1
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Didier TSS, Joel GSC, Saïdou, Samuel BG, Maurice NM. Cosmic-ray exposure assessment using particle and heavy ion transport code system: case study Douala-Cameroon. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2024; 200:640-647. [PMID: 38648184 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
According to UNSCEAR, cosmic radiation contributes to ~16% (0.39 mSv/y) of the total dose received by the public at sea level. The exposure to cosmic rays at a specific location is therefore a non-negligible parameter that contributes to the assessment of the overall public exposure to radiation. In this study, simulations were conducted with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, a Monte Carlo code, to determine the fluxes and effective dose due to cosmic rays received by the population of Douala. In minimum solar activity, the total effective dose considering the contribution of neutron, muon+, muon-, electron, positron and photon, was found to be 0.31 ± 0.02 mSv/y at the ground level. For maximum solar activity, it was found to be 0.27 ± 0.02 mSv/y at ground level. During maximum solar activity, galactic cosmic rays are reduced by solar flares and winds, resulting in an increase in the solar cosmic-ray component and a decrease in the galactic cosmic-ray component on Earth. This ultimately leads to a decrease in the total cosmic radiation on Earth. These results were found to be smaller than the UNSCEAR values, thus suggesting a good estimation for the population of Douala city located near the equatorial line. In fact, the cosmic radiation is more deflected at the equator than near the pole. Muons+ were found to be the main contributors to human exposure to cosmic radiation at ground level, with ~38% of the total effective dose due to cosmic exposure. However, electrons and positrons were found to be the less contributors to cosmic radiation exposure. As regards the obtained results, the population of Douala is not significantly exposed to cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takoukam Soh Serge Didier
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, University Institute of Wood Technology, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 306, Mbalmayo, Cameroon
| | | | - Saïdou
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Research Centre for Nuclear Science and Technology, Institute of Geological and Mining Research, P.O. Box 4110, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bineng Guillaume Samuel
- Department of Physics, Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Research Centre for Nuclear Science and Technology, Institute of Geological and Mining Research, P.O. Box 4110, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ndontchueng Moyo Maurice
- National Radiation Protection Agency, P.O. Box 33732, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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2
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Aspinall MD, Alton TL, Binnersley CL, Bradnam SC, Croft S, Joyce MJ, Mashao D, Packer LW, Turner T, Wild JA. A new ground level neutron monitor for space weather assessment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7174. [PMID: 38531931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on a new ground-level neutron monitor design for studying cosmic rays and fluxes of solar energetic particles at the Earth's surface. The first-of-its-kind instrument, named the NM-2023 after the year it was standardised and following convention, will be installed at a United Kingdom Meteorological Office observatory (expected completion mid 2024) and will reintroduce such monitoring in the UK for the first time since ca. 1984. Monte Carlo radiation transport code is used for the development and application of parameterised models to investigate alternative neutron detectors, their location and bulk material geometry in a realistic cosmic ray neutron field. Benchmarked against a model of the current and most widespread design standardised in 1964 (the NM-64), two main parameterisation studies are conducted; a simplified standard model and a concept slab parameterisation. We show that the NM-64 standard is well optimised for the intended large-diameter boron trifluoride (BF3 ) proportional counters but not for multiple smaller diameter counters. The new design (based on a novel slab arrangement) produces comparable counting efficiencies to an NM-64 with six BF3 counters and has the added advantage of being more compact, lower cost and avoids the use of highly toxic BF3 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilly L Alton
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Cory L Binnersley
- Mirion Technologies (Canberra UK) Limited, 207A Cavendish Place, Birchwood Park, Warrington, WA3 6WU, UK
| | - Steven C Bradnam
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Stephen Croft
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Malcolm J Joyce
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Dakalo Mashao
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Lee W Packer
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Tony Turner
- Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
| | - James A Wild
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
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3
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Ambrožová I, Kákona M, Dvořák R, Kákona J, Lužová M, Povišer M, Sommer M, Velychko O, Ploc O. Latitudinal effect on the position of Regener-Pfotzer maximum investigated by balloon flight HEMERA 2019 in Sweden and balloon flights FIK in Czechia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:2041-2046. [PMID: 37819338 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
When primary space radiation particles enter into the atmosphere of the Earth, they generate showers of secondary radiation. The intensity of secondary radiation reaches its maximum, called the Regener-Pfotzer maximum; its exact position depends on the geomagnetic effective vertical cut-off rigidity, the phase of the solar cycle and also on the type of detected particles. In this paper, several balloon flight experiments are described focusing on the study of the latitudinal effect on the position of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum. Altitude profile of ionization in the atmosphere was measured using radiation detectors flown during several flights at locations with different effective vertical cut-off rigidities (flight HEMERA over Sweden and flights FIK-5 and FIK-6 over Czech Republic). The measured results are supplemented also with simulations using EXPACS 4.11 and the variation of obtained positions of Regener-Pfotzer maximum is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Ambrožová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kákona
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Dvořák
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kákona
