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Zaman R, Shah A, Shah A, Ullah A, Ishangulyyeva G, Erbilgin N. Unraveling the multifaceted effects of climatic factors on mountain pine beetle and its interaction with fungal symbionts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17207. [PMID: 38413744 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Mountain pine beetles (MPBs) pose a substantial threat to North American pine forests, causing extensive tree mortality over large areas. Their tree-killing ability is closely linked to mass aggregation on host trees triggered via pheromones and dependence on their symbiotic fungi. However, the influence of a changing climate on the biology of MPBs and their co-evolved interactions with their fungal symbionts remains uncertain. To investigate this, male and female pairs of beetles were introduced into freshly cut logs from lodgepole pine trees and placed in controlled climate chambers with manipulated environmental conditions, including two levels of CO2 (ambient vs. 1000 ppm), O3 (ambient vs. 100 ppb) and humidity (33% vs. 65%). The beetle-infested logs were left in these chambers for 1 month and then returned to ambient conditions until brood emergence. Emerging broods were collected for further analysis. Additionally, three species of fungal symbionts (Grosmannia clavigera, Ophiostoma montium and Leptographium longiclavatum) were subjected to the same CO2 , O3 and humidity conditions for 5 days. Lower humidity promoted MPB reproduction and fungal growth. Elevated CO2 accelerated larval growth and emergence while improving brood pheromone production. Elevated O3 had a negative impact on MPB reproduction and brood fitness while improving its immune responses to an entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana). It also inhibited fungal growth and reproduction, whereas elevated CO2 had varied (positive or negative) effects on fungal growth and ergosterol (proxy to fungal mass) production depending on the fungal species. Together, these findings suggest that climate change can potentially alter the interactions between MPBs and their fungal symbionts, highlighting the importance of understanding how climate change affects forest pests and their symbiotic relationships to develop effective management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashaduz Zaman
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aftab Shah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ateeq Shah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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de Oliveira KB, Goes AC, Silva AD, Vieira PC, Rodrigues A. Fungal Cultivars of Higher Attine Ants Promote Escovopsis Chemotropism. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:37. [PMID: 38063979 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In varied environments, microorganisms search for partners or nutritional resources using chemical signals. Microbes are drawn (chemotaxis) or grow directionally (chemotropism) towards the chemical source, enabling them to establish and maintain symbiosis. The hypocrealean fungi Escovopsis enhance their growth towards the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which is cultivated by leaf-cutting attine ants for food. Although directional growth is well documented in this symbiosis, it is unclear whether non-volatile or volatile organic compounds participate in the interaction between cultivar and Escovopsis, and which specific chemical compounds might attract and induce chemotropism. In this study, we examined the growth responses of Escovopsis isolates to non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by fungal cultivars of higher attine ants. We also isolated and identified molecules released by the ant-cultivar and assessed the chemotropism of Escovopsis towards them. Our results indicate that the growth of Escovopsis is stimulated in the presence of both non-volatile and volatile compounds from fungal cultivars. We also identified three isomeric diketopiperazines molecules from crude extracts of the ant cultivar, suggesting that these might play a role in Escovopsis chemotropism. Our findings provide insights into the complex chemical interactions that govern the association between Escovopsis and fungal cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina B de Oliveira
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryel C Goes
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Airton D Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Zhu Z, Yang C, Keyhani NO, Liu S, Pu H, Jia P, Wu D, Stevenson PC, Fernández-Grandon GM, Pan J, Chen Y, Guan X, Qiu J. Characterization of Terpenoids from the Ambrosia Beetle Symbiont and Laurel Wilt Pathogen Harringtonia lauricola. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1175. [PMID: 38132776 PMCID: PMC10744799 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known concerning terpenoids produced by members of the fungal order Ophiostomales, with the member Harringtonia lauricola having the unique lifestyle of being a beetle symbiont but potentially devastating tree pathogen. Nine known terpenoids, including six labdane diterpenoids (1-6) and three hopane triterpenes (7-9), were isolated from H. lauricola ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts for the first time. All compounds were tested for various in vitro bioactivities. Six compounds, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9, are described functionally. Compounds 2, 4, 5, and 9 expressed potent antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7, HepG2 and A549 cancer cell lines, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ~12.54-26.06 μM. Antimicrobial activity bioassays revealed that compounds 4, 5, and 9 exhibited substantial effects against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Ralstonia solanacearum) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 3.13 and 12.50 μg/mL. Little activity was seen towards Gram-positive bacteria for any of the compounds, whereas compounds 2, 4, 7, and 9 expressed antifungal activities (Fusarium oxysporum) with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 25.00 μg/mL. Compounds 4, 5, and 9 also displayed free radical scavenging abilities towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide (O2-), with IC50 values of compounds 2, 4, and 6 ~3.45-14.04 μg/mL and 22.87-53.31 μg/mL towards DPPH and O2-, respectively. These data provide an insight into the biopharmaceutical potential of terpenoids from this group of fungal insect symbionts and plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chenjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Huili Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Peisong Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832061, China;
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (P.C.S.); (G.M.F.-G.)
| | | | - Jieming Pan
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China;
| | - Yuxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiayu Guan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junzhi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.L.); (H.P.); (Y.C.)
