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Li Z, Dong Y, Ge M, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Dai M, Zhang X, Li X, Wang Z, Xu Q. Symbiotic Relationship of Comasterschlegelii (Crinoidea: Comatulidae) and Gymnolophus obscura (Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) Derived from Stable Isotope and Fatty Acid Analyses. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:67-79. [PMID: 37994686 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef community exhibits high species diversity and a broad range of biological relationships, including widespread symbiosis and complex food utilization patterns. In our study, we investigated the symbiotic relationship between the commonly crinoid host Comaster schlegelii and its ophiuroid obligatory symbiont Gymnolophus obscura. Using a combination of fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotopic compositions, we explored differences in their organic matter utilization strategies and nutritional relationships. The result of stable isotopes revealed that G. obscura had higher δ15N values than its crinoid host. Particulate organic matter and phytoplankton were identified as the primary food sources for both species, however C. schlegelii showed a higher proportional contribution from benthic microalgae. Fatty acid markers showed that C. schlegelii was more dependent on benthic microalgae such as diatoms, and less on debritic organic matter and bacteria than G. obscura. Elevated δ15N values of G. obscura and similar food source contribution rates between the host and symbiont suggest that ophiuroid feeds on materials filtered by crinoids and have similar diet to the host. Our results provide insights into the symbiotic patterns of crinoids and ophiuroids, while also supplying foundational data on how symbiotic reef species select organic matter utilization strategies to adapt to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yue Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Meiling Ge
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuyao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengdi Dai
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiubao Li
- School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, China
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Dong Y, Li Z, Zhang Q, Hu X, Wang Z, Fan S, Sun X, Zhang X, Xu Q. Accumulation of trace metal elements in ophiuroids with different feeding types in the North Yellow Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 200:106639. [PMID: 38991430 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ophiuroids, as an important group of echinoderms, are widely distributed in marine benthic habitats. Previous studies have identified two primary feeding types of ophiuroids in the Yellow Sea, including carnivorous (Ophiura sarsii vadicola and Stegophiura sladeni) and suspension feeders (Ophiopholis mirabilis). Despite their ecological role in the benthic food webs, little is known about their accumulation of trace metal elements (TMEs). In this study, the content of TMEs (Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn), methylmercury (MeHg) and δ15N value of three ophiuroids species from the North Yellow Sea were determined. Our results showed that the contents of some TMEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) and MeHg were significantly different in three species of ophiuroid (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the accumulations of trace metal elements (Pb, Cd and Zn) and the δ15N value of the ophiuroids (p < 0.05). Additionally, As and Zn exhibited opposite correlations in ophiuroid with two feeding types, which may be related to their host species and different feeding habits. This study provided fundamental data for understanding the distribution of trace metal elements in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shiliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Guerra A, Azevedo A, Amorim F, Soares J, Neuparth T, Santos MM, Martins I, Colaço A. Using a food web model to predict the effects of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) accidental spills on deep-sea hydrothermal vents from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) region. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115974. [PMID: 38176164 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems but face risks of incidents with Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) along busy shipping lanes such as the transatlantic route. We developed an Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model of the Menez Gwen (MG) vent field (MG-EwE) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) to simulate ecosystem effects of potential accidental spills of four different HNS, using a semi-Lagrangian Dispersion Model (sLDM) coupled with the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) calibrated for the study area. Food web modelling revealed a simplified trophic structure with low energy efficiency. The MG ecosystem was vulnerable to disruptions caused by all tested HNS, yet it revealed some long-term resilience. Understanding these impacts is vital for enhancing Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure plans (SPCC) in remote marine areas and developing tools to assess stressors effects on these invaluable habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guerra
- IMAR Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, Rua Prof Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Azevedo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Amorim
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; AIR Centre, TERINOV-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Ilha Terceira, Canada de Belém S/N, Terra Chã, 9700-702 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - T Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - M M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - I Martins
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Colaço
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Okeanos, University of the Azores, Rua Prof Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
