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Shafiq NE, Mahdee AF, Mohammed Hasan ZY. Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Cultivated in Baghdad: Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential against Endodontic Pathogens. ScientificWorldJournal 2024; 2024:6658164. [PMID: 38450244 PMCID: PMC10917486 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6658164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plant preparations to clean and disinfect root canal infection is gaining popularity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive composition of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera plants cultivated in Iraq (specifically Baghdad) and their antimicrobial activity against selected root canal pathogens for potential application in endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. Moringa leaf extracts were prepared either through cold maceration or warm digestion techniques to perform an ethanolic or aqueous extraction, respectively. Phytochemical detection was performed before thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure flavonoids and phenolic compounds within both extracts. Then, their antimicrobial activities were investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and agar well diffusion assay in comparison to NaOCl and Ca(OH)2. Results. Phytochemical screening showed several active ingredients but with higher expression of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also, different types of these compounds were detected through TLC and quantified by HPLC. MIC values for ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were 60, 65, and 55, respectively, while for aqueous extract, MIC values were 70, 80, and 50, respectively. Aqueous extract showed a higher inhibition zone than ethanolic extract for both Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials except with NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 in Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed a higher inhibition zone against Candida albicans, with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials. Conclusion. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in Baghdad contain considerable quantities of phytochemicals, especially flavonoid and phenolic compounds, and demonstrated antimicrobial activities against selected endodontic pathogens. Therefore, Moringa leaf extracts could be suggested as an alternative antimicrobial material in endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada E. Shafiq
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anas F. Mahdee
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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2
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Andresen S, de Mojana di Cologna N, Archer-Hartmann S, Rogers AM, Samaddar S, Ganguly T, Black IM, Glushka J, Ng KKS, Azadi P, Lemos JA, Abranches J, Szymanski CM. Involvement of the Streptococcus mutans PgfE and GalE 4-epimerases in protein glycosylation, carbon metabolism, and cell division. Glycobiology 2023; 33:245-259. [PMID: 36637425 PMCID: PMC10114643 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a key pathogen associated with dental caries and is often implicated in infective endocarditis. This organism forms robust biofilms on tooth surfaces and can use collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) to efficiently colonize collagenous substrates, including dentin and heart valves. One of the best characterized CBPs of S. mutans is Cnm, which contributes to adhesion and invasion of oral epithelial and heart endothelial cells. These virulence properties were subsequently linked to post-translational modification (PTM) of the Cnm threonine-rich repeat region by the Pgf glycosylation machinery, which consists of 4 enzymes: PgfS, PgfM1, PgfE, and PgfM2. Inactivation of the S. mutans pgf genes leads to decreased collagen binding, reduced invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells, and attenuated virulence in the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model. The present study aimed to better understand Cnm glycosylation and characterize the predicted 4-epimerase, PgfE. Using a truncated Cnm variant containing only 2 threonine-rich repeats, mass spectrometric analysis revealed extensive glycosylation with HexNAc2. Compositional analysis, complemented with lectin blotting, identified the HexNAc2 moieties as GlcNAc and GalNAc. Comparison of PgfE with the other S. mutans 4-epimerase GalE through structural modeling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that GalE is a UDP-Glc-4-epimerase, while PgfE is a GlcNAc-4-epimerase. While PgfE exclusively participates in protein O-glycosylation, we found that GalE affects galactose metabolism and cell division. This study further emphasizes the importance of O-linked protein glycosylation and carbohydrate metabolism in S. mutans and identifies the PTM modifications of the key CBP, Cnm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Andresen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley M Rogers
