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Seo S, Sonn SK, Kweon HY, Jin J, Kume T, Ko JY, Park JH, Oh GT. Primary Cilium in Neural Crest Cells Crucial for Anterior Segment Development and Corneal Avascularity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:30. [PMID: 38517430 PMCID: PMC10981158 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intraflagellar transport 46 (IFT46) is an integral subunit of the IFT-B complex, playing a key role in the assembly and maintenance of primary cilia responsible for transducing signaling pathways. Despite its predominant expression in the basal body of cilia, the precise role of Ift46 in ocular development remains undetermined. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of neural crest (NC)-specific deletion of Ift46 on ocular development. Methods NC-specific conditional knockout mice for Ift46 (NC-Ift46F/F) were generated by crossing Ift46F mice with Wnt1-Cre2 mice, enabling the specific deletion of Ift46 in NC-derived cells (NCCs). Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Notch signaling activities in NC-Ift46F/F mice were evaluated using Gli1lacZ and CBF:H2B-Venus reporter mice, respectively. Cell fate mapping was conducted using ROSAmTmG reporter mice. Results The deletion of Ift46 in NCCs resulted in a spectrum of ocular abnormalities, including thickened corneal stroma, hypoplasia of the anterior chamber, irregular iris morphology, and corneal neovascularization. Notably, this deletion led to reduced Shh signal activity in the periocular mesenchyme, sustained expression of key transcription factors Foxc1, Foxc2 and Pitx2, along with persistent cell proliferation. Additionally, it induced increased Notch signaling activity and the development of ectopic neovascularization within the corneal stroma. Conclusions The absence of primary cilia due to Ift46 deficiency in NCCs is associated with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and corneal neovascularization, suggesting a potential link to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, a disorder characterized by ASD. This underscores the pivotal role of primary cilia in ensuring proper anterior segment development and maintaining an avascular cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Seo
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Imvastech Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Sonn
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Yon Kweon
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Jin
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Je Yeong Ko
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Imvastech Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kumar A, Han Y, Oatts JT. Genetic changes and testing associated with childhood glaucoma: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298883. [PMID: 38386645 PMCID: PMC10883561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Many forms of childhood glaucoma have been associated with underlying genetic changes, and variants in many genes have been described. Currently, testing is variable as there are no widely accepted guidelines for testing. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature describing genetic changes and testing practices in childhood glaucoma. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and registered with Prospero (ID CRD42023400467). A comprehensive review of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed from inception through March 2, 2023 using the search terms: (glaucoma) AND (pediatric OR childhood OR congenital OR child OR infant OR infantile) AND (gene OR genetic OR genotype OR locus OR genomic OR mutation OR variant OR test OR screen OR panel). Information was extracted regarding genetic variants including genotype-phenotype correlation. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of 1,916 records screened, 196 studies met inclusion criteria and 53 genes were discussed. Among study populations, mean age±SD at glaucoma diagnosis was 8.94±9.54 years and 50.4% were male. The most common gene discussed was CYP1B1, evaluated in 109 (55.6%) studies. CYP1B1 variants were associated with region and population-specific prevalence ranging from 5% to 86% among those with primary congenital glaucoma. MYOC variants were discussed in 31 (15.8%) studies with prevalence up to 36% among patients with juvenile open angle glaucoma. FOXC1 variants were discussed in 25 (12.8%) studies, which demonstrated phenotypic severity dependent on degree of gene expression and type of mutation. Overall risk of bias was low; the most common domains of bias were selection and comparability. Numerous genes and genetic changes have been associated with childhood glaucoma. Understanding the most common genes as well as potential genotype-phenotype correlation has the potential to improve diagnostic and prognostic outcomes for children with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julius T. Oatts
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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3