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Eilertsen MH, Kongsrud JA, Tandberg AHS, Alvestad T, Budaeva N, Martell L, Ramalho SP, Falkenhaug T, Huys R, Oug E, Bakken T, Høisæter T, Rauch C, Carvalho FC, Savchenko AS, Ulvatn T, Kongshavn K, Berntsen CM, Olsen BR, Pedersen RB. Diversity, habitat endemicity and trophic ecology of the fauna of Loki's Castle vent field on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sci Rep 2024; 14:103. [PMID: 38167527 PMCID: PMC10761849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Loki's Castle Vent Field (LCVF, 2300 m) was discovered in 2008 and represents the first black-smoker vent field discovered on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR). However, a comprehensive faunal inventory of the LCVF has not yet been published, hindering the inclusion of the Arctic in biogeographic analyses of vent fauna. There is an urgent need to understand the diversity, spatial distribution and ecosystem function of the biological communities along the AMOR, which will inform environmental impact assesments of future deep-sea mining activities in the region. Therefore, our aim with this paper is to provide a comprehensive inventory of the fauna at LCVF and present a first insight into the food web of the vent community. The fauna of LCVF has a high degree of novelty, with five new species previously described and another ten new species awaiting formal description. Most of the new species from LCVF are either hydrothermal vent specialists or have been reported from other chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. The highest taxon richness is found in the diffuse venting areas and may be promoted by the biogenic habitat generated by the foundation species Sclerolinum contortum. The isotopic signatures of the vent community of LCVF show a clear influence of chemosynthetic primary production on the foodweb. Considering the novel and specialised fauna documented in this paper, hydrothermal vents on the AMOR should be regarded as vulnerable marine ecosystems and protective measures must therefore be implemented, especially considering the potential threat from resource exploration and exploitation activities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Heggernes Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Anders Kongsrud
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tom Alvestad
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nataliya Budaeva
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luis Martell
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sofia P Ramalho
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tone Falkenhaug
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Research Station, His, Norway
| | - Rony Huys
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Eivind Oug
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Region South, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Torkild Bakken
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tore Høisæter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- , Loddefjord, Norway
| | - Cessa Rauch
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisca C Carvalho
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexandra S Savchenko
- Invertebrate Zoology Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tone Ulvatn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katrine Kongshavn
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Rolf Birger Pedersen
- Center for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Yen NK, Rouse GW. Phylogeny, biogeography and systematics of Pacific vent, methane seep, and whale-fall Parougia (Dorvilleidae : Annelida), with eight new species. INVERTEBR SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/is19042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dorvilleidae is a diverse group of annelids found in many marine environments and also commonly associated with chemosynthetic habitats. One dorvilleid genus, Parougia, currently has 11 described species, of which two are found at vents or seeps: Parougia wolfi and Parougia oregonensis. Eight new Parougia species are recognised and described in this study from collections in the Pacific Ocean, all from whale-falls, hydrothermal vents, or methane seeps at ~600-m depth or greater. The specimens were studied using morphology and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b) and nuclear (18S rRNA and histone 3) genes. Six sympatric Parougia spp. were found at Hydrate Ridge, Oregon, while three of the Parougia species occurred at different types of chemosynthetic habitats. Two new species were found over wide geographical and bathymetric ranges. Another dorvilleid genus, Ophryotrocha, has previously been highlighted as diversifying in the deep-sea environment. Our results document the hitherto unknown diversity of another dorvilleid genus, Parougia, at various chemosynthetic environments. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EC7EBBEA-2FB5-43D6-BE53-1A468B541A5C
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Pillot G, Davidson S, Auria R, Combet-Blanc Y, Godfroy A, Liebgott PP. Production of Current by Syntrophy Between Exoelectrogenic and Fermentative Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms in Heterotrophic Biofilm from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Chimney. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:38-49. [PMID: 31079197 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To study the role of exoelectrogens within the trophic network of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, we performed successive subcultures of a hyperthermophilic community from a hydrothermal chimney sample on a mix of electron donors in a microbial fuel cell system. Electrode (the electron acceptor) was swapped every week to enable fresh development from spent media as inoculum. The MFC at 80 °C yielded maximum current production increasing from 159 to 247 mA m-2 over the subcultures. The experiments demonstrated direct production of electric current from acetate, pyruvate, and H2 and indirect production from yeast extract and peptone through the production of H2 and acetate from fermentation. The microorganisms found in on-electrode communities were mainly affiliated to exoelectrogenic Archaeoglobales and Thermococcales species, whereas in liquid media, the communities were mainly affiliated to fermentative Bacillales and Thermococcales species. The work shows interactions between fermentative microorganisms degrading complex organic matter into fermentation products that are then used by exoelectrogenic microorganisms oxidizing these reduced compounds while respiring on a conductive support. The results confirmed that with carbon cycling, the syntrophic relations between fermentative microorganisms and exoelectrogens could enable some microbes to survive as biofilm in extremely unstable conditions. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of cross-feeding between fermentative and exoelectrogenic microbes on the surface of the conductive support. B, Bacillus/Geobacillus spp.; Tc, Thermococcales; Gg, Geoglobus spp.; Py, pyruvate; Ac, acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pillot
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France
- Université du Sud Toulon-Var, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM 110, La Garde, France
| | - Sylvain Davidson
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France
- Université du Sud Toulon-Var, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM 110, La Garde, France
| | - Richard Auria
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France
- Université du Sud Toulon-Var, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM 110, La Garde, France
| | - Yannick Combet-Blanc
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France
- Université du Sud Toulon-Var, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM 110, La Garde, France
| | - Anne Godfroy
- IFREMER, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes - UMR6197, Ifremer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Centre de Brest, CS10070, Plouzané, France
| | - Pierre-Pol Liebgott
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM110, Marseille, France.