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Escudero-Leyva E, Quirós-Guerrero L, Vásquez-Chaves V, Pereira-Reyes R, Chaverri P, Tamayo-Castillo G. Differential Volatile Organic Compound Expression in the Interaction of Daldinia eschscholtzii and Mycena citricolor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31373-31388. [PMID: 37663497 PMCID: PMC10468842 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi exhibit a wide range of ecological guilds, but those that live within the inner tissues of plants (also known as endophytes) are particularly relevant due to the benefits they sometimes provide to their hosts, such as herbivory deterrence, disease protection, and growth promotion. Recently, endophytes have gained interest as potential biocontrol agents against crop pathogens, for example, coffee plants (Coffea arabica). Published results from research performed in our laboratory showed that endophytic fungi isolated from wild Rubiaceae plants were effective in reducing the effects of the American leaf spot of coffee (Mycena citricolor). One of these isolates (GU11N) from the plant Randia grandifolia was identified as Daldinia eschscholtzii (Xylariales). Its antagonism mechanisms, effects, and chemistry against M. citricolor were investigated by analyzing its volatile profile alone and in the presence of the pathogen in contactless and dual culture assays. The experimental design involved direct sampling of agar plugs in vials for headspace (HS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Additionally, we used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) to identify nonvolatile compounds from organic extracts of the mycelia involved in the interaction. Results showed that more volatile compounds were identified using HS-SPME (39 components) than those by the HS technique (13 components), sharing only 12 compounds. Statistical tests suggest that D. eschscholtzii inhibited the growth of M. citricolor through the release of VOCs containing a combination of 1,8-dimethoxynapththalene and terpene compounds affecting M. citricolor pseudopilei. The damaging effects of 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene were corroborated in an in vitro test against M. citricolor pseudopilei; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs confirmed structural damage. After analyzing the UHPLC-HRMS/MS data, a predominance of fatty acid derivatives was found among the putatively identified compounds. However, a considerable proportion of features (37.3%) remained unannotated. In conclusion, our study suggests that D. eschscholtzii has potential as a biocontrol agent against M. citricolor and that 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene contributes to the observed damage to the pathogen's reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín Escudero-Leyva
- Centro
de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela
de Biología, Universidad de Costa
Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Quirós-Guerrero
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor Vásquez-Chaves
- Centro
de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Reinaldo Pereira-Reyes
- Laboratorio
Nacional de Nanotecnología (LANOTEC), Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología, 10109 San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- Centro
de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela
de Biología, Universidad de Costa
Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland 20715, United States
| | - Giselle Tamayo-Castillo
- Centro
de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela
de Química, Universidad de Costa
Rica, 11520-2060 San José, Costa Rica
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5
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González-Hernández RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:194. [PMID: 37169980 PMCID: PMC10175467 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Why Do These Yeasts Smell So Good? Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Produced by Malassezia Species in the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062620. [PMID: 36985592 PMCID: PMC10056951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia synthesizes and releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs), small molecules that allow them to carry out interaction processes. These lipid-dependent yeasts belong to the human skin mycobiota and are related to dermatological diseases. However, knowledge about VOC production and its function is lacking. This study aimed to determine the volatile profiles of Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia sympodialis in the exponential and stationary growth phases. The compounds were separated and characterized in each growth phase through headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We found a total of 54 compounds, 40 annotated. Most of the compounds identified belong to alcohols and polyols, fatty alcohols, alkanes, and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Unsupervised and supervised statistical multivariate analyses demonstrated that the volatile profiles of Malassezia differed between species and growth phases, with M. globosa being the species with the highest quantity of VOCs. Some Malassezia volatiles, such as butan-1-ol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol, associated with biological interactions were also detected. All three species show at least one unique compound, suggesting a unique metabolism. The ecological functions of the compounds detected in each species and growth phase remain to be studied. They could interact with other microorganisms or be an important clue in understanding the pathogenic role of these yeasts.
