Śliwka P, Ochocka M, Skaradzińska A. Applications of bacteriophages against intracellular bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:222-239. [PMID: 34428105 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1960481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to both human and animal populations. Intracellular bacteria are a group of pathogens that invade and survive within the interior of eukaryotic cells, which in turn protect them from antibacterial drugs and the host immune system. Limited penetration of antibacterials into host cells results in insufficient bacterial clearance and treatment failure. Bacteriophages have, over the decades, been proved to play an important role in combating bacterial infections (phage therapy), making them an important alternative to classical antibiotic strategies today. Phages have been found to be effective at killing various species of extracellular bacteria, but little is still known about how phages control intracellular infections. With advances in phage genomics and mechanisms of delivery and cell uptake, the development of phage-based antibacterial strategies to address the treatment of intracellular bacteria has general potential. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the application of bacteriophages against intracellular bacteria. We cover phage deployment against the most common intracellular pathogens with special attention to therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Śliwka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Ochocka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Muangsombut V, Withatanung P, Chantratita N, Chareonsudjai S, Lim J, Galyov EE, Ottiwet O, Sengyee S, Janesomboon S, Loessner MJ, Dunne M, Korbsrisate S. Rapid Clinical Screening of Burkholderia pseudomallei Colonies by a Bacteriophage Tail Fiber-Based Latex Agglutination Assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0301920. [PMID: 33811022 PMCID: PMC8174754 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03019-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. As severe septicemic melioidosis can lead to death within 24 to 48 h, a rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is critical for ensuring that an optimal antibiotic course is prescribed to patients. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a bacteriophage tail fiber-based latex agglutination assay for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei infection. Burkholderia phage E094 was isolated from rice paddy fields in northeast Thailand, and the whole genome was sequenced to identify its tail fiber (94TF). The 94TF complex was structurally characterized, which involved identification of a tail assembly protein that forms an essential component of the mature fiber. Recombinant 94TF was conjugated to latex beads and developed into an agglutination-based assay (94TF-LAA). 94TF-LAA was initially tested against a large library of Burkholderia and other bacterial strains before a field evaluation was performed during routine clinical testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the 94TF-LAA were assessed alongside standard biochemical analyses on 300 patient specimens collected from an area of melioidosis endemicity over 11 months. The 94TF-LAA took less than 5 min to produce positive agglutination, demonstrating 98% (95% confidence interval [CI] of 94.2% to 99.59%) sensitivity and 83% (95% CI of 75.64% to 88.35%) specificity compared to biochemical-based detection. Overall, we show how a Burkholderia-specific phage tail fiber can be exploited for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei. The 94TF-LAA has the potential for further development as a supplementary diagnostic to assist in clinical identification of this life-threatening pathogen. IMPORTANCE Rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is essential for ensuring that optimal antibiotic courses are prescribed to patients and thus warrants the development of cost-effective and easy-to-use tests for implementation in underresourced areas such as northeastern Thailand and other tropical regions. Phage tail fibers are an interesting alternative to antibodies for use in various diagnostic assays for different pathogenic bacteria. As exposed appendages of phages, tail fibers are physically robust and easy to manufacture, with many tail fibers (such as 94TF investigated here) capable of targeting a given bacterial species with remarkable specificity. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a latex agglutination assay using a Burkholderia-specific tail fiber 94TF against biochemical-based detection methods that are the standard diagnostic in many areas where melioidosis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerachat Muangsombut
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoo Withatanung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Department of Microbiology and Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiali Lim
- DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Orawan Ottiwet
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujintana Janesomboon
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Matthew Dunne
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Goswami A, Sharma PR, Agarwal R. Combatting intracellular pathogens using bacteriophage delivery. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:461-478. [PMID: 33818246 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1902266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens reside in specialised compartments within the host cells restricting the access of antibiotics. Insufficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics along with several other resistance mechanisms weaken the efficacy of current therapies. An alternative to antibiotic therapy could be bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Although phage therapy has been in practice for a century against various bacterial infections, the efficacy of phages against intracellular bacteria is still being explored. In this review, we will discuss the advancement and challenges in phage therapy, particularly against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Finally, we will highlight the uptake mechanisms and approaches to overcome the challenges to phage therapy against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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14