- Université du Sud Toulon-Var, IRD, CNRS, MIO, UM 110, La Garde, France.
- Campus de Luminy, Bâtiment OCEANOMED, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Trophic structure of the macrofauna associated to deep-vents of the southern Gulf of California: Pescadero Basin and Pescadero Transform Fault. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224698. [PMID: 31689305 PMCID: PMC6830743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly discovered hydrothermal systems in the Pescadero Basin (PB) and the neighboring Pescadero Transform Fault (PTF) at the mouth of the Gulf of California disclosed a diverse macrofauna assemblage. The trophic structure of both ecosystems was assessed using carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) stable isotopes. The δ13C ranged from -40.8 to -12.1‰, revealing diverse carbon sources and its assimilation via Calvin-Benson-Bassham and the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycles. The δ15N values were between -12.5 and 18.3‰, corresponding to primary and secondary consumers. The δ34S values fluctuated from -36.2 to 15.1‰, indicating the sulfide assimilation of biogenic, magmatic, and photosynthetic sources. In PB high-temperature vents, primary consumers including symbiont-bearing, bacterivores and filter-feeders predominated. The secondary consumers within the scavengers/detritivores and predator guilds were scarce. The siboglinid Oasisia aff alvinae dominated the macrofauna assemblage at PB, but rather than playing a trophic role, it provides a substrate to vent dwellers. In PTF low-temperature vents, only symbiont-bearing primary consumers were analyzed, displaying the lowest δ34S values. This assemblage was dominated by the coexisting siboglinids Lamellibrachia barhami and Escarpia spicata. δ34S values allowed to distinguish between PB and PTF vent communities, to exclude the presence of methanotrophic organisms, and the detection of photosynthetic organic matter input.
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Wang X, Li C, Wang M, Zheng P. Stable isotope signatures and nutritional sources of some dominant species from the PACManus hydrothermal area and the Desmos caldera. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208887. [PMID: 30557379 PMCID: PMC6296556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the western Pacific are increasingly explored for potential mineral extraction. The study of the composition of the food web plays an important guiding role in the ecological protection and restoration of potential mining areas. The general picture of the nutritional sources of species should be established to assess the potential impacts of future mining activities on the biological composition and food sources. To provide basic information, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of the dominant macrofauna (mussels, commensal scale worms, crustaceans, gastropods, and vestimentiferans) at three different sites in the PACManus hydrothermal area and the Desmos caldera. The δ13C ratio was significantly different between species: mussels and commensal scale worms showed lighter δ13C ratios, whereas crustaceans showed heavier ratios. In terms of δ15N, mussels had the lowest values and the crustaceans had the highest values. By taking into account these stable isotope signatures, we were able to develop inferences of the food sources for vent community organisms. We found that the food web was based on various species of chemoautotrophic bacteria. Mussels appeared to rely primarily on sulfur-based endosymbionts, which use the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and RuBisCO form I as the CO2-fixing enzyme. Commensal polychaetes mostly obtained their nutrition from their hosts. Crustacean species were omnivorous, feeding on chemosynthetic bacteria, sedimentary debris, or even animals according to the local environment. In contrast, gastropods relied mainly on symbiotic bacteria with some supplementary consumption of detritus. Vestimentiferans obtained food from symbiotic bacteria using the RuBisCO form II enzyme in the CBB cycle and may have several symbionts using different fixation pathways. Although most macrofauna relied on symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria, our study suggested a closer trophic relationship between animals. Therefore, to evaluate the potential impacts of deep sea mining, it is necessary to study the cascade effects on the food web of the whole