CXCR7/p-ERK-Signaling Is a Novel Target for Therapeutic Vasculogenesis in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Interactions of selected cardiovascular active natural compounds with CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors: a molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and pharmacokinetic/toxicity prediction study

BACKGROUND

The chemokine CXCL12 and its two receptors (CXCR4 and CXCR7) are involved in inflammation and hematopoietic cell trafficking. This study was designed to investigate molecular docking interactions of four popular cardiovascular-active natural compounds; curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and eucalyptol; with these receptors and to predict their drug-like properties. We hypothesize that these compounds can modify CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway offering benefits for coronary artery disease patients.

METHODS

Docking analyses were carried and characterized by Molecular Environment (MOE) software. Protein Data Bank ( http://www.rcsb.org/ ) has been retrieved from protein structure generation and crystal structures of CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors (PDB code = 3ODU and 6K3F). The active sites of these receptors were evaluated and extracted from full protein and molecular docking protocol was done for compounds against them. The presented parameters included docking scores, ligand binding efficiency, and hydrogen bonding. The pharmacokinetic/toxic properties (ADME/T) were calculated using SwissADME, ProTox-II, and Pred-hERG softwares to predict drug-like properties of the compounds. The thermochemical and molecular orbital analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations were also done.

RESULTS

All compounds showed efficient interactions with the CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors. The docking scores toward proteins 3ODU of CXCR4 and 6K3F of CXCR7 were - 7.71 and - 7.17 for curcumin, - 5.97 and - 6.03 for quercetin, - 5.68 and - 5.49 for trans-resveratrol, and - 4.88 and - 4.70 for (1 s,4 s)-eucalyptol respectively indicating that all compounds, except quercetin, have more interactions with CXCR4 than with CXCR7. The structurally and functionally important residues in the interactive sites of docked CXCR4-complex and CXCR7-complex were identified. The ADME analysis showed that the compounds have drug-like properties. Only (1 s,4 s)-Eucalyptol has potential weak cardiotoxicity. The results of thermochemical and molecular orbital analysis and molecular dynamics simulation validated outcomes of molecular docking study.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin showed the top binding interaction against active sites of CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors, with the best safety profile, followed by quercetin, resveratrol, and eucalyptol. All compounds demonstrated drug-like properties. Eucalyptol has promising potential because it can be used by inhalation or skin massage. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to find binding interactions of these natural agents with CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors and to predict their druggability.

Atypical Roles of the Chemokine Receptor ACKR3/CXCR7 in Platelet Pathophysiology

The manifold actions of the pro-inflammatory and regenerative chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1α are executed through the canonical GProteinCoupledReceptor CXCR4, and the non-canonical ACKR3/CXCR7. Platelets express CXCR4, ACKR3/CXCR7, and are a vital source of CXCL12/SDF-1α themselves. In recent years, a regulatory impact of the CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7 axis on platelet biogenesis, i.e., megakaryopoiesis, thrombotic and thrombo-inflammatory actions have been revealed through experimental and clinical studies. Platelet surface expression of ACKR3/CXCR7 is significantly enhanced following myocardial infarction (MI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, and is also associated with improved functional recovery and prognosis. The therapeutic implications of ACKR3/CXCR7 in myocardial regeneration and improved recovery following an ischemic episode, are well documented. Cardiomyocytes, cardiac-fibroblasts, endothelial lining of the blood vessels perfusing the heart, besides infiltrating platelets and monocytes, all express ACKR3/CXCR7. This review recapitulates ligand induced differential trafficking of platelet CXCR4-ACKR3/CXCR7 affecting their surface availability, and in regulating thrombo-inflammatory platelet functions and survival through CXCR4 or ACKR3/CXCR7. It emphasizes the pro-thrombotic influence of CXCL12/SDF-1α exerted through CXCR4, as opposed to the anti-thrombotic impact of ACKR3/CXCR7. Offering an innovative translational perspective, this review also discusses the advantages and challenges of utilizing ACKR3/CXCR7 as a potential anti-thrombotic strategy in platelet-associated cardiovascular disorders, particularly in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients post-MI.