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Mandal PK, Ballerin G, Nolan LM, Petty NK, Whitchurch CB. Bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli leads to the formation of membrane vesicles via both explosive cell lysis and membrane blebbing. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001021. [PMID: 33871329 PMCID: PMC8289217 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are membrane-bound spherical nanostructures that prevail in all three domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria, MVs are thought to be produced through blebbing of the outer membrane and are often referred to as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). We have recently described another mechanism of MV formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that involves explosive cell-lysis events, which shatters cellular membranes into fragments that rapidly anneal into MVs. Interestingly, MVs are often observed within preparations of lytic bacteriophage, however the source of these MVs and their association with bacteriophage infection has not been explored. In this study we aimed to determine if MV formation is associated with lytic bacteriophage infection. Live super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that explosive cell lysis of Escherichia coli cells infected with either bacteriophage T4 or T7, resulted in the formation of MVs derived from shattered membrane fragments. Infection by either bacteriophage was also associated with the formation of membrane blebs on intact bacteria. TEM revealed multiple classes of MVs within phage lysates, consistent with multiple mechanisms of MV formation. These findings suggest that bacteriophage infection may be a major contributor to the abundance of bacterial MVs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pappu K. Mandal
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Giulia Ballerin
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Laura M. Nolan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Nicola K. Petty
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Cynthia B. Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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15
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Penziner S, Schooley RT, Pride DT. Animal Models of Phage Therapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631794. [PMID: 33584632 PMCID: PMC7876411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst the rising tide of antibiotic resistance, phage therapy holds promise as an alternative to antibiotics. Most well-designed studies on phage therapy exist in animal models. In order to progress to human clinical trials, it is important to understand what these models have accomplished and determine how to improve upon them. Here we provide a review of the animal models of phage therapy in Western literature and outline what can be learned from them in order to bring phage therapy closer to becoming a feasible alternative to antibiotics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Penziner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David T Pride
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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16
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Ssekatawa K, Byarugaba DK, Kato CD, Wampande EM, Ejobi F, Tweyongyere R, Nakavuma JL. A review of phage mediated antibacterial applications. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1851441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ssekatawa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi
- African Center of Excellence in Materials Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), College of Engineering Design Art and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles D. Kato
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ejobi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jesca L. Nakavuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Prazak J, Iten M, Cameron DR, Save J, Grandgirard D, Resch G, Goepfert C, Leib SL, Takala J, Jakob SM, Que YA, Haenggi M. Bacteriophages Improve Outcomes in Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:1126-1133. [PMID: 31260638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201812-2372oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are a major clinical challenge. Phage therapy is a promising alternative antibacterial strategy.Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous phage therapy for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats.Methods: In a randomized, blinded, controlled experimental study, we compared intravenous teicoplanin (3 mg/kg, n = 12), a cocktail of four phages (2-3 × 109 plaque-forming units/ml of 2003, 2002, 3A, and K; n = 12), and a combination of both (n = 11) given 2, 12, and 24 hours after induction of pneumonia, and then once daily for 4 days. The primary outcome was survival at Day 4. Secondary outcomes were bacterial and phage densities in lungs and spleen, histopathological scoring of infection within the lungs, and inflammatory biomarkers in blood.Measurements and Main Results: Treatment with either phages or teicoplanin increased survival from 0% to 58% and 50%, respectively (P < 0.005). The combination of phages and antibiotics did not further improve outcomes (45% survival). Animal survival correlated with reduced bacterial burdens in the lung (1.2 × 106 cfu/g of tissue for survivors vs. 1.2 × 109 cfu/g for nonsurviving animals; P < 0.0001), as well as improved histopathological outcomes. Phage multiplication within the lung occurred during treatment. IL-1β increased in all treatment groups over the course of therapy.Conclusions: Phage therapy was as effective as teicoplanin in improving survival and decreasing bacterial load within the lungs of rats infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Combining antibiotics with phage therapy did not further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Prazak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Iten
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Cameron
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Save
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Gregory Resch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Christine Goepfert
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jukka Takala
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haenggi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Lewis R, Clooney AG, Stockdale SR, Buttimer C, Draper LA, Ross RP, Hill C. Isolation of a Novel Jumbo Bacteriophage Effective Against Klebsiella aerogenes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:67. [PMID: 32185177 PMCID: PMC7058600 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of bacterial resistance to many common and last resort antibiotics has increased interest in finding new treatments. The low rate of approval of new antibiotics has led to the search for new and alternative antimicrobial compounds. Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses found in almost every environment. Phage therapy was historically investigated to control bacterial infections and is still in use in Georgia and as a treatment of last resort. Phage therapy is increasingly recognized as an alternative antimicrobial treatment for antibiotic resistant pathogens. A novel lytic Klebsiella aerogenes phage N1M2 was isolated from maize silage. Klebsiella aerogenes, a member of the ESKAPE bacterial pathogens, is an important target for new antimicrobial therapies. Klebsiella aerogenes can form biofilms on medical devices which aids its environmental persistence and for this reason we tested the effect of phage N1M2 against biofilms. Phage N1M2 successfully removed a pre-formed Klebsiella aerogenes biofilm. Biofilm assays were also carried out with Staphylococcus aureus and Phage K. Phage K successfully removed a preformed Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Phage N1M2 and Phage K in combination were significantly better at removing a mixed community biofilm of Klebsiella aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus than either phage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Lewis