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Reis LM, Maheshwari M, Capasso J, Atilla H, Dudakova L, Thompson S, Zitano L, Lay-Son G, Lowry RB, Black J, Lee J, Shue A, Kremlikova Pourova R, Vaneckova M, Skalicka P, Jedlickova J, Trkova M, Williams B, Richard G, Bachman K, Seeley AH, Costakos D, Glaser TM, Levin AV, Liskova P, Murray JC, Semina EV. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: more than meets the eye. J Med Genet 2023; 60:368-379. [PMID: 35882526 PMCID: PMC9912354 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is characterised by typical anterior segment anomalies, with or without systemic features. The discovery of causative genes identified ARS subtypes with distinct phenotypes, but our understanding is incomplete, complicated by the rarity of the condition. METHODS Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of the largest reported ARS cohort through comprehensive genetic and clinical data analyses. RESULTS 128 individuals with causative variants in PITX2 or FOXC1, including 81 new cases, were investigated. Ocular anomalies showed significant overlap but with broader variability and earlier onset of glaucoma for FOXC1-related ARS. Systemic anomalies were seen in all individuals with PITX2-related ARS and the majority of those with FOXC1-related ARS. PITX2-related ARS demonstrated typical umbilical anomalies and dental microdontia/hypodontia/oligodontia, along with a novel high rate of Meckel diverticulum. FOXC1-related ARS exhibited characteristic hearing loss and congenital heart defects as well as previously unrecognised phenotypes of dental enamel hypoplasia and/or crowding, a range of skeletal and joint anomalies, hypotonia/early delay and feeding disorders with structural oesophageal anomalies in some. Brain imaging revealed highly penetrant white matter hyperintensities, colpocephaly/ventriculomegaly and frequent arachnoid cysts. The expanded phenotype of FOXC1-related ARS identified here was found to fully overlap features of De Hauwere syndrome. The results were used to generate gene-specific management plans for the two types of ARS. CONCLUSION Since clinical features of ARS vary significantly based on the affected gene, it is critical that families are provided with a gene-specific diagnosis, PITX2-related ARS or FOXC1-related ARS. De Hauwere syndrome is proposed to be a FOXC1opathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mohit Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenina Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lia Zitano
- Department of Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Guillermo Lay-Son
- Unidad de Genética, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Brian Lowry
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Black
- Center for Development, Behavior, and Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Shue
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University and Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Radka Kremlikova Pourova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jedlickova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Trkova
- Gennet, Centre for Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kristine Bachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea H Seeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas M Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Arte S, Pöyhönen M, Myllymäki E, Ronkainen E, Rice DP, Nieminen P. Craniofacial and dental features of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patients with PITX2 mutations. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023. [PMID: 36620911 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize the genetic basis and craniofacial and dental features of Finnish patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS). Mutational analyses of seven patients in five families were performed by sequencing or comparative genomic hybridization. Phenotypic analysis was based on both clinical and radiographic examinations, as well as on medical data. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of five patients were analysed using Viewbox 3.1-Cephalometric Software. The cephalometric values were compared to Finnish population-standard values of the same age and gender. Two frameshift mutations and three whole gene deletions were detected in five families. Class III skeletal relationship with retrognathic maxilla and mildly retrognathic mandible were detected in all five patients studied. Significant differences compared with the control values were in SNA (P = .0014), ANB (P = .0043) and SNB angles (P = .013). Five patients had anterior crossbite. Six patients showed tooth agenesis. The average number of missing teeth (third molars excluded) was 9 (range 0-15). The tooth agenesis rate was 52% in maxilla and 26% in mandible. Maxillary central and lateral permanent incisors were most often missing (rate 71% equally) while no one lacked canines or first molars in mandible. Two patients had a supernumerary mandibular permanent incisor. Six patients had either taurodontic and/or single-rooted molars. Our results suggest that class III skeletal relationship with maxillary and mandibular retrognathism, anterior crossbite, maxillary incisor agenesis and taurodontic, even pyramidal, roots are common determinants of ARS caused by PITX2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Arte