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kenneth K S Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - José A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Otsugu M, Mikasa Y, Kitamura T, Suehiro Y, Matayoshi S, Nomura R, Nakano K. Clinical characteristics of children and guardians possessing CBP-positive Streptococcus mutans strains: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17510. [PMID: 36266432 PMCID: PMC9585102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a major etiological agent for dental caries. We previously demonstrated that S. mutans strains expressing collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) were related to the pathogenesis of systemic diseases. However, their acquisition and colonization remain unknown. Here, we investigated the detection rates of CBP-positive S. mutans strains in children and their guardians to clarify the background for the acquisition and colonization in children. Saliva samples were collected from children and their mothers, and detection of S. mutans and collagen-binding genes (cnm, cbm) was performed by PCR after DNA extraction. The oral status of each child was examined, and their mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire. The isolation rate of Cnm-positive S. mutans was significantly higher in mothers than in children. Notably, the possession rates of CBP-positive strains in children were significantly higher in children whose mothers had CBP-positive strains than in children whose mothers did not have these strains. Furthermore, children with CBP-positive strains had a significantly shorter breastfeeding period than children without these strains. The present results suggest that nutritional feeding habits in infancy are one of the factors involved in the acquisition and colonization of CBP-positive S. mutans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Otsugu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yusuke Mikasa
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kitamura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuto Suehiro
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Saaya Matayoshi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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4
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Hirohashi Y, Kamijo S, Khan M, Ikeda M, Oki M, Matin K, Rashed F, Aoki K. Tetracycline, an Appropriate Reagent for Measuring Bone-Formation Activity in the Murine Model of the Streptococcus mutans-Induced Bone Loss. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:714366. [PMID: 34589443 PMCID: PMC8473704 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.714366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline is used as a fluorescent reagent to measure bone formation activity in bone histomorphometric analyses. However, there is a possibility to lead a different conclusion when it is used in a bacteria-infected murine model since the tetracycline is considered to work as an antibiotic reagent. There are non-antibiotic fluorescent reagents such as alizarin and calcein for measuring bone formation activity. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether tetracycline could be an appropriate reagent to measure bone formation activity in a murine bacterial model in the same way as a non-antibiotic fluorescent reagent. We used Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a normal inhabitant in the oral cavity and tetracycline-sensitive bacteria, for inducing the bacterial model. The murine bacterial model was generated by intravenously inoculating S. mutans to the tail vein, followed immediately by the injection of the first fluorescent reagent, and the second one was injected 2 days prior to euthanization. After one day of inoculation with S. mutans, the subcutaneously injected alizarin had a similar colony count derived from the liver and the bone marrow tissue compared to the phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-injected control group. On the other hand, subcutaneous injection of tetracycline led to a significantly lower colony count from the liver compared to alizarin- or calcein-injected group. However, on day seven, after S. mutans intravenous injections, bone mineral density of distal femurs was significantly reduced by the bacteria inoculation regardless of which fluorescent reagents were injected subcutaneously. Finally, S. mutans inoculation reduced bone-formation-activity indices in both the tetracycline-alizarin double-injected mice and the calcein-alizarin double-injected mice. These results suggested that a one-time injection of tetracycline did not affect bone formation indices in the S. mutans-induced bone loss model. Tetracycline could be used for measuring bone formation activity in the same way as non-antibiotic fluorescent reagent such as calcein and alizarin, even in a tetracycline-sensitive bacterium-infected model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Hirohashi
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamijo
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masud Khan
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Ikeda
- Department of Oral Prosthetic Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meiko Oki
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Khairul Matin
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Endowed Department of International Oral Health Science, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fatma Rashed
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Damanhour University, El Behera, Egypt
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Department of Basic Oral Health Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Alipour M, Fadakar S, Aghazadeh M, Salehi R, Samadi Kafil H, Roshangar L, Mousavi E, Aghazadeh Z. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of curcumin-loaded endodontic reparative material. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22854. [PMID: 34331815 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) is an ancient therapeutic agent with remarkable antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of the current study was to synthesize and evaluate a curcumin-based reparative endodontic material to reduce infection and inflammation besides the induction of mineralization during the healing of the dentin-pulp complex. Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL)/gelatin (Gel)/CUR scaffold was synthesized and assessed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Agar diffusion test was performed against E. coli, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and S. mutans. Moreover, proliferative, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and calcification properties of these scaffolds on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were evaluated. The results showed that PCL/Gel/CUR scaffold had antibacterial effects. Also, these CUR-based scaffolds had significant inhibitory effects on the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and DCF from inflamed hDPSCs (p < 0.05). Moreover, the induction of mineralization in hDPSCs significantly increased after seeding on CUR-based scaffolds (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, the investigated CUR-loaded material was fabricated successfully and provided an appropriate structure for the attachment and proliferation of hDPSCs. It was found that these scaffolds had antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics and could induce mineralization in hDPSCs, which is essential for healing and repairing the injured dentin-pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Alipour
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Fadakar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ensieh Mousavi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Lima AR, Herrera DR, Francisco PA, Pereira AC, Lemos J, Abranches J, Gomes BPFA. Detection of Streptococcus mutans in symptomatic and asymptomatic infected root canals. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:3535-3542. [PMID: 33170373 PMCID: PMC8152374 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of Streptococcus mutans in root canals of symptomatic necrotic teeth (SNT) and their associated acute apical abscesses (AAA) and in the root canals of asymptomatic necrotic teeth (ANT). It also aimed to investigate the presence of the cnm and cbm genes in specimens that harbored S. mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was extracted from samples collected from 10 patients presenting pulpal necrosis associated with radiographic evidence of apical periodontitis (ANT) and from 10 patients in need of endodontic therapy due to the presence of pulpal necrosis (SNT) and AAA. The control group consisted of 10 patients with teeth with normal vital pulp and requiring endodontic treatment for prosthetic reasons. The presence of S. mutans was detected by quantitative real-time-PCR (qPCR) using species-specific primers. Samples harboring S. mutans were further evaluated for the presence of CBP genes by qPCR as well. RESULTS All studied sites showed a high prevalence of S. mutans, except the control group. Specifically, 60% of ANT and 70% of AAA/SNT paired samples were positive for S. mutans. The cnm gene was detected positive for S. mutans only in ANT samples (66.6%). The cbm gene was not detected in any of the investigated sites. CONCLUSIONS S. mutans was found in high prevalence in both asymptomatic and symptomatic endodontic infections, including in abscesses, but it was not detected in the root canals of teeth with normal vital pulp. Interestingly, cnm+ S. mutans was only detected in asymptomatic/chronic primary endodontic infections associated with apical lesion. Therefore, it appears that cnm, and possibly other CBPs, may play an underestimated role in chronic endodontic infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A high prevalence of Streptococcus mutans cnm+ gene was detected only in asymptomatic primary endodontic infections associated with apical lesion. Therefore, it appears that this collagen-binding protein gene plays an underestimated role in asymptomatic/chronic endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Rodrigues Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, UF. College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0424, USA
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Herrera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University - UFF, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Amanda Francisco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cardoso Pereira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, UF. College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0424, USA
| | - Jose Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, UF. College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0424, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, UF. College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0424, USA.
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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7
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Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1335-1360. [PMID: 33777334 PMCID: PMC7960681 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Arora S, Gordon J, Hook M. Collagen Binding Proteins of Gram-Positive Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628798. [PMID: 33613497 PMCID: PMC7893114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the primary structural components of mammalian extracellular matrices. In addition, collagens regulate tissue development, regeneration and host defense through interaction with specific cellular receptors. Their unique triple helix structure, which requires a glycine residue every third amino acid, is the defining structural feature of collagens. There are 28 genetically distinct collagens in humans. In addition, several other unrelated human proteins contain a collagen domain. Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus express cell surface proteins that bind to collagen. These proteins of Gram-positive pathogens are modular proteins that can be classified into different structural families. This review will focus on the different structural families of collagen binding proteins of Gram-positive pathogen. We will describe how these proteins interact with the triple helix in collagens and other host proteins containing a collagenous domain and discuss how these interactions can contribute to the pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jay Gordon