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Adam G Clooney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen R Stockdale
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Buttimer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorraine A Draper
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Caflisch KM, Suh GA, Patel R. Biological challenges of phage therapy and proposed solutions: a literature review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:1011-1041. [PMID: 31735090 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1694905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In light of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, phage (bacteriophage) therapy has been recognized as a potential alternative or addition to antibiotics in Western medicine for use in humans.Areas covered: This review assessed the scientific literature on phage therapy published between 1 January 2007 and 21 October 2019, with a focus on the successes and challenges of this prospective therapeutic.Expert opinion: Efficacy has been shown in animal models and experimental findings suggest promise for the safety of human phagotherapy. Significant challenges remain to be addressed prior to the standardization of phage therapy in the West, including the development of phage-resistant bacteria; the pharmacokinetic complexities of phage; and any potential human immune response incited by phagotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Caflisch
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gina A Suh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Tapia D, Sanchez-Villamil JI, Torres AG. Emerging role of biologics for the treatment of melioidosis and glanders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:1319-1332. [PMID: 31590578 PMCID: PMC6981286 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1677602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Two important pathogenic species within the genus Burkholderia, namely Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and Burkholderia mallei (Bm), are the causative agents of the life-threatening diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Due to their high mortality rate and potential for aerosolization, they have gained interest as potential biothreat agents and are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents.Areas covered: The manuscript provides an overview of the literature covering the efforts taken in the last 10 years to develop new therapeutics measures against both Bpm and Bm, with attention on novel therapeutic agents.Expert Opinion: As a result of the complicated antibiotic regimens necessary to treat these infections, development of novel therapeutics is needed to treat both diseases. In recent years, the understanding of the pathogenesis of Burkholderia has improved significantly and so have the efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy, either alone, or in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier I. Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Dąbrowska K, Abedon ST. Pharmacologically Aware Phage Therapy: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Obstacles to Phage Antibacterial Action in Animal and Human Bodies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00012-19. [PMID: 31666296 PMCID: PMC6822990 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00012-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) to treat bacterial infections has been ongoing clinically for approximately 100 years. Despite that long history, the growing international crisis of resistance to standard antibiotics, abundant anecdotal evidence of efficacy, and one successful modern clinical trial of efficacy, this phage therapy is not yet a mainstream approach in medicine. One explanation for why phage therapy has not been subject to more widespread implementation is that phage therapy research, both preclinical and clinical, can be insufficiently pharmacologically aware. Consequently, here we consider the pharmacological obstacles to phage therapy effectiveness, with phages in phage therapy explicitly being considered to serve as drug equivalents. The study of pharmacology has traditionally been differentiated into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. We therefore separately consider the difficulties that phages as virions can have in traveling through body compartments toward reaching their target bacteria (pharmacokinetics) and the difficulties that phages can have in exerting antibacterial activity once they have reached those bacteria (pharmacodynamics). The latter difficulties, at least in part, are functions of phage host range and bacterial resistance to phages. Given the apparently low toxicity of phages and the minimal side effects of phage therapy as practiced, phage therapy should be successful so long as phages can reach the targeted bacteria in sufficiently high numbers, adsorb, and then kill those bacteria. Greater awareness of what obstacles to this success generally or specifically can exist, as documented in this review, should aid in the further development of phage therapy toward wider use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stephen T Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, Ohio, USA
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22
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Bao H, Shahin K, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zhu S, Stefan S, Wang R. Morphologic and genomic characterization of a broad host range Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum lytic phage vB_SPuM_SP116. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Dąbrowska K. Phage therapy: What factors shape phage pharmacokinetics and bioavailability? Systematic and critical review. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2000-2025. [PMID: 30887551 PMCID: PMC6767042 DOI: 10.1002/med.