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Geedi R, Canas L, Reding ME, Ranger CM. Attraction of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Volatiles Emitted From the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:31-38. [PMID: 36421055 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin infects a wide variety of insects, including the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Volatiles emitted from B. bassiana can act as semiochemical attractants or repellents, with most responses reported to date resulting in insects avoiding B. bassiana. Since insects can detect 'enemy-specific volatile compounds', we hypothesized the preference behavior of M. persicae would be influenced by volatile emissions from B. bassiana. We conducted Petri dish and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to characterize the preference of M. persicae to B. bassiana strain GHA. During Petri dish bioassays, more apterous and alate M. persicae were recorded in the vicinity of agar colonized by B. bassiana compared to agar, or Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg and Ambrosiella grosmanniae Mayers, McNew, & Harrington as representatives of nonentomopathogenic fungi. Petri dish bioassays also determined that apterous and alate M. persicae preferred filter paper saturated with 1 × 107, 1 × 106, and 1 × 105B. bassiana conidia/ml compared to Tween 80. Y-tube bioassays documented that more apterous and alate M. persicae oriented upwind to volatiles from B. bassiana mycelia compared to agar. Apterous and alate Myzus persicae were also preferentially attracted to 1 × 107 and 1 × 106B. bassiana conidia/ml compared to Tween-80 during Y-tube bioassays. These results complement a previous finding that the mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) Liston is attracted to volatiles from B. bassiana. Future studies aimed at characterizing the olfactory mechanism leading to the attraction of M. persicae to B. bassiana could aid in optimizing lure-and-kill strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Geedi
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Luis Canas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Michael E Reding
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Christopher M Ranger
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Zaman R, May C, Ullah A, Erbilgin N. Bark Beetles Utilize Ophiostomatoid Fungi to Circumvent Host Tree Defenses. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020239. [PMID: 36837858 PMCID: PMC9968207 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles maintain symbiotic associations with a diversity of microbial organisms, including ophiostomatoid fungi. Studies have frequently reported the role of ophiostomatoid fungi in bark beetle biology, but how fungal symbionts interact with host chemical defenses over time is needed. We first investigated how inoculations by three fungal symbionts of mountain pine beetle affect the terpene chemistry of live lodgepole pine trees. We then conducted a complimentary laboratory experiment specifically measuring the host metabolite degradation by fungi and collected the fungal organic volatiles following inoculations with the same fungal species on lodgepole pine logs. In both experiments, we analyzed the infected tissues for their terpene chemistry. Additionally, we conducted an olfactometer assay to determine whether adult beetles respond to the volatile organic chemicals emitted from each of the three fungal species. We found that all fungi upregulated terpenes as early as two weeks after inoculations. Similarly, oxygenated monoterpene concentrations also increased by several folds (only in logs). A large majority of beetles tested showed a strong attraction to two fungal species, whereas the other fungus repelled the beetles. Together this study shows that fungal symbionts can alter host defense chemistry, assist beetles in overcoming metabolite toxicity, and provide possible chemical cues for bark beetle attraction.
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Gugliuzzo A, Kreuzwieser J, Ranger CM, Tropea Garzia G, Biondi A, Biedermann PHW. Volatiles of fungal cultivars act as cues for host-selection in the fungus-farming ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151078. [PMID: 37125205 PMCID: PMC10140376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many wood-boring insects use aggregation pheromones during mass colonization of host trees. Bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are a model system, but much less is known about the role of semiochemicals during host selection by ambrosia beetles. As an ecological clade within the bark beetles, ambrosia beetles are obligately dependent on fungal mutualists for their sole source of nutrition. Mass colonization of trees growing in horticultural settings by exotic ambrosia beetles can occur, but aggregation cues have remained enigmatic. To elucidate this mechanism, we first characterized the fungal associates of the exotic, mass-aggregating ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus in Southern Germany. Still-air olfactometer bioassays documented the attraction of X. germanus to its primary nutritional mutualist Ambrosiella grosmanniae and to a lesser extent another common fungal isolate (Acremonium sp.). During two-choice bioassays, X. germanus was preferentially attracted to branch sections (i.e., bolts) that were either pre-colonized by conspecifics or pre-inoculated with A. grosmanniae. Subsequent analyses identified microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) that could potentially function as aggregation pheromones for X. germanus. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for fungal volatiles as attractive cues during host selection by X. germanus. Adaptive benefits of responding to fungal cues associated with an infestation of conspecifics could be a function of locating a suitable substrate for cultivating fungal symbionts and/or increasing the likelihood of mating opportunities with the flightless males. However, this requires solutions for evolutionary conflict arising due to potential mixing of vertically transmitted and horizontally acquired symbiont strains, which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gugliuzzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Gugliuzzo,