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 166 27, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lužová
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Povišer
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sommer
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Velychko
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Truhlářce 39/64, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic
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4
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Procureur S, Morishima K, Kuno M, Manabe Y, Kitagawa N, Nishio A, Gomez H, Attié D, Sakakibara A, Hikata K, Moto M, Mandjavidze I, Magnier P, Lehuraux M, Benoit T, Calvet D, Coppolani X, Kebbiri M, Mas P, Helal H, Tayoubi M, Marini B, Serikoff N, Anwar H, Steiger V, Takasaki F, Fujii H, Satoh K, Kodama H, Hayashi K, Gable P, Guerriero E, Mouret JB, Elnady T, Elshayeb Y, Elkarmoty M. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1144. [PMID: 36864018 PMCID: PMC9981702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Khufu's Pyramid is one of the largest archaeological monument all over the world, which still holds many mysteries. In 2016 and 2017, the ScanPyramids team reported on several discoveries of previously unknown voids by cosmic-ray muon radiography that is a non-destructive technique ideal for the investigation of large-scale structures. Among these discoveries, a corridor-shaped structure has been observed behind the so-called Chevron zone on the North face, with a length of at least 5 meters. A dedicated study of this structure was thus necessary to better understand its function in relation with the enigmatic architectural role of this Chevron. Here we report on new measurements of excellent sensitivity obtained with nuclear emulsion films from Nagoya University and gaseous detectors from CEA, revealing a structure of about 9 m length with a transverse section of about 2.0 m by 2.0 m.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunihiro Morishima
- Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Mitsuaki Kuno
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yuta Manabe
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Nobuko Kitagawa
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akira Nishio
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hector Gomez
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Attié
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ami Sakakibara
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kotaro Hikata
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masaki Moto
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XNagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Irakli Mandjavidze
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrick Magnier
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Lehuraux
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Théophile Benoit
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Denis Calvet
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Coppolani
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mariam Kebbiri
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Mas
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hany Helal
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cairo University, Gamaa Street, 12613 Giza, Egypt ,HIP Institute, 50 rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Tayoubi
- HIP Institute, 50 rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France ,grid.451572.00000 0000 8719 117XDassault Systèmes, 10 Rue Marcel Dassault, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Benoit Marini
- HIP Institute, 50 rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France ,Whatever The Reality, 5 chemin de Picurey, 33520 Bruges, France
| | | | - Hamada Anwar
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cairo University, Gamaa Street, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Fumihiko Takasaki
- grid.410794.f0000 0001 2155 959XHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujii
- grid.410794.f0000 0001 2155 959XHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- grid.410794.f0000 0001 2155 959XHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Hideyo Kodama
- grid.410794.f0000 0001 2155 959XHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Kohei Hayashi
- grid.410794.f0000 0001 2155 959XHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Pierre Gable
- Emissive, 71 rue de Provence, 75009 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Mouret
- grid.29172.3f0000 0001 2194 6418Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, Nancy, F-54600 France
| | - Tamer Elnady
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Ain Shams University, Kasr el-Zaafaran, Abbasiya, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser Elshayeb
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cairo University, Gamaa Street, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elkarmoty
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cairo University, Gamaa Street, 12613 Giza, Egypt
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5
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Matsubara H. Neutron dose from a 6-MV X-ray beam in radiotherapy. Radiol Phys Technol 2023; 16:186-194. [PMID: 36780121 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-023-00705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Although a 6-MV X-ray beam is employed clinically as a non-neutron-producing beam, no studies have reported how few neutrons are produced from a 6-MV beam. This study aimed to theoretically deduce the neutron dose from a 6-MV beam using Monte Carlo simulations for the notification of safety and risk in radiotherapy. Nuclei from a nuclear database with neutron separation energies below 6 MeV were surveyed, suggesting that the certain content of 2H in the human body may result in some contribution. Thus, Monte Carlo calculation considering 2H in a phantom was performed. The calculation suggested that the distribution of the neutron dose from a 6-MV beam consisted of two components: one had neutrons from 2H concentrated within an irradiation field, and the other had those due to other elements such as 183W spreading from a gantry head to a treatment room. Although uncertainty owing to the normalization factor of the Monte Carlo calculations was a factor of three, the neutron doses at distances of 0 and 50 cm from an irradiation field were calculated as 27 and 1.5 nSv/MU, respectively, under intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The calculations suggest that neutrons produced by a 6-MV beam are approximately 70 and 20 times safer than those by a 10-MV beam in the case of IMRT/VMAT and total body irradiation, respectively. Thus, this study theoretically reported the approximate number of neutrons delivered by a 6-MV beam for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsubara
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan. .,Faculty of Radiological Technology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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6
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Iwamoto Y, Sato T. Development of a method for calculating effective displacement damage doses in semiconductors and applications to space field. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276364. [PMID: 36327233 PMCID: PMC9632926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The displacement damage dose (DDD) is a common index used to predict the life of semiconductor devices employed in space-based environments where they will be exposed to radiation. The DDD is commonly estimated from the non-ionizing energy loss based on the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) model, although a new definition for a so-called effective DDD considers the molecular dynamic (MD) simulation with the amorphization in semiconductors. The present work developed a new model for calculating the conventional and effective DDD values for silicon carbide (SiC), indium arsenide (InAs), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductors. This model was obtained by extending the displacement per atom tally implemented in the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS). This new approach suggests that the effective DDD is higher than the conventional DDD for arsenic-based compounds due to the amorphization resulting from direct impacts, while this relationship is reversed for SiC because of recombination defects. In the case of SiC and GaN exposed to protons, the effective DDD/conventional DDD ratio decreases with proton energy. In contrast, for InAs and GaAs, this ratio increases to greater than 1 at proton energies up to 100 MeV and plateaus because the defect production efficiency, which is the ratio of the number of stable displacements at the end of collision cascade simulated by MD simulations to the number of defects calculated by NRT model, does not increase at damage energy values above 20 keV. The practical application of this model was demonstrated by calculating the effective DDD values for semiconductors sandwiched between a thin glass cover and an aluminum plate in a low-Earth orbit. The results indicated that the effective DDD could be dramatically reduced by increasing the glass cover thickness to 200 μm, thus confirming the importance of shielding semiconductor devices used in space. This improved PHITS technique is expected to assist in the design of semiconductors by allowing the effective DDD values for various semiconductors having complex geometries to be predicted in cosmic ray environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Iwamoto
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Šlegl J, Langer R, Brunclík T, Mašek P, Strhárský I, Ambrožová I, Chum J, Ploc O. SPECTROMETRY OF HIGH-ENERGY PHOTONS ON HIGH MOUNTAIN OBSERVATORY LOMNICKÝ ŠTÍT DURING THUNDERSTORMS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:623-627. [PMID: 36005989 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lomnický štít, Slovakia, 2634 m above sea level, is known to be a place of extreme electric fields measured during thunderstorms and is thus a suitable place for thunderstorm-related ionising radiation research. We present one of the strongest Thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGE) ever detected, which occurred on 12 September 2021. The TGE was detected with the SEVAN detector and also with the new Georadis RT-56 large volume gamma spectrometer. In the paper, we present spectra of the TGE measured with the spectrometer as well as SEVAN coincidence data supplemented by the data from electric field mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Šlegl
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Physics and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Langer
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Physics of SAV, Watsonova 1935/47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Brunclík
- Georadis s.r.o., Novomoravanská 321/41 619 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Mašek
- Georadis s.r.o., Novomoravanská 321/41 619 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Strhárský
- Institute of Experimental Physics of SAV, Watsonova 1935/47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Iva Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chum
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics of CAS, Boční II 1401/1a, 141 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of CAS, Husinec - Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
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8
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Sommer M, Johnová K, Ploc O, Benton ER, Sihver L. Monte Carlo simulation of semiconductor-based detector in mixed radiation field in the atmosphere. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 34:30-36. [PMID: 35940687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calculation of radiation protection quantities in tissue equivalent material from measurements using semiconductor detectors requires correction factors for conversion of the measured values in the semiconductor material to the tissue equivalent material. This approach has been used many times in aircraft and for space dosimetry. In this paper, we present the results of Monte Carlo simulations which reveal the need to take into account both the radiation field and the detector material when performing the conversion of measured values to radiation protection quantities. It is shown that for low Z target material, most of the dose equivalent at aviation altitudes comes from neutrons originating from nuclear reactions, while in high Z targets most of the dose equivalent comes from photons, originating from electromagnetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sommer
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Johnová
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Eric R Benton
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Physics, Stillwater, USA
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Řež, Czech Republic; Technische Universität Wien, Atominstitut, Vienna, Austria; Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Miyadera H, Morris CL. Muon scattering tomography: review. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:C154-C161. [PMID: 35201040 DOI: 10.1364/ao.445806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic-ray muon scattering tomography has gathered attention in the security and nuclear industries in the last 10 years. Muon scattering tomography is capable of identifying atomic numbers of objects, is highly sensitivity to high-atomic-number materials such as uranium, and is very useful for detecting them in a background of low-atomic-number material. The principle, detectors, and applications of muon tomography are presented, as well as its future aspect.