ecosystem. Before exploiting deep-sea resources, further systematic investigations concerning the protection of deep-sea ecosystems are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaolun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Minxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Chang NN, Lin LH, Tu TH, Jeng MS, Chikaraishi Y, Wang PL. Trophic structure and energy flow in a shallow-water hydrothermal vent: Insights from a stable isotope approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204753. [PMID: 30332427 PMCID: PMC6192584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow-water hydrothermal vent ecosystems are distinct from the deep-sea counterparts, because they are in receipt of sustenance from both chemosynthetic and photosynthetic production and have a lack of symbiosis. The trophic linkage and energy flow in these ecosystems, however remain elusive, which allows us poor understanding of the whole spectrum of biological components distributed across such environmental gradients. In this study, a thorough isotopic survey was conducted on various biological specimens and suspended particulates collected along four transects across the venting features of a shallow-water hydrothermal field off Kueishan Island, Taiwan. The isotope data combined with a Bayesian-based mixing model indicate that the vent-associated particulate organic matter (vent POM), as primary contribution of chemoautotrophic populations, has a high δ13C value (-18.2 ± 1.1‰) and a low δ15N value (-1.7 ± 0.4‰). Zooplankton and epibenthic crustaceans, as the fundamental consumers, exhibit δ13C and δ15N values ranging from -21.3 to -19.8‰ and +5.1 to +7.5‰, respectively, and can utilize the vent POM for 38-53% of their diets. The vent-obligate crab Xenograpsus testudinatus shows a large variation in δ13C (from -18.8 to -13.9‰) and δ15N values (from 1.1 to 9.8‰), although an omnivorous trophic level (2.5) is identified for it using δ15N values of amino acids, and it can utilize the vent POM for 6-87% of its diet. The consistently low (< 10.0‰) and overlapping δ15N values for most of the analyzed macroinvertebrates suggest extensive ingestion of chemosynthetic production complementing the photosynthetic production, a weak prey-predator relationship and low trophic complexity possibly imposed by the extreme environmental contexts of shallow-water hydrothermal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Chang
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hung Lin
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Tu
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Pei-Ling Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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10
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Endosymbiont genomes yield clues of tubeworm success. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2785-2795. [PMID: 30022157 PMCID: PMC6194059 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forty years after discovery of chemosynthetic symbiosis in the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, how organisms maintain their unique host–symbiont associations at the cellular level is still largely unknown. Previous studies primarily focus on symbionts associated with host lineages living in hydrothermal vents. To understand physiological adaptations and evolution in these holobiont systems in markedly different habitats, we characterized four novel siboglinid-symbiont genomes spanning deep-sea seep and sedimented environments. Our comparative analyses suggest that all sampled siboglinid chemoautotrophic symbionts, except for frenulate symbionts, can use both rTCA and Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. We hypothesize that over evolutionary time siboglinids have been able to utilize different bacterial lineages allowing greater metabolic flexibility of carbon fixation (e.g., rTCA) enabling tubeworms to thrive in more reducing habitats, such as vents and seeps. Moreover, we show that sulfur metabolism and molecular mechanisms related to initial infection are remarkably conserved across chemoautotrophic symbionts in different habitats. Unexpectedly, we find that the ability to use hydrogen, as an additional energy source, is potentially more widespread than previously recognized. Our comparative genomic results help elucidate potential mechanisms used to allow chemosynthetically dependent holobionts adapt to, and evolve in, different environments.