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Lima AR, Ganguly T, Walker AR, Acosta N, Francisco PA, Pileggi R, Lemos JA, Gomes BPFA, Abranches J. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Streptococcus mutans Strains Isolated from Endodontic Infections. J Endod 2020; 46:1876-1883. [PMID: 32919986 PMCID: PMC7686129 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans plays an important role in caries etiology and eventually in systemic infections. However, it is often found in infected root canals, but the pathophysiological characteristics of strains residing in this site are largely unknown. Here, we characterized strains of S. mutans isolated from root canals of primary (PI) and secondary/persistent (SI) endodontic infections in relation to serotype and genotype; presence of genes coding for collagen binding proteins (CBPs); collagen binding activity and biofilm formation capacity; ability to withstand environmental stresses; systemic virulence in Galleria mellonella; and invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells and human dental pupal fibroblasts. Samples from 10 patients with PI and 10 patients with SI were collected, and a total of 14 S. mutans isolates, belonging to 3 genotypes, were obtained. Of these, 13 were serotype c, and 1 was serotype k. When compared with the reference strains, the clinical isolates were hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Remarkably, all 14 strains harbored and expressed the CBP-encoding gene cbm, showing increased binding to collagen, enhanced systemic virulence in G. mellonella, and ability to invade human coronary artery endothelial cells and human dental pupal fibroblasts when compared with CBP-negative strains. Whole genome sequence analysis of PI and SI isolates revealed that these strains are phylogenetically related but genetically distinct from each other. Our findings highlight the importance of CBPs in facilitating colonization and persistence of S. mutans in collagenous substrates such as root canals and their potential role in the pathogenesis of endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto R. Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Alejandro R. Walker
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Natalia Acosta
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Priscila A. Francisco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Pileggi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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10
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Hosoki S, Saito S, Tonomura S, Ishiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Ikeda S, Ikenouchi H, Yamamoto Y, Hattori Y, Miwa K, Friedland RP, Carare RO, Nakahara J, Suzuki N, Koga M, Toyoda K, Nomura R, Nakano K, Takegami M, Ihara M. Oral Carriage of Streptococcus mutans Harboring the cnm Gene Relates to an Increased Incidence of Cerebral Microbleeds. Stroke 2020; 51:3632-3639. [PMID: 33148146 PMCID: PMC7678651 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are associated with stroke and cognitive impairment. We previously reported a high prevalence of CMB in people with Streptococcus mutans expressing Cnm, a collagen-binding protein in the oral cavity. S.mutans is a major pathogen responsible for dental caries. Repeated challenge with S.mutans harboring the cnm gene encoding Cnm induced cerebral bleeding in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine the relationship of cnm-positive S.mutans to the development of CMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hosoki
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.).,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom (S.S., R.O.C.)
| | - Shuichi Tonomura
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikenouchi
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidemiology (Y.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom (S.S., R.O.C.)
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.)
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.)
| | - Misa Takegami
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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11
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Sterzenbach T, Helbig R, Hannig C, Hannig M. Bioadhesion in the oral cavity and approaches for biofilm management by surface modifications. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4237-4260. [PMID: 33111157 PMCID: PMC7666681 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms. OBJECTIVES AND FINDINGS The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or "easy-to-clean" surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review. CONCLUSION Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ralf Helbig
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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12