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pöyhönen
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Myllymäki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Ronkainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David P Rice
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Nieminen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Genotype-phenotype association of PITX2 and FOXC1 in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109307. [PMID: 36442680 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PITX2 and FOXC1 are the most common pathogenic genes associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS). In this study, we aimed to explore the variation spectrum of PITX2 and FOXC1 and their associated phenotype based on data from our study and previously reported literatures. Whole exome sequencing was performed on eight probands in our study. Multistep bioinformatic and co-segregation analyses were performed to detect pathogenic variants. Genotype-phenotype correlations of PITX2 and FOXC1 and the differences between them were determined. We detected three variants of FOXC1 and two variants of PITX2 in five unrelated families with ARS. Macular retinoschisis had been observed in AR1 with variant in PITX2 and it is not reported before. Additionally, a review of published literature and our study led to the identification of 593 families with variants of PITX2 or FOXC1, including 316 families with heterozygous variants in FOXC1, 251 families with heterozygous variants in PITX2, 13 families with variants in double genes, seven families with homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in FOXC1, and six families with variants in ADAMTS17, PRDM5, COL4A1 or CYP1B1. Significant differences were observed between the prevalence of missense and in-frame, truncation, and large deletion variants in PITX2 (32.00%, 42.67%, and 25.33%, respectively) and FOXC1 (34.49%, 35.13%, 30.38%, respectively) (p = 1.16E-43). Enrichment and frequency analyses revealed that missense variants were concentrated in the forkhead domain of FOXC1 (76.14%) and homeodomain of PITX2 (87.50%). The percentage of Caucasians with variants in FOXC1 was significantly higher than that of PITX2 (p = 2.00E-2). Significant differences between PITX2 and FOXC1 were observed in glaucoma (p = 3.00E-2), corectopia (p = 3.050E-6), and polycoria (p = 5.21E-08). Additionally, we observed a significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between FOXC1 and PITX2 (p = 3.80E-2). Among all the family members with PITX2 or FOXC1 variants, the prevalence of systemic abnormalities was significantly higher in PITX2 than in FOXC1 (89.16% vs. 58.77%, p = 5.44E-17). In conclusion, macular retinoschisis as a novel phenotype had been observed in patient with variant in PITX2. Significant differences were detected in phenotypes and genotypes between PITX2 and FOXC1.
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6
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Li K, Tang M, Xu M, Yu Y. A novel missense mutation of FOXC1 in an Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome patient with a congenital atrial septal defect and sublingual cyst: a case report and literature review. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:255. [PMID: 34715865 PMCID: PMC8555356 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01103-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized primarily by maldevelopment of the anterior segment of both eyes, accompanied by developmental glaucoma, and other congenital anomalies. FOXC1 and PITX2 genes play important roles in the development of ARS. Case presentation The present report describes a 7-year-old boy with iris dysplasia, displaced pupils, and congenital glaucoma in both eyes. The patient presented with a congenital atrial septal defect and sublingual cyst. The patient’s family has no clinical manifestations. Next generation sequencing identified a pathogenic heterozygous missense variant in FOXC1 gene (NM_001453:c. 246C>A, p. S82R) in the patient. Sanger sequencing confirmed this result, and this mutation was not detected in the other three family members. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the results of our study reveal a novel mutation in the FOXC1 gene associated with ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Manhua Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yinggui Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25, Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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7