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10
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Influence of solar activity on ambient dose equivalent H*(10) measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters in Slovenia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 72:23-28. [PMID: 33787183 PMCID: PMC8191428 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient dose equivalent H*(10) is measured to assess general population exposure to ionising radiation. From its spatial and time variations it is possible to identify sources of exposure. In Slovenia, semi-annual H*(10) is measured routinely with thermoluminescence dosimeters at 66 locations around the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Krško and at 50 other locations covering the rest of Slovenian territory. Since the Chernobyl accident contamination had ceased to contribute to ambient dose equivalents, we have been calculating correlation coefficients between annual mean number of sunspots and annual H*(10). These correlation coefficients were calculated for five locations in western Slovenia and for five annual H*(10) extracted from measurements around NPP Krško. Their ranges between -0.64 and -0.38 suggest a clear negative correlation between solar activity and H*(10). Mean annual H*(10) averted by solar activity in the past two solar maxima reached 0.070 mSv around NPP Krško (155 m.a.s.l.) and 0.132 mSv and 0.180 mSv at Kredarica (2515 m.a.s.l.). Quantifying the influence of the solar activity on the ambient dose equivalent helps us to better understand exposure of the general population to ionising radiation.
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11
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Wissmann F, Klages T. A simple method to monitor the dose rate of secondary cosmic radiation at altitude. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:71-84. [PMID: 30524002 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aaeeae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the ambient dose equivalent rate at aviation altitudes is an ambitious task, which requires sophisticated dosemeter systems and the possibility to carry out such measurements on board aircraft. A rather simple approach has been investigated in this study: soundings with weather balloons up to an altitude of 30 km. This paper summarises the measurements carried out between 2011 and 2016. The results indicate that annual measurements of the ambient dose equivalent rate at altitudes of around 20 km are a reliable tool to monitor the variation of the dose rate in the atmosphere owing to the solar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wissmann
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), Köpenicker Allee 120-130, D-10318, Berlin, Germany
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Sato T, Niita K, Iwamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Ogawa T, Furuta T, Abe SI, Kai T, Matsuda N, Okumura K, Kai T, Iwase H, Sihver L. Recent Improvements of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System: PHITS. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715306008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Copeland K. CARI-7A: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 175:419-431. [PMID: 28074016 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aircrew members can be exposed to higher annual doses of natural ionizing radiation than members of the general population in most parts of the world. The principal ionizing radiation to which they are exposed is galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Among the particles present in the primary spectrum are heavy ions: relativistic nuclei of lithium and heavier elements. These ions have very high radiation weighting factors and can contribute significantly to the effective dose at altitudes above the Pfotzer maximum. This report describes the latest version of the US Federal Aviation Administration's GCR flight dose calculation software, CARI-7A. Unlike its predecessor, CARI-6, CARI-7A directly includes heavy ion transport, using a database of atmospheric particle spectra generated by incident GCR ions pre-calculated with MCNPX 2.7.0. to enable calculations to the edge of space. Results are compared with measurements aboard commercial passenger aircraft, high altitude research aircraft and similar calculations by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Copeland
- U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Protection and Survival Research Laboratory, AAM-631, 6500S. MacArthur Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK73169, USA
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Sato T. Evaluation of World Population-Weighted Effective Dose due to Cosmic Ray Exposure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33932. [PMID: 27650664 PMCID: PMC5030634 DOI: 10.1038/srep33932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After the release of the Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee of the Effects of Atomic Radiation in 2000 (UNSCEAR2000), it became commonly accepted that the world population-weighted effective dose due to cosmic-ray exposure is 0.38 mSv, with a range from 0.3 to 2 mSv. However, these values were derived from approximate projections of altitude and geographic dependences of the cosmic-ray dose rates as well as the world population. This study hence re-evaluated the population-weighted annual effective doses and their probability densities for the entire world as well as for 230 individual nations, using a sophisticated cosmic-ray flux calculation model in tandem with detailed grid population and elevation databases. The resulting world population-weighted annual effective dose was determined to be 0.32 mSv, which is smaller than the UNSCEAR's evaluation by 16%, with a range from 0.23 to 0.70 mSv covering 99% of the world population. These values were noted to vary with the solar modulation condition within a range of approximately 15%. All assessed population-weighted annual effective doses as well as their statistical information for each nation are provided in the supplementary files annexed to this report. These data improve our understanding of cosmic-ray radiation exposures to populations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
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