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Maisonneuve E, Chevrier J, Dubus M, Varin J, Sergheraert J, Gangloff SC, Reffuveille F, Mauprivez C, Kerdjoudj H. Infection of Human Dental Pulp Stromal Cells by Streptococcus mutans: Shedding Light on Bacteria Pathogenicity and Pulp Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:785. [PMID: 32984312 PMCID: PMC7487799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is implicated in the dental pulp necrosis but also in cardiovascular tissue infections. Herein, the purpose was to elucidate how human dental pulp derived stromal cells (DPSCs) react toward a direct interaction with S. mutans. DPSCs were challenged with S. mutans. Following 3 h of interaction, DPSCs were able to internalize S. mutans (rate < 1%), and F-actin fibers played a significant role in this process. S. mutans persisted in the DPSCs for 48 h without causing a cytotoxic effect. S. mutans was, however, able to get out of the DPSCs cytoplasm and to proliferate in the extracellular environment. Yet, we noticed several adaptive responses of bacteria to the extracellular environment such as a modification of the kinetic growth, the increase in biofilm formation on type I collagen and polyester fabrics, as well as a tolerance toward amoxicillin. In response to infection, DPSCs adopted a proinflammatory profile by increasing the secretion of IL-8, lL-1β, and TNF-α, strengthening the establishment of the dental pulp inflammation. Overall, these findings showed a direct impact of S. mutans on DPSCs, providing new insights into the potential role of S. mutans in infective diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Maisonneuve
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France
| | - Julie Chevrier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France
| | - Marie Dubus
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, Reims, France
| | - Jennifer Varin
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France
| | - Johan Sergheraert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine bucco-dentaire, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Fany Reffuveille
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Cédric Mauprivez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine bucco-dentaire, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Halima Kerdjoudj
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR d'Odontologie, Reims, France
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13
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Contribution of Severe Dental Caries Induced by Streptococcus mutans to the Pathogenicity of Infective Endocarditis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00897-19. [PMID: 32312765 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00897-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, is regarded as a causative agent of infective endocarditis (IE), which mainly occurs in patients with underlying heart disease. However, it remains unknown whether severe dental caries that extend to pulp space represent a possible route of infection. In the present study, we evaluated the virulence of S. mutans for IE development using rats with concurrent severe dental caries and heart valve injury. Dental caries was induced in rats through the combination of a caries-inducing diet and the administration of S. mutans into the oral cavity. Then, the heart valves of a subset of rats were injured using a sterile catheter and wire under general anesthesia. The rats were euthanized at various times with various stages of dental caries. The number of teeth affected by dental caries with pulp exposure was increased in the rats in a time-dependent manner. S. mutans was recovered from injured heart tissue, which was mainly observed in rats with higher number of S. mutans bacteria in mandibular bone and a larger number of teeth in which caries extended to pulp. Dental caries was more severe in rats with heart injury than in rats without heart injury. Sequencing analysis targeting 16S rRNA revealed that specific oral bacteria appeared only in rats with heart injury, which may be related to the development of dental caries. Our findings suggest that dental caries caused by the combination of S. mutans infection and sucrose intake may contribute to S. mutans colonization in injured heart tissue.
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14
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Meng Y, Zhang D, Jia X, Xiao K, Lin X, Yang Y, Xu D, Wang Q. Antimicrobial Activity of Nano-Magnesium Hydroxide Against Oral Bacteria and Application in Root Canal Sealer. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922920. [PMID: 32503962 PMCID: PMC7297022 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the present work was to assess the antibacterial activity of nano-magnesium hydroxide (NMH) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and to explore the antimicrobial function of AH Plus™ sealer incorporating NMH. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antimicrobial behavior of NMH against S. mutans was evaluated with bactericidal tests. A modified direct contact test was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of unset AH Plus containing NMH after 5 minutes, 20 minutes, and 60 minutes of contact with bacteria. The antimicrobial effects and the amount of surface-adhering bacteria of the solidified materials were explored by SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. RESULTS NMH powder presented excellent antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Mg²⁺ and OH⁻ were not the main factors resulting in bacterial death. Approximately 93.1% and 98% of the S. mutans were killed in the AH Plus+7% NMH group after incubation for 5 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. AH Plus with 5% or 7% NMH were more potent against S. mutans compared with AH Plus alone (P<0.05). Moreover, the antibacterial function of AH Plus was lost after setting. NMH enabled the solidified AH Plus to still have antibacterial properties on the seventh day. CONCLUSIONS NMH can be used to modify AH Plus sealer to eradicate residual bacteria and prevent reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Jia
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Keshen Xiao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Orthopaedic Institute and Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Dake Xu
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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15