| | | | - Christopher M. Ranger
- Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Chair for Forest Entomology and Protection, University of Freiburg, Stegen, Germany
- Peter H. W. Biedermann,
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Agbulu V, Zaman R, Ishangulyyeva G, Cahill JF, Erbilgin N. Host Defense Metabolites Alter the Interactions between a Bark Beetle and its Symbiotic Fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:834-843. [PMID: 34674014 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Successful host plant colonization by tree-killing bark beetle-symbiotic fungal complexes depends on host suitability, which is largely determined by host defense metabolites such as monoterpenes. Studies have shown the ability of specific blends of host monoterpenes to influence bark beetles or their fungal symbionts, but how biologically relevant blends of host monoterpenes influence bark beetle-symbiotic fungal interaction is unknown. We tested how interactions between two host species (lodgepole pine or jack pine) and two fungal symbionts of mountain pine beetle (Grosmannia clavigera or Ophiostoma montium) affect the performance of adult female beetles in vitro. Beetles treated with the propagules of G. clavigera or O. montium or not treated (natural fungal load) were introduced into media amended with a blend of the entire monoterpene profile of either host species and beetle performance was compared. Overall, host blends altered beetle performance depending on the fungal species used in the beetle amendment. When beetles were amended with G. clavigera, their performance was superior over beetles amended with O. montium in either host blend. Furthermore, G. clavigera-amended beetles performed better in media amended with host blends than without a host blend; in contrast, O. montium-amended beetles performed better in media without a host blend than with a host blend. Overall, this study showed that host defense metabolites affect host suitability to bark beetles through influencing their fungal symbionts and that different species of fungal symbionts respond differentlly to host defense metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Agbulu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rashaduz Zaman
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - N Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Jirošová A, Modlinger R, Hradecký J, Ramakrishnan R, Beránková K, Kandasamy D. Ophiostomatoid fungi synergize attraction of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus to its aggregation pheromone in field traps. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980251. [PMID: 36204608 PMCID: PMC9530181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus is a destructive pest of the Norway spruce (Picea abies). Recent outbreaks in Europe have been attributed to global warming and other anthropogenic impacts. Bark beetles are guided by multiple complex olfactory cues throughout their life cycle. Male-produced aggregation pheromones, comprising 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cis-verbenol, have been identified as the most powerful attractants for dispersing conspecifics. In addition to host trees, bark beetles interact with multiple organisms, including symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi, which may promote beetle colonization success and offspring development. Previously, in a short-distance laboratory assay, we demonstrated that I. typographus adults are attracted to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by three symbiotic fungi: Grosmannia penicillata, Endoconidiophora polonica, and Leptographium europhioides. Furthermore, the abundant fusel alcohols and their acetates were found to be the most attractive odorants in the fungal VOC profile. In this study, using a long-distance field-trapping experiment, we analyzed the role of fungal VOCs as attractants for dispersing I. typographus. Two types of fungal lures were tested in combination with pheromones in traps: (1) live cultures of fungi grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and (2) dispensers containing synthetic fusel alcohols and their acetates in equal proportions. Subsequently, the composition of VOCs emitted from live fungal lures were analyzed. We found that the symbiotic fungi synergistically increased the attraction of beetles to pheromones in field traps and the attractiveness of live fungal lures depended on the fungal load. While one Petri dish with E. polonica, when combined with pheromones synergistically increased trapping efficiency, three Petri dishes with L. europhioides were required to achieve the same. The synthetic mix of fungal fusel alcohols and acetates improved the catch efficiency of pheromones only at a low tested dose. VOC analysis of fungal cultures revealed that all the three fungi produced fusel alcohols and acetates but in variable composition and amounts. Collectively, the results of this study show that, in addition to pheromones, bark beetles might also use volatile cues from their symbiotic fungi to improve tree colonization and reproductive success in their breeding and feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jirošová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaromír Hradecký
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Rajarajan Ramakrishnan
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Beránková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dineshkumar Kandasamy,