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Ray T, Ryusaki T, Ray PS. Therapeutically Targeting Cancers That Overexpress FOXC1: A Transcriptional Driver of Cell Plasticity, Partial EMT, and Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:721959. [PMID: 34540690 PMCID: PMC8446626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.721959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for more than 90% of cancer related mortality, thus the most pressing need in the field of oncology today is the ability to accurately predict future onset of metastatic disease, ideally at the time of initial diagnosis. As opposed to current practice, what would be desirable is that prognostic, biomarker-based detection of metastatic propensity and heightened risk of cancer recurrence be performed long before overt metastasis has set in. Without such timely information it will be impossible to formulate a rational therapeutic treatment plan to favorably alter the trajectory of disease progression. In order to help inform rational selection of targeted therapeutics, any recurrence/metastasis risk prediction strategy must occur with the paired identification of novel prognostic biomarkers and their underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms that help drive cancer recurrence/metastasis (i.e. recurrence biomarkers). Traditional clinical factors alone (such as TNM staging criteria) are no longer adequately prognostic for this purpose in the current molecular era. FOXC1 is a pivotal transcription factor that has been functionally implicated to drive cancer metastasis and has been demonstrated to be an independent predictor of heightened metastatic risk, at the time of initial diagnosis. In this review, we present our viewpoints on the master regulatory role that FOXC1 plays in mediating cancer stem cell traits that include cellular plasticity, partial EMT, treatment resistance, cancer invasion and cancer migration during cancer progression and metastasis. We also highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target cancers that are, or have evolved to become, “transcriptionally addicted” to FOXC1. The potential role of FOXC1 expression status in predicting the efficacy of these identified therapeutic approaches merits evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ray
- R&D Division, Onconostic Technologies (OT), Inc., Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Partha S Ray
- R&D Division, Onconostic Technologies (OT), Inc., Champaign, IL, United States
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8
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Ferre-Fernández JJ, Sorokina EA, Thompson S, Collery RF, Nordquist E, Lincoln J, Semina EV. Disruption of foxc1 genes in zebrafish results in dosage-dependent phenotypes overlapping Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2723-2735. [PMID: 32720677 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead Box C1 (FOXC1) gene encodes a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor involved in embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause dysgenesis of the anterior segment of the eye, most commonly Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), often with other systemic features. The developmental mechanisms and pathways regulated by FOXC1 remain largely unknown. There are two conserved orthologs of FOXC1 in zebrafish, foxc1a and foxc1b. To further examine the role of FOXC1 in vertebrates, we generated foxc1a and foxc1b single knockout zebrafish lines and bred them to obtain various allelic combinations. Three genotypes demonstrated visible phenotypes: foxc1a-/- single homozygous and foxc1-/- double knockout homozygous embryos presented with similar characteristics comprised of severe global vascular defects and early lethality, as well as microphthalmia, periocular edema and absence of the anterior chamber of the eye; additionally, fish with heterozygous loss of foxc1a combined with homozygosity for foxc1b (foxc1a+/-;foxc1b-/-) demonstrated craniofacial defects, heart anomalies and scoliosis. All other single and combined genotypes appeared normal. Analysis of foxc1 expression detected a significant increase in foxc1a levels in homozygous and heterozygous mutant eyes, suggesting a mechanism for foxc1a upregulation when its function is compromised; interestingly, the expression of another ARS-associated gene, pitx2, was responsive to the estimated level of wild-type Foxc1a, indicating a possible role for this protein in the regulation of pitx2 expression. Altogether, our results support a conserved role for foxc1 in the formation of many organs, consistent with the features observed in human patients, and highlight the importance of correct FOXC1/foxc1 dosage for vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-José Ferre-Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Emily Nordquist
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herma Heart Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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9