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Tonomura S, Naka S, Tabata K, Hara T, Mori K, Tanaka S, Sumida Y, Kanemasa K, Nomura R, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Ihara M, Takahashi N, Nakano K. Relationship between Streptococcus mutans expressing Cnm in the oral cavity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6:e000329. [PMID: 31645988 PMCID: PMC6781959 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe state of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is pathologically characterised by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation. Host–microbial interaction has gained attention as one of the risk factors for NASH. Recently, cnm-gene positive Streptococcus mutans expressing cell surface collagen-binding protein, Cnm (cnm-positive S. mutans), was shown to aggravate NASH in model mice. Here, we assessed the detection rate of cnm-positive S. mutans in oral samples from patients with NASH among NAFLD. Methods This single hospital cohort study included 41 patients with NAFLD. NASH was diagnosed histologically or by clinical score. The prevalence of cnm-positive S. mutans, oral hygiene and blood tests, including liver enzymes, adipocytokines and inflammatory and fibrosis markers, were assessed in biopsy-proven or clinically suspected NASH among NAFLD. Results Prevalence of cnm-positive S. mutans was significantly higher in patients with NASH than patients without NASH (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.02 to 15.5). The cnm-positive S. mutans was related to decreased numbers of naturally remaining teeth and increased type IV collagen 7S level (median (IQR) 10.0 (5.0–17.5) vs 20.0 (5.0–25.0), p=0.06; 5.1 (4.0–7.9) vs 4.4 (3.7–5.3), p=0.13, respectively). Conclusions Prevalence of cnm-positive S. mutans in the oral cavity could be related to fibrosis of NASH among NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuhei Naka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiko Tabata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Saiyu Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi-gun, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kanemasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University School of Dentistry Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University School of Dentistry Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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16
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Costa-Hurtado M, Garcia-Rodriguez L, Lopez-Serrano S, Aragon V. Haemophilus parasuis VtaA2 is involved in adhesion to extracellular proteins. Vet Res 2019; 50:69. [PMID: 31547880 PMCID: PMC6755704 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is part of the microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in swine. However, virulent strains can cause a systemic disease known as Glässer’s disease. Several virulence factors have been described in H. parasuis including the virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters (VtaAs). VtaA2 is up-regulated during infection and is only found in virulent strains. In order to determine its biological function, the vtaA2 gene was cloned with its native promotor region in pACYC184, and the transformed Escherichia coli was used to perform functional in vitro assays. VtaA2 was found to have a role in attachment to plastic, mucin, BSA, fibronectin and collagen. As other VtaAs from H. parasuis, the passenger domain of VtaA2 contains collagen domains. In order to examine the contribution of the collagen repeats to VtaA2 function, a recombinant vtaA2 without the central collagen domains was obtained and named vtaA2OL. VtaA2OL showed similar capacity than VtaA2 to adhere to plastic, mucin, BSA, fibronectin and plasma but a reduced capacity to adhere to collagen, suggesting that the collagen domains of VtaA2 are involved in collagen attachment. No function in cell adhesion and invasion to epithelial alveolar cell line A549 or unspecific binding to primary alveolar macrophages was found. Likewise VtaA2 had no role in serum or phagocytosis resistance. We propose that VtaA2 mediates adherence to the host by binding to the mucin, found in the upper respiratory tract mucus, and to the extracellular matrix proteins, present in the connective tissue of systemic sites, such as the serosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Costa-Hurtado
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Garcia-Rodriguez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergi Lopez-Serrano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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17
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Iwashita N, Nomura R, Shirai M, Kato Y, Murakami M, Matayoshi S, Kadota T, Shirahata S, Ohzeki L, Arai N, Yasuda J, Yasuda H, Inaba H, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Nakano K, Asai F. Identification and molecular characterization of Porphyromonas gulae fimA types among cat isolates. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Ihara M, Tonomura S, Yamamoto Y, Saito S. Collagen-binding Streptococcus mutans tied to cerebral microbleeds and intracerebral hemorrhage. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have identified COL4A1 and COL4A2 as risk genes for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), suggesting that the disrupted collagen architecture could be a contributory factor in disease onset. Environmental factors that disrupt the vascular collagen architecture may therefore bring about gene–environmental interactions. Certain oral strains of Streptococcus mutans expressing Cnm, a collagen-binding protein, have been found to be responsible for ICH in a preclinical study. In support of this finding, a population-based study showed a close association between Cnm-positive Streptococcus mutans with cerebral microbleeds, a precursor of ICH, and a hospital-based study between such bacteria with cerebral microbleeds and ICH. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cnm-positive Streptococcus mutans serve as an important environmental factor in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tonomura