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Barcoto MO, Rodrigues A. Lessons From Insect Fungiculture: From Microbial Ecology to Plastics Degradation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:812143. [PMID: 35685924 PMCID: PMC9171207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.812143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have extensively transformed the biosphere by extracting and disposing of resources, crossing boundaries of planetary threat while causing a global crisis of waste overload. Despite fundamental differences regarding structure and recalcitrance, lignocellulose and plastic polymers share physical-chemical properties to some extent, that include carbon skeletons with similar chemical bonds, hydrophobic properties, amorphous and crystalline regions. Microbial strategies for metabolizing recalcitrant polymers have been selected and optimized through evolution, thus understanding natural processes for lignocellulose modification could aid the challenge of dealing with the recalcitrant human-made polymers spread worldwide. We propose to look for inspiration in the charismatic fungal-growing insects to understand multipartite degradation of plant polymers. Independently evolved in diverse insect lineages, fungiculture embraces passive or active fungal cultivation for food, protection, and structural purposes. We consider there is much to learn from these symbioses, in special from the community-level degradation of recalcitrant biomass and defensive metabolites. Microbial plant-degrading systems at the core of insect fungicultures could be promising candidates for degrading synthetic plastics. Here, we first compare the degradation of lignocellulose and plastic polymers, with emphasis in the overlapping microbial players and enzymatic activities between these processes. Second, we review the literature on diverse insect fungiculture systems, focusing on features that, while supporting insects' ecology and evolution, could also be applied in biotechnological processes. Third, taking lessons from these microbial communities, we suggest multidisciplinary strategies to identify microbial degraders, degrading enzymes and pathways, as well as microbial interactions and interdependencies. Spanning from multiomics to spectroscopy, microscopy, stable isotopes probing, enrichment microcosmos, and synthetic communities, these strategies would allow for a systemic understanding of the fungiculture ecology, driving to application possibilities. Detailing how the metabolic landscape is entangled to achieve ecological success could inspire sustainable efforts for mitigating the current environmental crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O. Barcoto
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
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Liu Y, Anastacio GR, Ishangulyyeva G, Rodriguez-Ramos JC, Erbilgin N. Mutualistic Ophiostomatoid Fungi Equally Benefit from Both a Bark Beetle Pheromone and Host Tree Volatiles as Nutrient Sources. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:1106-1110. [PMID: 33404818 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between mutualistic bark beetles and ophiostomatoid fungi have received considerable attention in recent years. Studies have shown how volatile organic compounds emitted from mutualist fungi affect the behaviors of several bark beetle species. However, we currently lack sufficient knowledge regarding whether bark beetle pheromones can influence mutualist fungi. Here, we measured growth and biomass of two mutualistic fungi of the mountain pine beetle in response to headspace of a beetle pheromone (trans-verbenol), a blend of host tree volatiles, the combination of both, or control (no volatile source) in vitro experiments consisting of a nitrogen-based medium. The surface area and ergosterol content of the mycelia were used as surrogates for fungal growth and biomass respectively. We found that both growth and biomass of Grosmannia clavigera and Ophiostoma montium were greater in medium exposed to any type of volatile sources than the control. While growth and ergosterol content of G. clavigera were highest in the combination treatment, there were no differences in growth or biomass among the types of volatiles introduced for O. montium. These results suggest that both mutualistic fungi can utilize both bark beetle pheromone and host tree volatiles as nutrient sources. Overall, these results support the on-going studies on the role of volatile organic compounds mediating mutualistic bark beetle-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
- School of Ecol & Environ Sci, East China Normal Univ, Shanghai, China
| | - Gean Rodrigues Anastacio
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
- College of Agriculture, Department of Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | | | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:463-475. [PMID: 33761047 PMCID: PMC8116273 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) cultivate their fungal symbiont within host substrates as the sole source of nutrition on which the larvae and adults must feed. To investigate a possible role for semiochemicals in this interaction, we characterized electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Xylosandrus germanus to volatiles associated with its fungal symbiont Ambrosiella grosmanniae. During still-air walking bioassays, X. germanus exhibited an arrestment response to volatiles of A. grosmanniae, but not antagonistic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum, Trichoderma harzianum, the plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum, or malt extract agar. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, methyl benzoate and 3-methyl-1-butanol in emissions from A. grosmanniae; the latter two compounds were also detected in emissions from B. bassiana. Concentration-responses using electroantennography documented weak depolarizations to A. grosmanniae fungal volatiles, unlike the comparatively strong response to ethanol. When tested singly in walking bioassays, volatiles identified from A. grosmanniae elicited relatively weak arrestment responses, unlike the responses to ethanol. Xylosandrus germanus also exhibited weak or no long-range attraction to the fungal volatiles when tested singly during field trials in 2016-2018. None of the fungal volatiles enhanced attraction of X. germanus to ethanol when tested singly; in contrast, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol consistently reduced attraction to ethanol. Volatiles emitted by A. grosmanniae may represent short-range olfactory cues that could aid in distinguishing their nutritional fungal symbiont from other fungi, but these compounds are not likely to be useful as long-range attractants for improving detection or mass trapping tactics.