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Souzeau E, Siggs OM, Pasutto F, Knight LSW, Perez‐Jurado LA, McGregor L, Le Blanc S, Barnett CP, Liebelt J, Craig JE. Gene-specific facial dysmorphism in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome caused by FOXC1 and PITX2 variants. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:434-439. [PMID: 33231930 PMCID: PMC7839469 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by ocular and systemic features and is most commonly caused by variants in the FOXC1 or PITX2 genes. Facial dysmorphism is part of the syndrome but the differences between both genes have never been systematically assessed. Here, 11 facial traits commonly reported in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome were assessed by five clinical geneticists blinded to the molecular diagnosis. Individuals were drawn from the Australian and New Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma in Australia or recruited through the Genetic and Ophthalmology Unit of l'Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda in Italy. Thirty-four individuals from 18 families were included. FOXC1 variants were present in 64.7% of individuals and PITX2 variants in 35.3% of individuals. A thin upper lip (55.9%) and a prominent forehead (41.2%) were common facial features shared between both genes. Hypertelorism/telecanthus (81.8% vs 25.0%, p = 0.002) and low-set ears (31.8% vs 0.0%, p = 0.036) were significantly more prevalent in individuals with FOXC1 variants compared with PITX2 variants. These findings may assist clinicians in reaching correct clinical and molecular diagnoses, and providing appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of OphthalmologyFlinders University, Flinders Medical CentreAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Owen M. Siggs
- Department of OphthalmologyFlinders University, Flinders Medical CentreAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human GeneticsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Lachlan S. W. Knight
- Department of OphthalmologyFlinders University, Flinders Medical CentreAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Luis A. Perez‐Jurado
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics UnitWomen's and Children's HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- South Australia Health and Medical Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu FabraHospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) and CIBERERBarcelonaSpain
| | - Lesley McGregor
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics UnitWomen's and Children's HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shannon Le Blanc
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics UnitWomen's and Children's HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Christopher P. Barnett
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics UnitWomen's and Children's HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jan Liebelt
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics UnitWomen's and Children's HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of OphthalmologyFlinders University, Flinders Medical CentreAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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10
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Norden PR, Sabine A, Wang Y, Demir CS, Liu T, Petrova TV, Kume T. Shear stimulation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulates cytoskeletal activity during lymphatic valve maturation. eLife 2020; 9:53814. [PMID: 32510325 PMCID: PMC7302880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor FOXC2 are predominately associated with lymphedema. Herein, we demonstrate a key role for related factor FOXC1, in addition to FOXC2, in regulating cytoskeletal activity in lymphatic valves. FOXC1 is induced by laminar, but not oscillatory, shear and inducible, endothelial-specific deletion impaired postnatal lymphatic valve maturation in mice. However, deletion of Foxc2 induced valve degeneration, which is exacerbated in Foxc1; Foxc2 mutants. FOXC1 knockdown (KD) in human lymphatic endothelial cells increased focal adhesions and actin stress fibers whereas FOXC2-KD increased focal adherens and disrupted cell junctions, mediated by increased ROCK activation. ROCK inhibition rescued cytoskeletal or junctional integrity changes induced by inactivation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 invitro and vivo respectively, but only ameliorated valve degeneration in Foxc2 mutants. These results identify both FOXC1 and FOXC2 as mediators of mechanotransduction in the postnatal lymphatic vasculature and posit cytoskeletal signaling as a therapeutic target in lymphatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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11