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Avilés-Reyes A, Freires IA, Kajfasz JK, Barbieri D, Miller JH, Lemos JA, Abranches J. Whole genome sequence and phenotypic characterization of a Cbm + serotype e strain of Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:257-269. [PMID: 29524318 PMCID: PMC5945312 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the whole genome sequence of the serotype e Cbm+ strain LAR01 of Streptococcus mutans, a dental pathogen frequently associated with extra-oral infections. The LAR01 genome is a single circular chromosome of 2.1 Mb with a GC content of 36.96%. The genome contains 15 phosphotransferase system gene clusters, seven cell wall-anchored (LPxTG) proteins, all genes required for the development of natural competence and genes coding for mutacins VI and K8. Interestingly, the cbm gene is genetically linked to a putative type VII secretion system that has been found in Mycobacteria and few other Gram-positive bacteria. When compared with the UA159 type strain, phenotypic characterization of LAR01 revealed increased biofilm formation in the presence of either glucose or sucrose but similar abilities to withstand acid and oxidative stresses. LAR01 was unable to inhibit the growth of Strpetococcus gordonii, which is consistent with the genomic data that indicate absence of mutacins that can kill mitis streptococci. On the other hand, LAR01 effectively inhibited growth of other S. mutans strains, suggesting that it may be specialized to outcompete strains from its own species. In vitro and in vivo studies using mutational and heterologous expression approaches revealed that Cbm is a virulence factor of S. mutans by mediating binding to extracellular matrix proteins and intracellular invasion. Collectively, the whole genome sequence analysis and phenotypic characterization of LAR01 provides new insights on the virulence properties of S. mutans and grants further opportunities to understand the genomic fluidity of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Avilés-Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jessica K. Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dicler Barbieri
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - James H. Miller
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
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Nomura R, Ogaya Y, Matayoshi S, Morita Y, Nakano K. Molecular and clinical analyses of Helicobacter pylori colonization in inflamed dental pulp. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:64. [PMID: 29661188 PMCID: PMC5902987 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, dental pulp has been considered a possible source of infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in children. We previously developed a novel PCR system for H. pylori detection with high specificity and sensitivity using primer sets constructed based on the complete genome information for 48 H. pylori strains. This PCR system showed high sensitivity with a detection limit of 1–10 cells when serial dilutions of H. pylori genomic DNA were used as templates. However, the detection limit was lower (102–103 cells) when H. pylori bacterial DNA was detected from inflamed pulp specimens. Thus, we further refined the system using a nested PCR method, which was much more sensitive than the previous single PCR method. In addition, we examined the distribution and virulence of H. pylori in inflamed pulp tissue. Methods Nested PCR system was constructed using primer sets designed from the complete genome information of 48 H. pylori strains. The detection limit of the nested PCR system was 1–10 cells using both H. pylori genomic DNA and bacterial DNA isolated from inflamed pulp specimens. Next, distribution of H. pylori was examined using 131 inflamed pulp specimens with the nested PCR system. In addition, association between the detection of H. pylori and clinical information regarding endodontic-infected teeth were investigated. Furthermore, adhesion property of H. pylori strains to human dental fibroblast cells was examined. Results H. pylori was present in 38.9% of inflamed pulp specimens using the nested PCR system. H. pylori was shown to be predominantly detected in primary teeth rather than permanent teeth. In addition, samplings of the inflamed pulp were performed twice from the same teeth at 1- or 2-week intervals, which revealed that H. pylori was detected in most specimens in both samplings. Furthermore, H. pylori strains showed adhesion property to human dental fibroblast cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that H. pylori colonizes inflamed pulp in approximately 40% of all cases through adhesion to human dental fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ogaya
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Saaya Matayoshi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Morita