Smooth Muscle Specific Ablation of CXCL12 in Mice Downregulates CXCR7 Associated with Defective Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Hypertrophy

The chemokine CXCL12 plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular development, cell trafficking, and myocardial repair. Human genome-wide association studies even have identified novel loci downstream of the CXCL12 gene locus associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, cell and tissue specific effects of CXCL12 are barely understood. Since we detected high expression of CXCL12 in smooth muscle (SM) cells, we generated a SM22-alpha-Cre driven mouse model to ablate CXCL12 (SM-CXCL12^−/−). SM-CXCL12^−/− mice revealed high embryonic lethality (50%) with developmental defects, including aberrant topology of coronary arteries. Postnatally, SM-CXCL12^−/− mice developed severe cardiac hypertrophy associated with fibrosis, apoptotic cell death, impaired heart function, and severe coronary vascular defects characterized by thinned and dilated arteries. Transcriptome analyses showed specific upregulation of pathways associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, collagen protein network, heart-related proteoglycans, and downregulation of the M2 macrophage modulators. CXCL12 mutants showed endothelial downregulation of the CXCL12 co-receptor CXCR7. Treatment of SM-CXCL12^−/− mice with the CXCR7 agonist TC14012 attenuated cardiac hypertrophy associated with increased pERK signaling. Our data suggest a critical role of smooth muscle-specific CXCL12 in arterial development, vessel maturation, and cardiac hypertrophy. Pharmacological stimulation of CXCR7 might be a promising target to attenuate adverse hypertrophic remodeling.

Molecular and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Gender Differences in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality

Globally, over two million people have perished due to the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The available epidemiological global data for SARS-CoV-2 portrays a higher rate of severity and mortality in males. Analyzing gender differences in the host mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression may offer insight into the more detrimental disease prognosis and clinical outcome in males. Therefore, we outline sexual dimorphisms which exist in particular host factors and elaborate on how they may contribute to the pronounced severity in male COVID-19 patients. This includes disparities detected in comorbidities, the ACE2 receptor, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), signaling molecules involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication, proteases which prime viral S protein, the immune response, and behavioral considerations. Moreover, we discuss sexual disparities associated with other viruses and a possible gender-dependent response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. By specifically highlighting these immune-endocrine processes as well as behavioral factors that differentially exist between the genders, we aim to offer a better understanding in the variations of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.

Shear stress improves the endothelial progenitor cell function via the CXCR7/ERK pathway axis in the coronary artery disease cases

BACKGROUND

Dysfunction in the late Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) is responsible for endothelial repair in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and the shear stress is beneficial for EPCs function. However, the impact of shear stress on the capacity of EPCs in CAD patients has not been elucidated yet. The C-X-C chemokine receptor 7/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (CXCR7)/(ERK) pathways are identified to regulate EPCs function in CAD patients. Here, we hypothesize that shear stress upregulates the CXCR7/ERK pathways, which restore the EPCs function in CAD patients.

METHODS

The human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were collected from healthy adults and CAD patients and then used for EPCs cultivation. The Lv-siRNA for human CXCR7 was transfected into induced EPCs isolated from the CAD patients. Meanwhile, the EPCs from CAD patients were subjected to shear stress generated by a biomimetic device. Next, the cell viability, migration, tube formation, and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8, Transwell assay, Matrigel, and flow cytometry, respectively. Also, the CXCR7/ERK pathways in human EPCs were analyzed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR.

RESULT

Compared to the EPCs collected from normal adults, the CAD patient-derived EPCs showed reduced in vitro vasculogenic capacity. Also, the level of CXCR7 in CAD patient-derived EPCs was significantly reduced compared to the EPCs of healthy subjects. Meanwhile, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which represents a CXCR7 downstream signaling pathway, had decreased phosphorylation level. The shear stress treatment augmented the CXCR7 expression and also elevated ERK phosphorylation, which is comparable to the up-regulation of CAD patient-derived EPCs function. Further, the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated CXCR7 knockdown diminished the enhanced migration, adhesion, and tube formation capacity of shear stress treated CAD patient-derived EPCs.

CONCLUSION

Up-regulation of the CXCR7/ERK pathways by shear stress can be a promising new target in enhancing the vasculogenic ability of CAD patient-derived EPCs.

CXCR7 Inhibits Fibrosis via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways during the Process of Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Although SDF-1/CXCR7 plays an important role in angiogenesis, the function and the pathway of the SDF-1/CXCR7 axis might depend on the cell type or tissue origin and not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of CXCR7 in SDF-1-induced proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tube formation, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the potential pathway of SDF-1/CXCR7. We confirmed that the silencing of CXCR7 inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs and contributed the apoptosis, while overexpressed CXCR7 increased SDF-1-induced HUVECs migration and tube formation. However, upregulated CXCR7 inhibited the expression of α-SMA, suggesting that CXCR7 might attenuate EndMT. In addition, overexpressed CXCR7 activated AKT and ERK signaling pathways but suppressed Wnt/β-catenin pathways in HUVECs. The inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathways decreased the expression of α-SMA. Altogether, these results suggest that CXCR7 might inhibit fibrosis via Wnt/β-catenin pathways during the process of angiogenesis.