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Wang F, Cale JA, Hussain A, Erbilgin N. Exposure to Fungal Volatiles Can Influence Volatile Emissions From Other Ophiostomatoid Fungi. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:567462. [PMID: 33042073 PMCID: PMC7527408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.567462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) can act as intra- and inter-kingdom communication signals that influence the growth and behaviors of organisms involved in antagonistic or mutualistic relationships with fungi. There is growing evidence suggesting that FVOCs can mediate interactions between organisms within and across different ecological niches. Bark beetles have established mutualistic relationships with ophiostomatoid fungi which can serve as a food source and condition host plant tissues for developing beetle larvae. While the profiles (both composition and concentrations) of volatile emission from ophiostomatoid fungi can be influenced by abiotic factors, whether emissions from a given fungal species can be influenced by those from another is still unknown. Here, we analyzed FVOCs emitted from the two ophiostomatoid fungi, Grosmannia clavigera and Ophiostoma ips, associated with mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle, respectively, when each fungus was growing alone or in a shared headspace. We used two isolates of each fungus species. Overall, we detected a total of eight volatiles in both G. clavigera alone or in combination with O. ips including acetoin, ethyl acetate, cis-grandisol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, phenethyl acetate, and phenethyl alcohol. The profiles of volatiles emitted differed between the two fungal species but not between the two isolates of the same fungus. Six compounds were common between the species, whereas two compounds were detected only when G. clavigera was present. Moreover, the majority of volatiles were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations when the two fungi were grown together in a shared headspace. These results are likely due to reduced volatile emissions from O. ips in the presence of G. clavigera. However, changes in the profiles of fungal volatiles did not correspond with the observed changes in the growth of either species. Overall, these results suggest that the similarities in fungal volatiles among different species of fungi may reflect a common ecological niche and that the differences may correspond to species-specific adaptation to their respective host beetles or genetic factors.
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Chakraborty A, Modlinger R, Ashraf MZ, Synek J, Schlyter F, Roy A. Core Mycobiome and Their Ecological Relevance in the Gut of Five Ips Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:568853. [PMID: 33013799 PMCID: PMC7496905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles are destructive forest pests considering their remarkable contribution to forest depletion. Their association with fungi is useful against the challenges of survival on the noxious and nutritionally limited substrate, i.e., conifer tissues. Fungal symbionts help the beetles in nutrient acquisition and detoxification of toxic tree secondary metabolites. Although gut is the prime location for food digestion and detoxification, limited information is available on gut-mycobiome of bark beetles. The present study screened the gut-mycobiont from six bark beetles (five Ips and one non-Ips) from Scolytinae subfamily using high-throughput sequencing and explored their putative role in symbiosis with the host insect. Results revealed the predominance of four fungal classes- Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Eurothiomycetes, and Dothidomycetes in all bark beetles. Apart from these, Agaricomycetes, Leothiomycetes, Incertae sedis Basidiomycota, Tremellomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and Microbotryomycetes were also documented in different beetles. Five Ips bark beetles share a consortium of core fungal communities in their gut tissues consisting of 47 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 19 fungal genera. The majority of these core fungal genera belong to the phylum Ascomycota. LEfSe analysis revealed a set of species-specific fungal biomarkers in bark beetles. The present study identified the gut mycobiont assemblage in bark beetles and their putative ecological relevance. An enriched understanding of bark beetle-fungal symbiosis is not only filling the existing knowledge gap in the field but may also unleash an unforeseen potential for future bark beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ashraf
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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17
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Critical thresholds of 1-Octen-3-ol shape inter-species Aspergillus interactions modulating the growth and secondary metabolism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11116. [PMID: 32632328 PMCID: PMC7338521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In fungi, contactless interactions are mediated via the exchange of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). As these pair-wise interactions are fundamental to complex ecosystem, we examined the effects of inter-species VOCs trade-offs in Aspergillus flavus development. First, we exposed A. flavus to the A. oryzae volatilome (Treatment-1) with highest relative abundance of 1-Octen-3-ol (~ 4.53 folds) among the C-8 VOCs. Further, we examined the effects of gradient titers of 1-Octen-3-ol (Treatment-2: 100–400 ppm/day) in a range that elicits natural interactions. On 7-day, VOC-treated A. flavus displayed significantly reduced growth and sclerotial counts (p < 0.01) coupled with higher conidial density (T2100-200 ppm/day, p < 0.01) and α-amylase secretion (T2200 ppm/day, p < 0.01), compared to the untreated sets. Similar phenotypic trends except for α-amylases were evident for 9-day incubated A. flavus in T2. The corresponding metabolomics data displayed a clustered pattern of secondary metabolite profiles for VOC-treated A. flavus (PC1-18.03%; PC2-10.67%). Notably, a higher relative abundance of aflatoxin B1 with lower levels of most anthraquinones, indole-terpenoids, and oxylipins was evident in VOC-treated A. flavus. The observed correlations among the VOC-treatments, phenotypes, and altered metabolomes altogether suggest that the distant exposure to the gradient titers of 1-Octen-3-ol elicits an attenuated developmental response in A. flavus characterized by heightened virulence.
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18
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Six DL. Niche construction theory can link bark beetle-fungus symbiosis type and colonization behavior to large scale causal chain-effects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:27-34. [PMID: 32114295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetles form a variety of symbioses with fungi. Recent studies reveal how the fungi influence beetle nutrition and detoxify tree defenses and provide insight into why these symbioses vary so greatly in their outcomes, not only for host and symbiont, but also for the forest ecosystems within which they exist. Here, I review recent advances in our knowledge of these systems. I then introduce how niche construction theory can provide a framework to use this knowledge to better understand how different symbiosis types result in a gradient of ecosystem effects ranging from massive and durable to those of little ecological consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59804, USA.