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Avilés-Reyes A, Freires IA, Besingi R, Purushotham S, Deivanayagam C, Brady LJ, Abranches J, Lemos JA. Characterization of the pgf operon involved in the posttranslational modification of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4705. [PMID: 29549320 PMCID: PMC5856776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has been described as the most abundant and complex post-translational modification occurring in nature. Recent studies have enhanced our view of how this modification occurs in bacteria highlighting the role of protein glycosylation in various processes such as biofilm formation, virulence and host-microbe interactions. We recently showed that the collagen- and laminin-binding adhesin Cnm of the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans is post-translationally modified by the PgfS glycosyltransferase. Following this initial identification of Cnm as a glycoprotein, we have now identified additional genes (pgfM1, pgfE and pgfM2) that are also involved in the posttranslational modification of Cnm. Similar to the previously characterized ΔpgfS strain, inactivation of pgfM1, pgfE or pgfM2 directly impacts Cnm by altering its migration pattern, proteolytic stability and function. In addition, we identified the wall-associated protein A (WapA) as an additional substrate of Pgf-dependent modification. We conclude that the pgS-pgfM1-pgfE-pgfM2 operon encodes for a protein machinery that can modify, likely through the addition of glycans, both core and non-core gene products in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Avilés-Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Irlan Almeida Freires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard Besingi
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Purushotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Champion Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - José A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Contribution of Streptococcus mutans Strains with Collagen-Binding Proteins in the Presence of Serum to the Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00401-17. [PMID: 28947650 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00401-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, is considered one of the causative agents of infective endocarditis (IE). Recently, bacterial DNA encoding 120-kDa cell surface collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) has frequently been detected from S. mutans-positive IE patients. In addition, some of the CBP-positive S. mutans strains lacked a 190-kDa protein antigen (PA), whose absence strengthened the adhesion to and invasion of endothelial cells. The interaction between pathogenic bacteria and serum or plasma is considered an important virulence factor in developing systemic diseases; thus, we decided to analyze the pathogenesis of IE induced by S. mutans strains with different patterns of CBP and PA expression by focusing on the interaction with serum or plasma. CBP-positive (CBP+)/PA-negative (PA-) strains showed prominent aggregation in the presence of human serum or plasma, which was significantly greater than that with CBP+/PA-positive (PA+) and CBP-negative (CBP-)/PA+ strains. Aggregation of CBP+/PA- strains was also observed in the presence of a high concentration of type IV collagen, a major extracellular matrix protein in serum. In addition, aggregation of CBP+/PA- strains was drastically reduced when serum complement was inactivated. Furthermore, an ex vivo adherence model and an in vivo rat model of IE showed that extirpated heart valves infected with CBP+/PA- strains displayed prominent bacterial mass formation, which was not observed following infection with CBP+/PA+ and CBP-/PA+ strains. These results suggest that CBP+/PA-S. mutans strains utilize serum to contribute to their pathogenicity in IE.
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals potential virulence factors of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. J Proteomics 2017; 160:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kaufman G, Skrtic D. Structural and recovery mechanisms of 3D dental pulp cell microtissues challenged with Streptococcusmutans in extracellular matrix environment. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1332-1340. [PMID: 27638752 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariopathogen Streptococcus mutans exists in infected dental pulp of deciduous teeth and is frequently linked with heart diseases. Organotypic (3D) dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) cultures/microtissues, developed to mimic the physiological conditions in vivo, were utilized to assess the bacterial impact on their (i) 3D structural configuration and (ii) recovery mechanisms. The cultures, developed in extracellular matrix (ECM) bio-scaffold (Matrigel™), interacted with WT and GFP-tagged bacterial biofilms by permitting their infiltration through the ECM. Challenged cell constructs were visualized by F-actin/nuclei staining. Their pluripotency (Sox2) and differentiation (osteocalcin) markers were assessed by immunocytochemistry. Secreted mineral was detected by alizarin red, and 3D structural arrangements were analysed by epi-fluorescence and confocal scanning microscopy. Bacterial biofilm/ECM-embedded DPSC interactions appeared in distinct areas of the microtissues. Bacterial attachment to the cell surface occurred without evidence of invasion. Surface architecture of the challenged versus unchallenged microtissues was apparently unaltered. However, significant increases in thickness (138.42 vs 106.51 µm) and bacterial penetration were detected in challenged structures causing canal-like microstructures with various diameters (12.94 -42.88 µm) and average diameter of 20.66 to 33.42 µm per microtissue. Challenged constructs expressed pluripotency and differentiation markers and secreted the mineral. Presented model shows strong potential for assessing pulp-pathogen interactions in vivo. S. mutans infiltrated and penetrated the microtissues but did not invade the cells or compromise major cell repair mechanisms. These findings would suggest reexamining the role of S. mutans as an endodontic pathogen and investigating DPSC resistance to its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Kaufman
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Drago Skrtic
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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