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are not forgotten viruses anymore: scientists and practitioners seek to understand phage pharmacokinetics in animals and humans, investigating bacteriophages as therapeutics, nanocarriers or microbiome components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of factors that determine phage circulation, penetration, and clearance, and that in consequence determine phage applicability for medicine. It makes use of experimental data collected by the phage community so far (PubMed 1924‐2016, including non‐English reports), combining elements of critical and systematic review. This study covers phage ability to enter a system by various routes of administration, how (and if) the phage may access various tissues and organs, and finally what mechanisms determine the courses of phage clearance. The systematic review method was applied to analyze (i) phage survival in the gut (gut transit) and (ii) phage ability to enter the mammalian system by many administration routes. Aspects that have not yet been covered by a sufficient number of reports for mathematical analysis, as well as mechanisms underlying trends, are discussed in the form of a critical review. In spite of the extraordinary diversity of bacteriophages and possible phage applications, the analysis revealed that phage morphology, phage specificity, phage dose, presence of sensitive bacteria or the characteristics of treated individuals (age, taxonomy) may affect phage bioavailability in animals and humans. However, once phages successfully enter the body, they reach most organs, including the central nervous system. Bacteriophages are cleared mainly by the immune system: innate immunity removes phages even when no specific response to bacteriophages has yet developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Cordova AV, Laglaguano JC. Bacteriophages applications in agriculture. BIONATURA 2019. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/cs/2019.02.01.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophages life cycle has two stages: a lytic stage where the phages reproduce inside the bacteria and lyse bacteria and a lysogenic stage where the phage is in a stationary stage where do not exist phage reproduction. The understanding of the life cycle of phages is fundamental to understand the advantages of phage offers as biological control applications and how engineered phages work. The bacteriophages are an alternative to fight against the antimicrobial or pesticides because phages offer advantages such as high host specificity, the ability of long term effect, are active against dividing or not dividing bacterial cells, effective elimination of biofilms and are capable vehicles for nucleic acids delivery. Phages have been isolated from water or soil samples in different parts of the world and for specific bacterial pathogens. In the following review, in the main topics in bacteriophages and its applications in agriculture: the bacteriophages life cycle, advantages of phages in biological control applications, the last isolated phages and described for different pathogens and the last advances in phage engineering applications for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airina Valentina Cordova
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering. Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Juan Carlos Laglaguano
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
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25
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Gislason AS, Turner K, Domaratzki M, Cardona ST. Comparative analysis of the Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2 essential genome reveals cell envelope functions that are uniquely required for survival in species of the genus Burkholderia. Microb Genom 2019; 3. [PMID: 29208119 PMCID: PMC5729917 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2 belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, a group of Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens that have large and dynamic genomes. In this work, we identified the essential genome of B. cenocepacia K56-2 using high-density transposon mutagenesis and insertion site sequencing (Tn-seq circle). We constructed a library of one million transposon mutants and identified the transposon insertions at an average of one insertion per 27 bp. The probability of gene essentiality was determined by comparing of the insertion density per gene with the variance of neutral datasets generated by Monte Carlo simulations. Five hundred and eight genes were not significantly disrupted, suggesting that these genes are essential for survival in rich, undefined medium. Comparison of the B. cenocepacia K56-2 essential genome with that of the closely related B. cenocepacia J2315 revealed partial overlapping, suggesting that some essential genes are strain-specific. Furthermore, 158 essential genes were conserved in B. cenocepacia and two species belonging to the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex, B. pseudomallei K96243 and Burkholderia thailandensis E264. Porins, including OpcC, a lysophospholipid transporter, LplT, and a protein involved in the modification of lipid A with aminoarabinose were found to be essential in Burkholderia genomes but not in other bacterial essential genomes identified so far. Our results highlight the existence of cell envelope processes that are uniquely essential in species of the genus Burkholderia for which the essential genomes have been identified by Tn-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- April S Gislason
- 1Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Keith Turner
- 2Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway W, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Mike Domaratzki
- 3Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Silvia T Cardona
- 4Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
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27
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Khakhum N, Yordpratum U, Boonmee A, Tattawasart U, Rodrigues JLM, Sermswan RW. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a peptidoglycan hydrolase from the Burkholderia pseudomallei phage ST79. AMB Express 2016; 6:77. [PMID: 27637947 PMCID: PMC5025407 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lytic phage ST79 of Burkholderia pseudomallei can lyse a broad range of its host including antibiotic resistant isolates from within using a set of proteins, holin, lysB, lysC and endolysin, a peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase enzyme. The phage ST79 endolysin gene identified as peptidase M15A was cloned, expressed and purified to evaluate its potential to lyse pathogenic bacteria. The molecular size of the purified enzyme is approximately 18 kDa and the in silico study cited here indicated the presence of a zinc-binding domain predicted to be a member of the subfamily A of a metallopeptidase. Its activity, however, was reduced by the presence of Zn2+. When Escherichia coli PG was used as a substrate and subjected to digestion for 5 min with 3 μg/ml of enzyme, the peptidase M15A showed 2 times higher in lysis efficiency when compared to the commercial lysozyme. The enzyme works in a broad alkaligenic pH range of 7.5–9.0 and temperatures from 25 to 42 °C. The enzyme was able to lyse 18 Gram-negative bacteria in which the outer membrane was permeabilized by chloroform treatment. Interestingly, it also lysed Enterococcus sp., but not other Gram-positive bacteria. In general, endolysin cannot lyse Gram-negative bacteria from outside, however, the cationic amphipathic C-terminal in some endolysins showed permeability to Gram-negative outer membranes. Genetically engineered ST79 peptidase M15A that showed a broad spectrum against Gram-negative bacterial PG or, in combination with an antibiotic the same way as combined drug methodology, could facilitate an effective treatment of severe or antibiotic resistant cases.
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