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19
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Abis L, Loubet B, Ciuraru R, Lafouge F, Houot S, Nowak V, Tripied J, Dequiedt S, Maron PA, Sadet-Bourgeteau S. Reduced microbial diversity induces larger volatile organic compound emissions from soils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6104. [PMID: 32269288 PMCID: PMC7142124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms in soil are known to be a source and a sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of the microbial VOCs on soil ecosystem regulation has been increasingly demonstrated in the recent years. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of the microbial soil community structure and diversity on VOC emissions. This novel study analyzed the effect of reduced microbial diversity in soil on VOC emissions. We found that reduced levels of microbial diversity in soil increased VOC emissions from soils, while the number of different VOCs emitted decreased. Furthermore, we found that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and fungi phyla were positively correlated to VOC emissions, and other prokaryotic phyla were either negatively correlated or very slightly positively correlated to VOCs emissions. Our interpretation is that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and fungi were VOC producers while the other prokaryotic phyla were consumers. Finally, we discussed the possible role of VOCs as mediators of microbial interactions in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Abis
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Paris, France.
- INRA, UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Umweltchemie und Luftrinhaltunz, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, 10623, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- INRA, UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Raluca Ciuraru
- INRA, UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Florence Lafouge
- INRA, UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sabine Houot
- INRA, UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Virginie Nowak
- INRA, UMR AgroEcologie, AgroSup Dijon, BP 87999, 21079, Dijon, cedex, France
| | - Julie Tripied
- INRA, UMR AgroEcologie, AgroSup Dijon, BP 87999, 21079, Dijon, cedex, France
| | - Samuel Dequiedt
- INRA, UMR AgroEcologie, AgroSup Dijon, BP 87999, 21079, Dijon, cedex, France
| | - Pierre Alain Maron
- INRA, UMR AgroEcologie, AgroSup Dijon, BP 87999, 21079, Dijon, cedex, France
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20
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Kakumyan P, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Saichana N, Lumyong S, Matsui K. Determination of volatile organic compounds in the stinkhorn fungus Pseudocolus fusiformis in different stages of fruiting body formation. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Durand AA, Constant P, Déziel E, Guertin C. The symbiotic complex of Dendroctonus simplex: implications in the beetle attack and its life cycle. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:723-732. [PMID: 30806338 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus simplex Le Conte) is recognized as a serious destructive forest pest in the upper part of North America. Under epidemic conditions, this beetle can attack healthy trees, causing severe damages to larch stands. Dendroctonus species are considered as holobionts, as they engage in multipartite interactions with microorganisms, such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which are implicated in physiological processes of the insect, such as nutrition. They also play a key role in the beetle's attack, as they are responsible for the detoxification of the subcortical environment and weaken the tree's defense mechanisms. The eastern larch beetle is associated with bacteria and fungi, but their implication in the success of the beetle remains unknown. Here, we investigated the bacterial and fungal microbiota of this beetle pest throughout its ontogeny (pioneer adults, larvae and pupae) by high-throughput sequencing. A successional microbial assemblage was identified throughout the beetle developmental stages, reflecting the beetle's requirements. These results indicate that a symbiotic association between the eastern larch beetle and some of these microorganisms takes place and that this D. simplex symbiotic complex is helping the insect to colonize its host tree and survive the conditions encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-A Durand
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - P Constant
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - E Déziel
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - C Guertin
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
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Kandasamy D, Gershenzon J, Andersson MN, Hammerbacher A. Volatile organic compounds influence the interaction of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) with its fungal symbionts. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1788-1800. [PMID: 30872804 PMCID: PMC6775991 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insects have mutualistic symbioses with a variety of microorganisms. However, the chemical signals that maintain these insect-microbe relationships are poorly known compared to those from insect-plant symbioses. The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, the most destructive forest pest in Europe, has a symbiotic relationship with several fungi that are believed to contribute to its successful invasion of Norway spruce. Here we tested the hypothesis that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from fungal symbionts could be cues for bark beetles to recognize and distinguish among members of its microbial community. Behavioral experiments with fungi showed that immature adults of I. typographus are attracted to food sources colonized by their fungal symbionts but not to saprophytic fungi and that this attraction is mediated by volatile cues. GC-MS measurements revealed that the symbionts emitted VOCs. Testing the activity of these compounds on beetle antennae using single sensillum recordings showed that beetles detect many fungal volatiles and possess olfactory sensory neurons specialized for these compounds. Finally, synthetic blends of fungal volatiles attracted beetles in olfactometer experiments. These findings indicate that volatile compounds produced by fungi may act as recognition signals for bark beetles to maintain specific microbial communities that might have impact on their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Abd Alla El-Bialy H, Adel-Fattah Mohamed Shahin A, El-Fouly MZ, Awad MA, Khalifa ELSZ, Fahmy SM. Volatiles and functional peptides compositions of Trichoderma variants induced by a new strategy of irradiation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cale JA, Ding R, Wang F, Rajabzadeh R, Erbilgin N. Ophiostomatoid fungi can emit the bark beetle pheromone verbenone and other semiochemicals in media amended with various pine chemicals and beetle-released compounds. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schenkel D, Maciá-Vicente JG, Bissell A, Splivallo R. Fungi Indirectly Affect Plant Root Architecture by Modulating Soil Volatile Organic Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1847. [PMID: 30150975 PMCID: PMC6099090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-growth modulating effect of microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been demonstrated repeatedly. This has most often been performed by exposing plants to VOC released by microbes grown on nutrient rich media. Here, we used soil instead to grow fungi of the Fusarium genus and investigate how VOCs emitted by this system influenced the development of Arabidopsis plants. The volatile profiles of Fusarium strains grown in soil and malt extract were also compared. Our results demonstrate that distinct volatile signatures can be attributed to different Fusarium genetic clades but also highlight a major influence of the growth medium on volatile emission. Furthermore, all soil-grown Fusarium isolates increased primary root length in Arabidopsis by decreasing VOC concentrations in soil. This result represents a major paradigm shift in plant-microbe interactions since growth modulating effects have been attributed so far to the emission and not the consumption of volatile signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Schenkel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Integrative Fungal Research Cluster, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Bissell
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Integrative Fungal Research Cluster, Frankfurt, Germany
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Schulz-Bohm K, Martín-Sánchez L, Garbeva P. Microbial Volatiles: Small Molecules with an Important Role in Intra- and Inter-Kingdom Interactions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2484. [PMID: 29312193 PMCID: PMC5733050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, research on the function of volatile organic compounds focused primarily on the interactions between plants and insects. However, microorganisms can also release a plethora of volatiles and it appears that microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) can play an important role in intra- and inter-kingdom interactions. So far, most studies are focused on aboveground volatile-mediated interactions and much less information is available about the function of volatiles belowground. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge on the biological functions of mVOCs with the focus on mVOCs-mediated interactions belowground. We pinpointed mVOCs involved in microbe-microbe and microbe–plant interactions, and highlighted the ecological importance of microbial terpenes as a largely underexplored group of mVOCs. We indicated challenges in studying belowground mVOCs-mediated interactions and opportunities for further studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
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27
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Cale JA, Muskens M, Najar A, Ishangulyyeva G, Hussain A, Kanekar SS, Klutsch JG, Taft S, Erbilgin N. Rapid monoterpene induction promotes the susceptibility of a novel host pine to mountain pine beetle colonization but not to beetle-vectored fungi. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1597-1610. [PMID: 28985375 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical induction can drive tree susceptibility to and host range expansions of attacking insects and fungi. Recently, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB) has expanded its host range from its historic host lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Douglas ex Loudon) to jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) in western Canada. Beetle success in jack pine forests likely depends upon the suitability of tree chemistry to MPB and its symbiotic phytopathogenic fungi. In particular, how rapid induced defenses of jack pine affect MPB colonization and the beetle's symbionts is unknown. In the field, we characterized and compared differences in rapid induced phloem monoterpenes between lodgepole and jack pines in response to various densities of Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffery and Davidson)-a MPB symbiotic fungus used to simulate beetle attack-inoculations. Overall, lodgepole pine had higher limonene and myrcene, but lower α-pinene, concentrations than jack pine. However, myrcene concentrations in jack pine increased with inoculation density, while that in lodgepole pine did not respond to density treatments. We compared the growth and reproduction of MPB's symbiotic fungi, G. clavigera, Ophiostoma montium (Rumford) von Arx and Leptographium longiclavatum Lee, Kim and Breuil, grown on media amended with myrcene, α-pinene and limonene at concentrations reflecting two induction levels from each pine species. Myrcene and α-pinene amendments inhibited the growth but stimulated the reproduction of G. clavigera, whereas limonene stimulated its growth while inhibiting its reproduction. However, the growth and reproduction of the other fungi were generally stimulated by monoterpene amendments. Overall, our results suggest that jack pine rapid induction could promote MPB aggregation due to high levels of α-pinene (pheromone precursor), a positive feedback of myrcene (pheromone synergist) and low levels of limonene (resistance). Jack pine is likely as susceptible to MPB-vectored fungi as lodgepole pine, indicating that jack pine induction will likely not adversely affect symbiont activities enough to inhibit the invasion of MPB into jack pine forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Cale
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Marlena Muskens
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Najar
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Altaf Hussain
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Sanat S Kanekar
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Spencer Taft
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
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