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Ren J, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Li W, Chen S, Cui D, Yang S, Li MY, Feng B, Lai PBS, Chen GG. The FKH domain in FOXP3 mRNA frequently contains mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma that influence the subcellular localization and functions of FOXP3. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5484-5495. [PMID: 32198183 PMCID: PMC7170510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is a biomarker for regulatory T cells and can also be expressed in cancer cells, but its function in cancer appears to be divergent. The role of hepatocyte-expressed FOXP3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. Here, we collected tumor samples and clinical information from 115 HCC patients and used five human cancer cell lines. We examined FOXP3 mRNA sequences for mutations, used a luciferase assay to assess promoter activities of FOXP3's target genes, and employed mouse tumor models to confirm in vitro results. We detected mutations in the FKH domain of FOXP3 mRNAs in 33% of the HCC tumor tissues, but in none of the adjacent nontumor tissues. None of the mutations occurred at high frequency, indicating that they occurred randomly. Notably, the mutations were not detected in the corresponding regions of FOXP3 genomic DNA, and many of them resulted in amino acid substitutions in the FKH region, altering FOXP3's subcellular localization. FOXP3 delocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm caused loss of transcriptional regulation of its target genes, inactivated its tumor-inhibitory capability, and changed cellular responses to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. More complex FKH mutations appeared to be associated with worse prognosis in HCC patients. We conclude that mutations in the FKH domain of FOXP3 mRNA frequently occur in HCC and that these mutations are caused by errors in transcription and are not derived from genomic DNA mutations. Our results suggest that transcriptional mutagenesis of FOXP3 plays a role in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Dexuan Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Union Hospital Tumour Center, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Childhood glaucoma genes and phenotypes: Focus on FOXC1 mutations causing anterior segment dysgenesis and hearing loss. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107893. [PMID: 31836490 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood glaucoma is an important cause of blindness world-wide. Eleven genes are currently known to cause inherited forms of glaucoma with onset before age 20. While all the early-onset glaucoma genes cause severe disease, considerable phenotypic variability is observed among mutations carriers. In particular, FOXC1 genetic variants are associated with a broad range of phenotypes including multiple forms of glaucoma and also systemic abnormalities, especially hearing loss. FOXC1 is a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors and is involved in neural crest development necessary for formation of anterior eye structures and also pharyngeal arches that form the middle ear bones. In this study we review the clinical phenotypes reported for known FOXC1 mutations and show that mutations in patients with reported ocular anterior segment abnormalities and hearing loss primarily disrupt the critically important forkhead domain. These results suggest that optimal care for patients affected with anterior segment dysgenesis should include screening for FOXC1 mutations and also testing for hearing loss.
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13
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Contribution of a Novel B3GLCT Variant to Peters Plus Syndrome Discovered by a Combination of Next-Generation Sequencing and Automated Text Mining. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236006. [PMID: 31795264 PMCID: PMC6928627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) encompasses a spectrum of ocular disorders affecting the structures of the anterior eye chamber. Mutations in several genes, involved in eye development, are implicated in this disorder. ASD is often accompanied by diverse multisystemic symptoms and another genetic cause, such as variants in genes encoding collagen type IV. Thus, a wide spectrum of phenotypes and underlying genetic diversity make fast and proper diagnosis challenging. Here, we used AMELIE, an automatic text mining tool that enriches data with the most up-to-date information from literature, and wANNOVAR, which is based on well-documented databases and incorporates variant filtering strategy to identify genetic variants responsible for severely-manifested ASD in a newborn child. This strategy, applied to trio sequencing data in compliance with ACMG 2015 guidelines, helped us find two compound heterozygous variants of the B3GLCT gene, of which c.660+1G>A (rs80338851) was previously associated with the phenotype of Peters plus syndrome (PPS), while the second, NM_194318.3:c.755delC (p.T252fs), in exon 9 of the same gene was noted for the first time. PPS, a very rare subtype of ASD, is a glycosylation disorder, where the dysfunctional B3GLCT gene product, O-fucose-specific β-1,3-glucosyltransferase, is ineffective in providing a noncanonical quality control system for proper protein folding in cells. Our study expands the mutation spectrum of the B3GLCT gene related to PPS. We suggest that the implementation of automatic text mining tools in combination with careful variant filtering could help translate sequencing results into diagnosis, thus, considerably accelerating the diagnostic process and, thereby, improving patient management.