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11
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Eilertsen MH, Kongsrud JA, Alvestad T, Stiller J, Rouse GW, Rapp HT. Do ampharetids take sedimented steps between vents and seeps? Phylogeny and habitat-use of Ampharetidae (Annelida, Terebelliformia) in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:222. [PMID: 29089027 PMCID: PMC5664827 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of higher animal taxa are shared across various chemosynthesis-based ecosystems (CBEs), which demonstrates the evolutionary link between these habitats, but on a global scale the number of species inhabiting multiple CBEs is low. The factors shaping the distributions and habitat specificity of animals within CBEs are poorly understood, but geographic proximity of habitats, depth and substratum have been suggested as important. Biogeographic studies have indicated that intermediate habitats such as sedimented vents play an important part in the diversification of taxa within CBEs, but this has not been assessed in a phylogenetic framework. Ampharetid annelids are one of the most commonly encountered animal groups in CBEs, making them a good model taxon to study the evolution of habitat use in heterotrophic animals. Here we present a review of the habitat use of ampharetid species in CBEs, and a multi-gene phylogeny of Ampharetidae, with increased taxon sampling compared to previous studies. RESULTS The review of microhabitats showed that many ampharetid species have a wide niche in terms of temperature and substratum. Depth may be limiting some species to a certain habitat, and trophic ecology and/or competition are identified as other potentially relevant factors. The phylogeny revealed that ampharetids have adapted into CBEs at least four times independently, with subsequent diversification, and shifts between ecosystems have happened in each of these clades. Evolutionary transitions are found to occur both from seep to vent and vent to seep, and the results indicate a role of sedimented vents in the transition between bare-rock vents and seeps. CONCLUSION The high number of ampharetid species recently described from CBEs, and the putative new species included in the present phylogeny, indicates that there is considerable diversity still to be discovered. This study provides a molecular framework for future studies to build upon and identifies some ecological and evolutionary hypotheses to be tested as new data is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Eilertsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon A Kongsrud
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Alvestad
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Josefin Stiller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Greg W Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hans T Rapp
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Uni Research, Uni Environment, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Hydrothermal activity, functional diversity and chemoautotrophy are major drivers of seafloor carbon cycling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12025. [PMID: 28931949 PMCID: PMC5607325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents are highly dynamic ecosystems and are unusually energy rich in the deep-sea. In situ hydrothermal-based productivity combined with sinking photosynthetic organic matter in a soft-sediment setting creates geochemically diverse environments, which remain poorly studied. Here, we use comprehensive set of new and existing field observations to develop a quantitative ecosystem model of a deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystem from the most southerly hydrothermal vent system known. We find evidence of chemosynthetic production supplementing the metazoan food web both at vent sites and elsewhere in the Bransfield Strait. Endosymbiont-bearing fauna were very important in supporting the transfer of chemosynthetic carbon into the food web, particularly to higher trophic levels. Chemosynthetic production occurred at all sites to varying degrees but was generally only a small component of the total organic matter inputs to the food web, even in the most hydrothermally active areas, owing in part to a low and patchy density of vent-endemic fauna. Differences between relative abundance of faunal functional groups, resulting from environmental variability, were clear drivers of differences in biogeochemical cycling and resulted in substantially different carbon processing patterns between habitats.
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13
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Goffredi SK, Johnson S, Tunnicliffe V, Caress D, Clague D, Escobar E, Lundsten L, Paduan JB, Rouse G, Salcedo DL, Soto LA, Spelz-Madero R, Zierenberg R, Vrijenhoek R. Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170817. [PMID: 28724734 PMCID: PMC5543219 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent communities are distributed along mid-ocean spreading ridges as isolated patches. While distance is a key factor influencing connectivity among sites, habitat characteristics are also critical. The Pescadero Basin (PB) and Alarcón Rise (AR) vent fields, recently discovered in the southern Gulf of California, are bounded by previously known vent localities (e.g. Guaymas Basin and 21° N East Pacific Rise); yet, the newly discovered vents differ markedly in substrata and vent fluid attributes. Out of 116 macrofaunal species observed or collected, only three species are shared among all four vent fields, while 73 occur at only one locality. Foundation species at basalt-hosted sulfide chimneys on the AR differ from the functional equivalents inhabiting sediment-hosted carbonate chimneys in the PB, only 75 km away. The dominant species of symbiont-hosting tubeworms and clams, and peripheral suspension-feeding taxa, differ between the sites. Notably, the PB vents host a limited and specialized fauna in which 17 of 26 species are unknown at other regional vents and many are new species. Rare sightings and captured larvae of the 'missing' species revealed that dispersal limitation is not responsible for differences in community composition at the neighbouring vent localities. Instead, larval recruitment-limiting habitat suitability probably favours species differentially. As scenarios develop to design conservation strategies around mining of seafloor sulfide deposits, these results illustrate that models encompassing habitat characteristics are needed to predict metacommunity structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana K Goffredi
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Johnson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Verena Tunnicliffe
- School of Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Caress
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - David Clague
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Elva Escobar
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lonny Lundsten
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | | | - Greg Rouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diana L Salcedo
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Soto
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ronald Spelz-Madero
- Department of Geology, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Robert Zierenberg
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Shipley ON, Polunin NV, Newman SP, Sweeting CJ, Barker S, Witt MJ, Brooks EJ. Stable isotopes reveal food web dynamics of a data-poor deep-sea island slope community. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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