Smoking-Induced Inhibition of Number and Activity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Nitric Oxide in Males Were Reversed by Estradiol in Premenopausal Females

Objectives

The number and activity of circulating EPCs were enhanced in premenopausal women contrast to postmenopausal females and age-matched males. Here, we investigated whether this favorable effect exists in premenopausal women and age-matched men with cigarette smoking.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, the number and activity of circulating EPCs and nitric oxide production (NO) as well as flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in both premenopausal women and age-matched men with or without cigarette smoking were studied.

Results

Compared with age-matched men with or without smoking, the number and function of circulating EPCs as well as NO level in premenopausal women were obviously higher than that in the former and not affected by smoking. The number and function of circulating EPCs as well as NO level in male smokers were shown to be the most strongly inhibited. Furthermore, there was significant correlation between EPC number and activity, plasma NO level, and NO secretion by EPCs and FMD.

Conclusions

Estradiol was deemed to play an important role in enhancing the number and activity of EPCs and NO production in premenopausal women even when affected by smoking, which may be the important mechanisms underlying vascular protection of estradiol in premenopausal women, but not in age-matched men.

Cystatin C Expression is Promoted by VEGFA Blocking, With Inhibitory Effects on Endothelial Cell Angiogenic Functions Including Proliferation, Migration, and Chorioallantoic Membrane Angiogenesis

Background Vascular development, including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, is involved in many diseases. Cystatin C ( CST 3) is a commonly used marker of renal dysfunction, and we have previously reported that its expression level is associated with variations in the gerbil circle of Willis. Thus, we hypothesized that CST 3 may affect endothelial function and angiogenic capacity. In the current study, we sought to determine the influence of CST 3 on endothelial function and explore its potential regulatory pathway. Methods and Results We analyzed CST 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor A ( VEGFA) levels in different developmental stages of gerbils using ELISA s and immunofluorescence (to examine the relationship between CST 3 and VEGFA . We used a real-time cell analyzer, cytotoxicity assays, and the chorioallantoic membrane assay to investigate the function of CST 3 in endothelial cells and the chorioallantoic membrane. Additionally, we used Western blotting to explore the downstream targets of CST 3. The expression levels of both CST 3 and VEGFA were at their highest on day 10 of the embryonic stage. CST 3 inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and permeability, as well as vascular development in the chorioallantoic membrane. Blocking of VEGFA dose-dependently increased CST 3 expression in arterial and venous endothelial cells. Furthermore, overexpression and knockdown of CST 3 significantly affected the protein levels of p53 and CAPN10 (calpain 10), suggesting that CST 3 might play a role in vascular development through these proteins. Conclusions CST 3 may be associated with vascular development and angiogenesis, and this effect could be promoted by blocking VEGFA .

Discovery of Amantamide, a Selective CXCR7 Agonist from Marine Cyanobacteria

CXCR7 plays an emerging role in several physiological processes. A linear peptide, amantamide (1), was isolated from marine cyanobacteria, and the structure was determined by NMR and mass spectrometry. The total synthesis was achieved by solid-phase method. After screening two biological target libraries, 1 was identified as a selective CXCR7 agonist. The selective activation of CXCR7 by 1 could provide the basis for developing CXCR7-targeted therapeutics and deciphering the role of CXCR7 in different diseases.

Downregulated GTCPH I/BH4 Pathway and Decreased Function of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Relationship with Endothelial Dysfunction in Overweight Postmenopausal Women

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have endogenous endothelium-reparative potential, but obesity impairs EPCs. Overweight premenopausal women have a normal number of circulating EPCs with functional activity, but whether EPCs in overweight postmenopausal women can repair obesity-related endothelial damage requires further investigation. For this purpose, we examined the function and number of circulating EPCs, evaluated vascular endothelial function, and explored the underlying mechanism. Compared with normal weight or overweight age-matched men, postmenopausal women (overweight or normal weight) had a diminished number of circulating EPCs and impaired vascular endothelial function, as detected by flow-mediated dilatation. Moreover, GTCPH I expression and the nitric oxide level in overweight postmenopausal women and men were significantly decreased. Together, our findings demonstrate that the number or function of circulating EPCs and endothelial function, which is partially regulated by the GTCPH I/BH4 signaling pathway, is not preserved in overweight postmenopausal women. The GTCPH I/BH4 pathway in circulating EPCs may be a potential therapeutic target for endothelial injury in overweight postmenopausal women.