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14
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Umali J, Hawkey-Noble A, French CR. Loss of foxc1 in zebrafish reduces optic nerve size and cell number in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Vision Res 2019; 156:66-72. [PMID: 30684501 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of FOXC1 causes Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) with early onset or congenital glaucoma. We assessed retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number in zebrafish due to CRISPR-mediated mutation and antisense inhibition of two-forkhead box transcription factors, foxc1a and foxc1b. These genes represent duplicated homologues of human FOXC1. Using a CRISPR induced null mutation in foxc1b, in combination with antisense inhibition of foxc1a, we demonstrate reduced cell number in the retinal ganglion cell layer of developing zebrafish eyes. As early as 5 days post fertilization (dpf), fewer RGCs are found in foxc1b homozygous mutants injected with foxc1a morpholinos, and a thinner optic nerve results. Our data illustrates that foxc1 is required for the expression of atonal homolog 7 (atoh7), a gene that is necessary for RGC differentiation. As markers of differentiated RGCs (pou4f2) are downregulated in foxc1b-/- mutants injected with foxc1a morpholinos and no cell death is observed, our results are consistent with defects in the differentiation of RGCs leading to reduced cell number, as opposed to increased cell death of RGCs or off targets effects of morpholino injection. Our zebrafish model demonstrates that aberrant regulation of RGC number could act in concert with other known glaucoma risk factors to influence the development of congenital and early onset glaucoma due to FOXC1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgienne Umali
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Alexia Hawkey-Noble
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Curtis R French
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
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15
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Hernández-Martínez N, González-Del Angel A, Alcántara-Ortigoza MA, González-Huerta LM, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA, Villanueva-Mendoza C. Molecular characterization of Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum and other anterior segment dysgeneses in a sample of Mexican patients. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:728-734. [PMID: 30457409 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1547911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum (ARS) are mainly due to PITX2 and FOXC1 defects, but it is difficult in some patients to differentiate among PITX2-, FOXC1-, PAX6- and CYP1B1-related disorders. Here, we set out to characterize the pathogenic variants (PV) in PITX2, FOXC1, CYP1B1 and PAX6 in nine unrelated Mexican ARS/ASD patients and in their available affected/unaffected relatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS Automated Sanger sequencing of PITX2, FOXC1, PAX6 and CYP1B1 was performed; those patients without a PV were subsequently analyzed by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) for PITX2, FOXC1 and PAX6. Missense variants were evaluated with the MutPred, Provean, PMUT, SIFT, PolyPhen-2, CUPSAT and HOPE programs. RESULTS We identified three novel PV in PITX2 (NM_153427.2:c.217G>A, c.233T>C and c.279del) and two in FOXC1 [NM_001453.2:c.274C>T (novel) and c.454T>A] in five ARS patients. The previously reported FOXC1 c.367C>T or p.(Gln123*) variant was identified in a patient with ASD. The ocular phenotype related to FOXC1 included aniridia, corneal opacity and early onset glaucoma, while an asymmetric ocular phenotype and aniridia were associated with PITX2. No gene rearrangements were documented by MLPA analysis, nor were any PV identified in PAX6 or CYP1B1. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous PV in the PITX2 and FOXC1 genes accounted for 66% (6/9) of the ARS/ASD cases. The absence of PAX6 or CYP1B1 abnormalities could reflect our small sample size, although their analysis could be justified in ARS/ASD patients that present with congenital glaucoma or aniridia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luz M González-Huerta
- b Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Laboratorio de Investigación y Genética , México , México
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16
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Wang X, Liu X, Huang L, Fang S, Jia X, Xiao X, Li S, Guo X. Mutation Survey of Candidate Genes and Genotype-Phenotype Analysis in 20 Southeastern Chinese Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1334-1341. [PMID: 29939776 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1493129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/aim of the study: To conduct a survey spectrum of the PITX2, FOXC1, and PRDM5 genes to reveal genotype-phenotype correlations in a cohort of Southeastern Chinese patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 probands with ARS were recruited in Southeast China. All patients underwent full ocular and systemic examinations. Sanger sequencing was used to analyze all coding regions of and regions adjacent to PITX2, FOXC1, and PRDM5 and 13 upstream regulatory elements of PITX2. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to detect gross insertions and deletions in PITX2 and FOXC1. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect copy number variations in regulatory elements of PITX2. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of variants. RESULTS Eleven mutations, including eight novel mutations, were identified in PITX2. Seven of the mutations were truncations. A genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed that 81.8% (9/11) of patients with mutations in PITX2 developed glaucoma before reaching 10 years old. The proportion of patients without detected mutations was only 33.3% (3/9, P = 0.0399). In patient G1399, ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed that the left eye exhibited a phenotype similar to aniridia with complete angle closure and a remaining stub of iris tissue. CONCLUSION This is the first genetic study of a cohort of Southeastern Chinese patients with ARS. Eight novel mutations were detected, expanding the mutation spectrum of PITX2. PITX2 may be a major candidate gene for ARS in Southeastern Chinese patients. Truncations may be the primary mutation type in PITX2. Glaucoma onset may be earlier in patients with mutations in PITX2 than in those without mutations in PITX2 and FOXC1. A block of the anterior chamber angle by the end of the iris might represent the main factor influencing the development of glaucoma in ARS patients with an asymmetric aniridia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xing Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Liqin Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shaohua Fang
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiangming Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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17
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Wang J, Li W, Zheng X, Pang X, Du G. Research progress on the forkhead box C1. Oncotarget 2017; 9:12471-12478. [PMID: 29552326 PMCID: PMC5844762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXC1 is a vital member of FOX families which play important roles in biological processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metabolism, and longevity. Here we are focusing on roles of FOXC1 and their mechanisms in cancers. FOXC1 promoted progress of many cancers, such as breast cancer (especially basal-like breast cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer and so on. FOXC1 was also found to be associated with drug resistance of cancers. FOXC1 promoted metastasis of cancers by increasing expression of MMP7, NEDD9 and Snail. Proliferation and invasion of cancers were increased by FOXC1 by mediating NF-κB, MST1R and KLF4 expression. FOXC1 was associated with development by regulating expression of FGF19 and MSX1. Recently, FOXC1 was found to be required for niche of stem cells or development of stem cells by mediating expression of Gli2, CXCL12, SCF, NFATC1, BMP and Myh7. Overall, FOXC1 exerts its functions by many mechanisms and may be used as a potential biomarker for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangjin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Abstract
RATIONALE Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with ocular anterior segment dysgenesis and systemic anomalies. PATIENT CONCERNS A 28-year-old Chinese Han female was referred to Beijing Tongren Eye Center for progressive decrease of the visual acuity on her right eye in the past month. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed as ARS with retinal detachment based on series of ophthalmic examinations performed. INTERVENTIONS A pars plana vitrectomy was performed to manage the retinal detachment. OUTCOMES Her best-corrected visual acuity was slightly improved after surgery. LESSONS ARS is a developmental defect of ocular anterior segment with various clinical manifestations which might cause misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiaxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
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19
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Huang L, Huang Z, Fan Y, He L, Ye M, Shi K, Ji B, Huang J, Wang Y, Li Q. FOXC1 promotes proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical carcinoma through the PI3K-AKT signal pathway. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1297-1306. [PMID: 28386355 PMCID: PMC5376020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) has been identified to play important roles in human cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological role of FOXC1 in cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we showed that FOXC1 was frequently overexpressed in cervical cancer versus adjacent non-tumor tissues. Overexpression of FOXC1 was significantly correlated with tumor stage (P=0.011), tumor size (P=0.034), stromal invasion (P=0.001), and lymph nodes metastasis (P=0.008). Survival analysis further suggested that high FOXC1 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (P=0.007) and recurrence-free survival (P=0.003) in cervical cancer patients. Moreover, we found that knock-down of FOXC1 by short hairpin RNAi significantly suppressed cervical cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Mechanistic studies showed that the FOXC1 requires PI3K/AKT signaling for its regulation of cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our findings indicate that FOXC1 plays an important oncogenic role in cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Yi Fan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Langchi He
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Ming Ye
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Kun Shi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Bing Ji
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Jiezhen Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
| | - Qiufen Li
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University China
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